Clinical Nutrition
our bodies are able to synthesize vitamin __ from exposure to sunlight.
D
cancer represents abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in _____
DNA
incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ____ code
DNA
_____ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 1.5 million bone fractures and costs at least $17 billion each year in the united states
Osteoporosis
what is the term used for decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background, and poor diet in both genders, and hormonal changes at menopause in women?
Osteoporosis
what mineral is part of the genetic code in every cell, a functional component of bones and teeth, and a primary component of ATP
Phosphorus
____ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition adVIce
RD
which of the following are federal programs that provide nutritional assistance to older adults who lack economic resources
SNAP the commodity foods program
Which of the following are key nutrients required for synthesis, maintenance, and repair of bones?
Vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, protein, fluoride
what program is focused on reducing infant mortality by providing quality health care and nutrition education and improving nutrition intake?
WIC
as a result of chronically inadequate iodide intake, an adult may develop
a goiter
which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective
a healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week
what is a common factor among female teens that leads to low iron stores and the potential development of iron-deficiency anemia?
a heavy menstural cycle
treatment for overweight and obesity should be
a lifestyle change long term
an infant born to an underweight woman
a low birthweight and increased risk of being premature may be experienced
three fatty acids combine with glycerol to form
a triglyceride
what is the prevalence of children who achieve the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity per day?
about 50% of children meet their daily physical activity recommendation.
typical north american intakes of riboflavin are ____ the RDA
above
____ is the choline-containing compound that functions as a neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
the acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in
activating some digestive enzymes making dietary minerals soluble partially digesting protein
vitamin b-12
activation of folate; dna synthesis
how do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?
add hydrogens to the liquid fat (hydrogenation)
the amount and location of _____ in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.
adipose tissue
The main function of vitamins in the body is to
aid chemical reactions that release energy
_____ decreases vitamin b-6 status by damaging the vitamin b-6 coenzyme and impairing absorption and metabolism of the vitamin
alcohol
a diet high in ___ may result in thiamin deficiency.
alcohol processed, unenriched foods
which of the following are reasons to avoid alcohol when trying to become pregnant?
alcohol decreases estrogen production alcohol increases risk for birth defects
People who abuse alcohol are prone to thiamin deficiency because
alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine alcoholics tend to have low-quality diets alcohol decreases absorption of thiamin
those at increased risk for vitamin c deficiency include
alcoholics smokers
which of the following conditions may increase the risk for protein-calorie malnutrition?
alcoholism cancer diarrheal infection
which of the following are food sources of vitamin e?
almonds, 1 ounce avocado, 1 chunky peanut butter, 2 tbsp
for a person who does not consume dairy products, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?
almonds, salmon, fortified breakfast cereals
which illness involves an irreversible, abnormal, progressive deterioration of the brain that causes victims to steadily lose their ability to remember, reason and comprehend?
alzheimer's disease
oxidative stress has been linked to the development of
alzheimer's disease cancer diabetes
what is the term used for the building blocks of protein?
amino acids
an error in the dna code results the incorrect sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide chain
of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?
amylopectin
name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch
amylose
which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?
amylose cellulose amylopectin
which of the following examples illustrates the concept of dietary proportionality?
an athlete decreases his total calorie intake during the off season, when he is not as active
amylase is
an enzyme
an infant born to an obese woman
an increased risk of birth defects, death within the first few weeks after birth, and obesity during childhood may be experienced
which of the following infants is likely to be born with a low birth weight
an infant born 14 months after his older sibling
vitamin b-12 is only found naturally and in abundance in ____ foods.
animal
the main sources of saturated fat in american diets are
animal fats
which eating disorder is characterized by a psychological loss or denial of appetite, followed by self-starvation, related in part to a distorted body image and to various social pressures?
anorexia nervosa
____ are blood proteins that bind to foreign proteins and mark them for destruction in order to prevent and control infections
antibodies
many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through_____ mechanisms
antioxidant
vitamin c may reduce cancer risk due to its ____ properties
antioxidant
vitamin c may reduce cancer risk due to its _____ properties
antioxidant
use meal replacement products
appetite decreases with age
what is one of the best predictors of pregnancy outcome?
appropriate weight gain during pregnancy
cells of the digestive system and skin are among the first to be affected by deficiencies of b vitamins because these cells
are metabolically active undergo rapid turnover
a deficiency of vitamin b-6 to microcytic hypochromic anemia. this means that the red blood cells
are small in size have pale color
the main function of molybdenum is
as a part of several human enzymes
functions of riboflavin include
assisting antioxidant reactions release of energy from fatty acids
progression from ordered to disordered eating (beginning to end)
attention to hunger and satiety leads to limiting calorie intake disordered eating begins as weight loss is attempted clinically evident eating disorder recognized
what would not be recommended to people who are trying to eat healthy in their later years?
avoid eating with others
moderation requires
avoiding megadoses of nutrients paying attention to portion sizes of foods
rank each of the following foods based on carbohydrate content, from highest (top) to lowest (bottom).
baked potato, 1 medium banana, 1 medium fat-free milk, 1 cup egg, 1 large
for a man who would like to change his diet to improve fertility, which of the following would be the best choice for dinner?
baked salmon and brown rice
the five subgroups that vegetables are organized include:
beans and peas starchy vegetables dark green vegetables red and orange vegetables
a person experiencing weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and edema caused from lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as
beriberi
select the carotenoids that can be converted into vitamin a in the body
beta-carotene alpha-carotene beta-crptoxanthin
one substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is
bile
a(n) ____ occurs when an atypically large amount of food is consumed in a short amount of time and the person eating this food exhibits a lack of control over this behavior.
binge
the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed and available to the body is called the
bioavailabiltiy
measuring concentrations of nutrients, nutrient by-products, or enzyme activities in the blood to determine nutritional status is known as ____ assessment.
biochemical
a b-vitamin that functions in the addition of co2 to other compounds during metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids is____.
biotin
intestinal bacterial synthesis of which b vitamin contributes to human needs?
biotin
the protein called avidin in raw egg whites binds _____, a b vitamin, and inhibits its absorption.
biotin
identify two nutrients that are produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
biotin vitamin k
which statement is true about birth defects rates in the united states?
birth defects impact 1 in 33 babies born in the US
when a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to which of the following?
blockages in the intestine
which of the following are functions of calcium
blood clotting, bone building, muscle function
polyphenols
blueberries, strawberries, raspberries
the set point theory often refers to the close regulation of
body weight
a(n) ____ is a linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons.
bond
the functions of manganese include
bone formation free-radical metabolism energy metabolism
the continual balance of degradation and resynthesis of bone by osteoclasts and osteoblasts is called
bone remodeling
leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of
branched-chain amino acids essential amino acids
over the past decade, americans have increased their consumption of which food items
breakfast cereals pasta frozen vegetables
most women are physically capable of _____ their infants
breastfeed
which statement is true about breastfeeding?
breastfeeding is a learned skill and education prior to lactation is necessary.
sources of provitamin a carotenoids include
broccoli carrots sweet potatoes
indoles
broccoli, cabbage, kale
stealing, increased sexual activity, drug and alcohol abuse, and self-mutilation are impulsive behaviors frequently displayed by people with the eating disorder
bulimia nervosa
the relative nutritional quality of a food is estimated
by comparing the nutrient density of different foods
name a mineral mostly stored in bones and teeth
calcium
regular use of ____ may cause constipation.
calcium supplements antacids iron supplements
select all of the minerals below that play a role in bone strength
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ____ in the american diet.
calories added sugars
nutrient claims on food labels
can be quantified must follow legal definitions are very specific
large dosages of vitamin a (e.g., more than 3 times the RDA)
can cause harmful side effects
____ represents abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in DNA
cancer
sugar alcohols are used in
candy breath mints gum
identify the sources of vitamin k
canola oil broccoli green leafy vegetables
___ are nutrients that provide the body with a major source of calories
carbohydrates
the thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from
carbohydrates
which of the following are major sources of fuel for cells?
carbohydrates fats
the coenzyme form of biotin functions to add ____ to compounds in metabolic reactions
carbon dioxide
the medical term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system is ____ disease.
cardiovascular
transports nutrients waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body
cardiovascular system
dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of
carotenoids
place the following parts of the large intestine in order, from the time food matter enters from the small intestine until it exits the body.
cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon
which type of fiber is an indigestible, non fermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?
cellulose
cognitive restructuring
changes our frame of mind
symptoms of a riboflavin deficiency include
cheilosis inflamed mouth and tongue
b vitamins are required for
chemical breakdown of carbohydrates transamination of amino acids synthesis of lipids
the breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of
chemical digestion
phytochemicals in foods such as ____ have been studied for their role in heart disease prevention
chocolate citrus fruits blueberries
to improve intake of antioxidant nutrients,
choose a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables
no single food provides all the nutrients the human body needs to function optimally. each food has a district nutrient profile. thus, one way to ensure nutrient adequacy is to
choose a variety of foods from all the food groups and within each food group.
which of the following are easy ways to increase our dietary fiber intakes to meet the Als?
choose fiber-rich fruits choose whole grains choose vegetables
which of the following are good sources of vitamin c?
citrus fruits strawberries potatoes red peppers
favonoids
citrus fruits, onions, apples, grapes, chocolate
a compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to form an active enzyme is called a(n)
coenzyme
which of the following are functions of zinc?
cofactor for hundreds of enzymes dna synthesis
vitamin c is needed for the production of which protein?
collagen
bulimia is most common among which age group?
college-age young adults
unhealthy actions that are used to rid the body of excess calories are known as
compensatory behaviors
dairy products provide ____ proteins
complete
characteristics of a red blood cell
concave surface contain hemoglobin
stunted physical growth and impaired intellectual development in babies born to iodide-deficient mothers is called
congenital hypothyroidism
tendons and cartilage are made of ___ tissue.
connective
increasing fiber and fluid consumption is adequate to correct mild cases of
constipation
regularly ignoring the urge to defecate may lead to
constipation hemorrhoids
what action should a pregnant woman take if she is interested in beginning a regular physical activity program during pregnancy?
consult a physician
what are some strategies a female teen can use to ensure adequate intake of iron and prevent iron-deficiency anemia?
consume a daily iron supplement consume iron-rich food sources
nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes
consuming more fiber daily consuming more fluids daily
the disordered eating behaviors of pica involve
consuming nonfood items, such as clay or dirt
which of the following are benefits of including plant proteins in the diet?
contain phytochemicals less expensive than animal proteins cholesterol-free
reduced cholesterol
contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2 g saturated fat per serving
the components of the weight-loss triad include
controlling caloric intake performing regular physical activity controlling problem behaviors
an enzyme that contains the mineral ______ aids in the release of iron from storage in the body.
copper
the mineral ___ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism
copper
environmental
currently residing in a homeless shelter, $35.00 in wallet, unemployed
choline's role in transfer of single-carbon groups during metabolic reactions influences risk for
cvd neural tube defects
regular physical activity reduces the risk of
cvd type 2 diabetes obesity
adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of
cvd, type 2
rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin
d
what are the major functions of folate?
dan syntheses metabolism of amino acids
what are some examples of age-appropriate activities for elementary school-age children?
dancing walking jumping rope
which of the following situations may be classified as failure to thrive?
declining two or more percentile lines over time weight-for-age below the 5th percentile
how do the dietary guidelines recommend that americans manage weight?
decrease food intake increase physical activity
which of the following situations may cause anemia?
decrease in red blood cell production significant blood loss decrease in hemoglobin production
the american heart association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to
decrease saturated fat intake
incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits:
demineralization by acid-producing bacteria
cortical bone
dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability
___ is a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).
diabetes
bart is a registered dietitian in a fitness center who works with many clients who want to lose weight. when he first meets with his client, laura, he asks her to record her food and beverage intake for three days before their next session. this is a form of ___ assessment.
dietary
north american diet
dietary fat: mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk
mediterranean diet
dietary fat: olive oil, fish, nuts
dietary
dietary intake of little more than wine and hamburgers for the last week
what specialists are most likely involved in treating a person with anorexia?
dietitians experienced physicians psychologists
breaks down food both mechanically and chemically
digestive system
characteristics of anorexia nervosa?
distorted body image irrational fear of weight gain extreme weight loss
unlike people with bulimia nervosa, people with purging disorder
do not engage in binge eating
calcium supplements may be recommended for people who
do not tolerate lactose have a milk allergy follow a vegan diet
the first segment of the small intestine is known as the
duodenum
arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (from top to bottom)
duodenum jejunum ileum
these healthy habits help achieve a long, vigorous life
eating fish twice per week following a low animal fat diet consuming fiber-rich foods exercising regularly
what are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?
eggs lean ground beef turkey
what foods and eating behaviors should be emphasized to promote heart-healthy eating habits throughout the lifespan?
emphasis should be placed on removing visible fat and skin from cooked meats emphasis should be placed on weekly consumption of fish emphasis should be placed on consumption of low-fat dairy products after the age of 2.
clinical symptoms of a nutritional deficiency
enable physicians to detect a deficiency occur after subclinical deficiency may have been present for an extended time.
regulates metabolism through the action of hormones
endocrine system
___ are natural body tranquilizers that may be involved in the feeding response and function in pain reduction
endorphins
a compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction is
enzyme
when swallowing a bite of food, the ____ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus
epiglottis
bulimia nervosa
episodes of bingeing followed by purging
vitamin a maintains the health of which cells?
epithelial cells
animal proteins are a good source of all nine ____ amino acids
essential
omega-3
essential fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid
omega-6
essential fatty acid; linoleic acid
just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. some high-fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of
essential fatty acids fat-soluble vitamins
EER
estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level
which statement is true regarding a woman's awareness of pregnancy?
even if a pregnancy is planned, a woman may not know that she is pregnant during the first few weeks of pregnancy
which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood?
excess food intake limited physical activity slower metabolism
mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin c daily to prevent a cold. which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin c?
excess vitamin c is excreted from the body
when it comes to sugar and hyperactivity, the problem may be from:
excitement or tension in situations where sugar-rich foods are served
the most important predictor of an eating disorder is
extreme dieting
anorexia nervosa
extreme restriction of energy intake; irrational fear of weight gain
bile acids digestion of ____ in the small intestine.
fat
what are some of the positive attributes of fat in the diet?
fat is required for absorption of some vitamins many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods fat improves mouth feel of foods
what is the most nutrient-dense sources of calcium?
fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content
choline deficiency could lead to
fatty liver abnormal blood lipids
what are some signs and symptoms of night eating syndrome?
feeling depressed at night a need to eat something in order to fall asleep not feeling hungry in the morning
the absence of menstrual periods, disordered eating, and bone loss are all associated with the disordered eating pattern known as the
female athlete triad
women participating in appearance-based sports are most at risk for developing the ___ ____ ___, which is characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis.
female athlete triad
a diet excessive in ____ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc.
fiber
a diet rich in ___ helps adults reduce their risk of colon cancer and heart disease, lower their blood cholesterol, and avoid constipation.
fiber
which are nutrition components that must appear on the nutrition facts food label?
fiber total calories sugarr
nausea typically stops after the ____ trimester of pregnancy
first
the most critical period for the development of the fetus is during the _____ trimester.
first
to reduce chronic inflammation, which of the following foods should be regularly consumed?
fish plant oils green, leafy vegetables
which of the following is a normal reaction to pregnancy?
fluid retention due to placental hormones
why is the use of fluoridated bottle water not recommended by the american dental association?
fluoridated water creates the risk of enamel fluorosis during development prior to eruption from the gums
With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health
fluoride
___ is a b vitamin that is important for dna synthesis and homocysteine metabolism
folate
neural tube defects may result from a deficiency of ___ during pregnancy.
folate
the healthy people 2020 objective for prevention of neural tube defects includes increasing the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal intake of which vitamin?
folate
to lessen the risk of neural tube defects, all grain products must be fortified with
folic acid
which federal agency monitors food and beverage labeling in the united states?
food and drug administration
if a child's main source of iron is from plant sources, what can the caregiver add to the diet to enhance absorption of iron?
food sources of vitamin c
the body can derive all the essential nutrients from
foods and beverages
which of the following are functions of vitamin c?
formation of collagen wound healing
phospholipid
forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane
which statements are true about fluoride supplementation during infancy?
formula-fed infants should receive supplementation after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate breastfed infants may need supplementation of fluoride after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate
iron
fortified breakfast cereals
sources of retinoids, the performed source of vitamin a, include
fortified milk fish beef liver
calcium
fortified soy milk
which of the following are biological factors that influence bone status?
frame size, age, ethnicity
when a person experiences oxidative stress, production of _____ in the body is high.
free radicals
sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ____
fructose
the nutrients that have antioxidant properties and help block cancer development can be found in the food groups ____ and ____.
fruits vegetables
which myplate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer-fighting antioxidants?
fruits vegetables grains
which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin c in the body?
fruits and vegetables
prebiotic
fuel for microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host
what is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?
functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods.
a food that provides health benefits beyond the essential dietary nutrients it contains is called a(n)
functional food
dana reports abdominal pain, gas, and bloating after eating, especially meals that are high in fat. she may have
gallstones
potential consequences of copper toxicity?
gastrointestinal disturbances kidney damage liver damage
A(n) ____ provides the instructions for production of a specific body protein.
gene
obesity caused by nature would be ___ and obesity caused by nurture would be due to _____ factors
genetic, environmental
an excessive increase in blood glucose that occurs during pregnancy is a condition commonly referred to as
gestational diabetes
name the major monosaccharide found in the body
glucose
what is the major monosaccharide in the body?
glucose
which of the following is a function of chromium
glucose uptake
small intesine
glucose, vitamins, bile acids
what is the best understood role of selenium?
glutathione peroxidase activity
recall that selenium has numerous functions, including
glutathione peroxidase activity thyroid hormone metabolism
____ is the storage form of glucose in the body.
glycogen
which of the following food groups contains the most manganese?
grains
carbohydrate grams to kcal
grams x 4 calories per gram
protein grams to kcal
grams x 4 calories per gram
fat grams to kcal
grams x 9 calories per gram
to meet the daily requirements for folate, a person might include which foods in his or her diet?
green leafy vegetables enriched cereals
phylloquinone
green plants
menaquinone
gut bacteria
the RD credential indicates that the person
has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition participates in continuing education has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition
strategies to enhance iron absorption from a meal of rice and beans
have a cup of oj with the meal add tomatoes to the beans and rice
how are illnesses and infections related to undernutrition?
having an illness or infection increases risk for undernutrition being undernourished increases risk for illnesses and infections
general reaction
headache skin reaction, tension and fatigue, tremors, psychological problems
18.5-24.9
healthy weight
exposure to ___ can cause a loss of certain vitamins. select all that apply.
heat oxygen light
which of the following are benefits of high-energy-density foods?
help people gain weight help people with poor appetites
with vitamin k deficiency, blood is unable to clot, which may lead to
hemorrhage
the multi step process the human body employs to stop blood loss is called
hemostasis
____-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol
high
what are the risk factors associated with early development of cardiovascular disease among children?
high blood pressure family history or unknown family history of cvd smoker overweight/obese diabetes
an obese pregnant woman
high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and difficult deliveries may be experienced
physical effects of binge-eating disorder
high blood sugar high blood pressure high cholesterol
compared to margarine, butter is
higher in cholesterol higher in saturated fat
UL
highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects
which of the following is a possible consequence of consuming too much vitamin a?
hip fracture
the functions of vitamin b-6 include
homocysteine metabolism synthesis of nonessential amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters
amino acids are important in the synthesis of many _____ such as insulin and glucagon.
hormones
what activities should be avoided during the second and third trimesters?
horseback riding weightlifting downhill skiing
the set point theory of weight maintenance proposes that
humans have genetically predetermined body fat content the body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content humans have a genetically predetermined body weight
trans fatty acid
hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond
cis fatty acid
hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond
____ is a chronic disease characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure.
hypertension
weight-related diseases that would indicate a need to loose weight include:
hypertension high blood glucose obesity
which part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?
hypothalamus
preventing pathogens from invading the body is a shared role of which of the following systems?
immune system digestive system
as lean muscle mass increases as a result of physical activity metabolic rate
increases
breast size generally ____ during pregnancy and breastfeeding, which are normal physiological changes.
increases
the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been ____ among school-aged children.
increasing
which is an example of a logical approach to weight loss?
increasing physical activity
the villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by
increasing the surface area
absorption of calcium is increased during
infancy pregnancy
positive energy balance is normal and healthy during
infancy childhood pregnancy
_____ is the term that describes the inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
infertility
boron
influences calcium transport and vitamin d synthesis
order the following steps of the procedure for measuring direct calorimetry from the initial step (top of the list) onward.
initial température of a layer of water surrounding an insulated chamber is measured body heat of a person in the insulated chamber raises temperature of the water surrounding the chamber difference between initial and final water temperature is used to determine energy expenditure
fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called
insoluble fiber
what are some nutritional problems experienced by infants that are born before 37 weeks' gestation?
insufficient iron and calcium stores poor ability to suck and swallow insufficient fat
what are some causes of potential problems encountered with breastfeeding?
inverted nipples, which can be corrected during pregnancy misinformation
during the enrichment of refined grain products, ____ is the only mineral added, whereas the selenium, zinc, copper, and other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced
iron
name one mineral that is known to promote oxidation in chemical reactions used by the immune cells to destroy pathogens.
iron
the nutrient most likely to be deficient in the diets of people worldwide is
iron
adults with poor dentitions may avoid eating meats, which may limit their intakes of
iron protein zinc
hemoglobin is the ___ part of the red blood cell
iron-containing
which of the following statements about specific immunity are true?
it involves the use of antibodies to flag foreign proteins for destruction a specific immune response will be more efficient after the first exposure to a pathogen it is also called adaptive immunity
which statement is true about teenagers and consumption of fast food?
it is okay for teens to occasionally eat fast food as long as they consume food in moderation and make daily healthful food choices
which of the following accurately describe the daily value?
it is used on the nutrition facts panel it is based on a 2000 calorie diet it is a genetic standard
a high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because
it provides few calories its bulk contributes to satiety
classic reaction
itching, reddening of the skin, asthma, swelling, choking, runny nose
the main purpose of the increase in carbohydrates during pregnancy is primarily to prevent
ketosis
largest
kilo
vertebral fractures may result in abnormal curvature of the upper spine known as
kyphosis
which of the following are major contributors to leading causes of death in the united states?
lack of physical activity excessive calorie intake poor diet
seek non-dairy calcium sources
lactase production declines with age
_____ is the period of milk secretion following pregnancy
lactation
milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).
lactose
trabecular bone
lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock
a diet that contains less than 10% of kcal from fat may
lead to deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins be deficient in essential fatty acids
perform regular physical activity
lean body mass decreases with age
which meal is rich in thiamin?
lean ham, acorn squash, wild rice pilaf, and soy milk
garden peas, soy beans, and kidney beans are all examples of ______; a plant family with pods containing a row of seeds.
legumes
how are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
length of the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton
arrange the following foods according to their energy densities, from lowest energy density (at the top) to the highest energy density (at the bottom)
lettuce beans bagels butter
an underweight pregnant woman
lighter placenta and lower nutrient stores, especially iron, may be experienced.
orlistat partially blocks fat digestion and subsequent absorption. name the fat-digesting enzyme that is inhibited by orlistat.
lipase
the enzyme ____ plays an important role in fat digestion.
lipase
the gastric ____ enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.
lipase
Most ______ do not dissolve in water.
lipids
which of the following nutrients can supply the body with calories?
lipids carbohydrates proteins
which of the following supply the body with useable energy?
lipids carbohydrates proteins
probiotic
live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host
the health problems associated with excess body fat include
liver damage bone and joint disorders surgical risks
Milk producing cells found in the breast are commonly referred to as ____.
lobules
which two factors are the most important predictors of success in treatment for eating disorder?
long-term follow up early intervention
A person with dark skin would need a _____ exposure time to sunlight to synthesize vitamin D
longer
biochemical
low amounts of the vitamin thiamin and folate in the blood
osteopenia
low bone mineral density
anthropometric
low weight-for-height, recent 10 pound weight loss, muscle wasting in the upper body
what type of milk should children (after age 2) drink to help establish heart-healthy eating habits?
low-fat milk
the dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the _____ approach
low-fat, high fiber
which of the following is the term used to describe the dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?
lower-quality proteins
remove foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption
lymphatic system
specialized cells that participate in the immune response are called
lymphoid tissue
which of the following ways does the digestive system support the immune system?
lymphoid tissue situated along the GI tract identifies and destroys pathogens hcl produced by the stomach destroys many pathogens GI tract provides a physical barrier against invading pathogens
active vitamin d enhances absorption of calcium and _________
magnesium
select ways in which a person can help prevent osteoporosis
maintaining a healthy body weight, consuming a diet rich in calcium and vitamin d, conducting weight-bearing exercise
triglyceride
major form of lipid in food and the body
which of the following diet choices will help you comply with the dietary guidelines' key recommendations to avoid too much fat, sugar, and sodium?
make most of your sources from fish, nuts, and vegetables oils use the nutrition facts label to keep saturated fats, trans fats, and sodium low choose foods and beverages low in added sugars
the role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to
make vitamin k and biotin metabolize undigested food
of the following choices, disordered eating will most likely result from
making food a reward
what are some natural food sources of sucrose?
maple syrup sugar beets
which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to severe muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?
marsasmus
what is the main source of heme iron?
meat
the mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of
mechanical digestion
leukocyte
mediates immunity
folate deficiency results in ____ anemia
megaloblastic
___ is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells.
metabolism
according to the dietary guidelines, which of the following groups should keep sodium to less than 1500 milligrams per day?
middle-aged and older adults people with hypertension african-americans
which of the following is an inorganic substance?
minerals
what are some examples of factors that lead to poor infant-parent interactions resulting in failure to thrive?
misinformation lack of parent role model force feeding little concern about child welfare
which of the following are true in terms of triglyceride digestion and absorption?
mix of fatty acids and a monoglycerides are absorbed in the intestinal cells digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase two outer fatty acids are removed prior to absorption
eating small portion sizes and planning your entire day's diet so that you don't overconsume any nutrients is a healthful component of the diet known as
moderation
Identify one product of triglyceride digestion that can be absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine
monoglyceride
formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a ____ consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone.
monoglyceride
Infants born to mothers with a pregnancy BMI of 25 or higher are ____ to experience health problems compared to infants born to mothers of BMI in the range of 18.5-24.9.
more likely
compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain
more magnesium more fiber more zinc
where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?
mouth
list the organs of digestive tract in order , from start to finish
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
possible symptoms of biotin deficiency include ____.
muscle pain and weakness skin inflammation nausea and vomiting
a selenium deficiency may lead to which of the following conditions?
muscle wasting muscle pain heart damage
essential fatty acids
must be obtained from the diet
GI tract reaction
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gas, bloating, constipation, indigestion
vitamin k
necessary for blood clotting
in order to loose weight, it is necessary to be in _____ energy balance.
negative
which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?
negative protein balance
detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions
nervous system
the coenzyme forms of ___ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein
niacin
barbara usually skips breakfast and delays lunch until about 2:00 pm, but she tends to binge late in the evening and sometimes cannot fall asleep unless she has something to eat. She may have
night eating syndrome
saturated fatty acid
no carbon-carbon double bond
cholesterol free
no more than 2 mg of cholesterol per serving
low cholesterol
no more than 20 mg of cholesterol and no more than 2 g of saturated fat per serving
what is the american hear association's recommendation for saturated fat and trans fat intake?
no more than 7% total kcal from saturated fat; no more than 1% of total kcal from trans fat
_____ immunity does not require a previous encounter with a pathogen.
non-specific
A(n) ____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.
nonessential
a(n) _____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.
nonessential
omega-9
nonessential fatty acid
what is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?
nonfementable fiber
dna is stored within the ____ of the cell.
nucleus
RDA
nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age and gender
AI
nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA
failure to thrive can result from
nutrient malabsorption inadequate nutritional intake parental neglect
as we age, overall calorie needs decrease, but micronutrient needs generally stay the same. for this reason, older adults should focus on consuming ____ foods.
nutrient-dense
name the science that links food and health
nutrition
which of the following is a healthy food choice when consumed in moderation?
nuts
protein
nuts and seeds
should be increased in a child's vegetarian diet in order to prevent common nutritional inadequacies associated with the diet
nuts, oils, seeds ready-to-eat breakfast cereals fortified soy milk
which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?
oatmeal kidney beans apples
excess calorie intake, eventually leading to ______, is the main diet-cancer risk factor
obesity
greater or equal to 30
obesity
poor diet and inadequate physical activity contribute to the development of _____.
obesity cvd diabetes hypertension
clinical symptoms of a nutritional deficiency
occur after subclinical deficiency may have been present for an extended time enable physicians to detect a deficiency
which of the following are true about essential fatty acids?
omega-6 fatty acids increase inflammation and blood clotting they are unable to be synthesized by body omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and blood clotting
an average of ____ drink(s) per day is considered moderate alcohol intake for women
one
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
retinoids
organ meats, milk, and cheese
name the condition in which strict adherence to a plan for health eating interferes with participation in normal activities of daily living
orthorexia
in the process of bone remodeling, bone cell synthesis is accomplished by which type of cell?
osteoblasts
Osteoblasts that become embedded into the bone matrix, where they synthesize bone tissue, are known as
osteocytes
the disease associated with a vitamin d deficiency that affects older adults is
osteomalacia
even before osteoporosis is diagnosed, many older adults have low bone mineral density, known as
osteopenia
between 25 and 29.9
overweight
the most recent edition of the dietary guidelines are designed specifically to help a person avoid becoming ____, a condition that affects more than half of american adults and is associated with development of many chronic diseases.
overweight
the presence of ____ in food can limit the bioavailability of calcium from that food, but not the absorption of calcium from other foods.
oxalates
_____ describes a situation in which the production of free radicals outpaces the body's antioxidant defenses.
oxidative stress
about half of all chemical reactions in the body involve the exchange of electrons. when a compound in a reaction loses an electron, that compound has been
oxidized
the majority of fat digestion is accomplished by
pancreatic lipase
which of the following b-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? its name comes from the greek word meaning "from every side."
pantothenic acid
the ____ cells of the stomach produce hydrochloric acid
parietal
which factors significantly influence development of eating disorders among men?
participation in sports that require weight restrictions homosexuality
dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death are symptoms of the deficiency disease known as
pellagra
a(n) _____ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein. it is difficult to break, but acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to do so, during digestion
peptide
men and women with muscle dysmorphia
perceive themselves as being too thin rely on strict diet and exercise regimens to build muscle mass
the contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called
peristalsis
milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of
phosphorus
energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.
physical activity metabolism digestion
including plant-based meals a few times per week is a good way to increase
phytochemical intake
the ____ is an organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy, transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and removes fetal wastes.
placenta
most _____ proteins do not meet the human need for essential amino acids. these proteins are frequently low in one or more of the nine essential amino acids.
plant lower-quality incomplete
which of the following are strategies to prevent weight gain?
plant a garden find a workout partner work for an employer with a wellness program
____ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels
plaque
which of the following are components of blood?
platelets leukocytes erythrocytes
main cause of poor nutrition among teenagers?
poor food choices
type 2 osteoporosis
porous trabecular and cortical bone one men and women that occurs after age 60
type 1 osteoporosis
porous trabecular bone in women that occurs following menopause
when energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance.
positive
according to national dietary surveys of americans, typical intakes of ____ fall short of the RDA or AI
potassium and magnesium
large intestine
potassium and sodium
which of the following are sources of starch in the diet?
potatoes whole wheat bread pasta
the recommendation is that pregnant women should not exceed 100% of the daily value for
preformed vitamin a
contingency management
prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating
systolic blood pressure
pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart
diastolic blood pressure
pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats
the digestive system works with the immune system by
preventing pathogens from invading the body
potassium
promotes alkaline environment of blood, thus preventing withdrawal of bone minerals as buffers
platelet
promotes coagulation
lipids are involved in which of the major functions of nutrients?
promoting growth, development, and maintenance of body tissues regulating body processes providing energy
_____ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. amino acids join together to form this nutrient.
protein
the macronutrient important for synthesis, maintenance, and repair of bones is
protein
what macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?
protein
which of the following is the main structural material in the body?
protein
which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?
protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair protein serves multiple functions in the body
why is the percent daily value for protein omitted from the nutrition facts food label?
protein is not a public health concern for the majority of people it would be necessary to know the protein quality of a food which is expensive to determine
which of the following is a function of protein?
protein supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use protein is necessary for the visual process protein is necessary for fluid balance
______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood
proteins
the macronutrient important for synthesis, maintenance, and repair of bones is
protien
clinical
psychological confusion, facial sores, and uncoordinated movement
which of the following are good plant sources of iron?
pumpkin seeds bread cereal
stimulus control
puts us in charge of temptations
unreliable weight-loss programs
recommends expensive supplements advertised as cure-alls no attempt to change old habits
reliable weight-loss programs
recommends physical activity recommends lifestyle change scientific evidence supports program
binge-eating disorder
recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized by a feeling of loss of control
why is folate so important during pregnancy?
red blood cell formation dna synthesis
symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include
reduced sense of taste and smell acnelike rash diarrhea
antioxidants help reduce the risk of cancer by
reducing cell damage from free radicals
"heartburn" doesn't involve the heart at all; it is a pain in the chest caused by
reflux of highly acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
long-chain fatty acids
reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system
copper
release of iron from storage
vitamin k
required for binding of calcium to bone proteins
vitamin c
required for synthesis of connective tissue in bone
___ allows certain cells in the eye to adjust from bright to dim light
retinal
self-monitoring
reveals patterns of unconscious overeating
which of the following do we link with food?
reward or bribe comfort emotional experiences personal experiences
which of the following are characteristics displayed by a person with anorexia?
rigid dieting causing dramatic weight loss false body perception fear of weight gain
what are some examples of food that are considered high in fat?
salad oils butter mayonnaise margarine
For a person who cannot consume cow's milk due to an allergy or intolerance, alternative sources of calcium include
sardines, fortified soy milk, tofu
why do nutrition recommendations change?
scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings
the deficiency disease for vitamin c is called _____.
scurvy
give an example of a mineral that serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that neutralize free radicals in the body
selenium
give an example of a mineral that serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that neutralize free radicals in the body.
selenium
which of the following mineral participates in antioxidant reactions?
selenium
the effects of semi-starvation on the body
semi-starvation results in amenorrhea
wear sunglasses in sunny conditions
sense of vision declines with age
chain-breaking
separates behaviors that tend to occur together
a diet plan promoted in a fashion magazine states, "eat all you want and loose 10 pounds in 2 weeks." this statement does not agree with sound weight loss recommendations, such as
set a goal of one pound weight loss per week control problem eating behaviors
clostridia difficile is a hardy species of bacteria that causes
severe diarrhea
the early signs of cardiovascular disease in children are ____ to the early signs seen in adults.
similar
which behaviors may be considered "diabulimia"?
skipping doses of insulin to induce weight loss using large doses of insulin to compensate for hyperglycemia resulting from binge eating
lactase is produced by the cells of the
small intestine
hypertension is a frequent consequence of excessive consumption of
sodium
which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?
soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber
stomach
some alcohol (about 20%)
provitamin a carotenoids function as antioxidants and help to prevent
some cancers cvd in high risk people
which of the following are rich sources of iodide?
soy protein bar, 1 each yogurt, 1/2 cup haddock fillet, 3.5 oz
due to the activity of some phytochemicals, foods made from ______ can lower the production of cholesterol by the body
soybeans
phytosterols
soybeans
the potential oldest age a person can reach is referred to as life _____
span
adequate folate intake at least 8 weeks prior to conception helps prevent
spina bifida premature birth anencephaly
bone marrow
spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells
all of the following are benefits of physical activity except
spot volume reductions in problem areas
amylase is the enzyme needed to digest _____.
starch
rich food sources of zinc
steak peanuts oysters
the use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the recommended goal of 10,000 ______ per day
steps
according to the hygiene hypothesis
sterilizing our environment with antibiotics and antimicrobial soaps reduces immune function
a _____ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure
sterol
chyme is formed in the ____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions
stomach
chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the
stomach small intestine
when biochemical measurements show that the nutritional status is poor, but there are no outward symptoms of a nutritional deficiency, this is termed _____ deficiency.
subclinical
please list the steps in the process of the let-down reflex in order from start to finish
suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola the pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin oxytocin stimulates the release of milk
which of the following are food sources of vitamin e?
sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce total raisin bran cereal, 3/4 cup
what is the function of an emulsifier?
suspends fats in water
carotenoids
sweet potatoes, acorn squash, and broccoli
what is a hemorrhoid?
swelling of a large vein in the anal region
a change in health status, such as fatigue, which is not immediately evident but is reported by the patient, is known as a(n) _____.
symptom
what is the term that describes dietary supplements that contain live microorganisms that can promote human health plus a sources of fuel that promotes the health of such microorganisms?
synbiotic
which of the following is a source of probiotics for a person who follows a vegan diet?
synbiotic supplements fermented soy
sources of vitamin D include
synthesis in the skin from sun exposure, fatty fish, fortified foods
iron
synthesis of hemoglobin
select all the reasons zinc is important for male fertility
synthesis of reproductive hormones production of sperm function of antioxidant enzymes
which of the following body processes are affected by vitamin b-6 deficiency?
synthesis of white blood cells synthesis of neurotransmitters formation of hemoglobin
menadione
synthetic
select the sources of fluoride
tea, seaweed, fluoridated water
identify structures made up of connective tissue
tendons cartilage bones
which is true about the RDA?
the RDA recommends the amount of a nutrient that will meet the needs about 97% of the population in a particular age/gender group
when an antioxidant chemical donates an electron to a free radical,
the antioxidant becomes unstable, but does not cause cellular damage
the most important determinant of iron absorption is
the body's need for iron
general goals for nutrient intakes and diet composition set by the united states department of agriculture and the us department of health and human services are collectively called
the dietary guidelines for americans
sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is variation in
the dna code
what factors contribute to constipation in pregnant women?
the fetus competes for space with the GI tract placental hormones slow peristalsis
omega-6 molecular structure
the first carbon-carbon double bond is located on the sixth carbon from the omega, or methyl, end of the structure
omega-3 molecular structure
the first carbon-carbon double bond is located on the third carbon from the omega, or methyl, end of the structure
nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because
the germ, bran, and husk are discarded
what is the most likely reason men are less likely to develop anorexia?
the ideal image portrayed by the media for men is big and muscular
why do symptoms associated with an allergic reaction occur?
the immune system mistakes the antigen in the food for a harmful substance and reacts leading to the resultant allergic symptoms
the pain related to GERD is due to
the limited mucosal lining of the esophagus the stomach acid entering the esophagus
what happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?
the molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats trans fatty acid content is increased
all women of childbearing age should consume adequate amounts of folate because
the neural tube closes before many women even know they are pregnant
gestation is
the period of intrauterine development of offspring
what does the soft spot on the baby's head indicate?
the soft spot indicates where the skull bones are growing together
what does the USP symbol on prenatal supplements signify?
the supplement meets the standards set by the US pharmacopoeia
most nutrition experts agree that
there are no exclusively "good" or "bad" foods
adequate status of folate, vitamin b-6, and vitamin b-12 may reduce risk for cardiovascular disease because
these vitamins are necessary for metabolic reactions that clear homocysteine from the body
when b vitamins are consumed in their coenzyme forms,
they are digested to release free vitamins in the stomach and small intestine
which statements are true about sterols?
they can be produced by the body they contain a multi-ring structure cholesterol is a common example
what are some diet changes americans have made since the mid-1950s?
they eat less butter they consume less saturated fat they substitute a fat-free and low-fat milk for cream
which of the following statements describe free radicals?
they have an imbalance between protons and electrons they are unstable they can damage cell membranes
the b vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is
thiamin
periosteum
thick membrane that covers the bone surface
cell fragments that clump together to form a blood clot are called
thrombocytes
a deficiency of selenium would lead to ___ disorders.
thyroid heart
what is the purpose of the recommended dietary allowances?
to estimate the nutrient needs of 97-98% of the health population to ensure sufficient nutrient intakes
what is the primary goal of psychotherapy for a person with bulimia?
to improve self-acceptance
what are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
to insulate and protect the body to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins to provide energy
what is the maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life style?
tolerable upper intake level
The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ____ bone.
trabecular
which type of bone tissue lightens bones and absorbs shock?
trabecular bone
if daily needs are less than 100 milligrams, the mineral is classified as a ____ mineral
trace
the first five ingredients listed on the label for a cake frosting are sugar, vegetable oil, shortening (made with partially hydrogenated soybean and cottonseed oils), water, and corn syrup. this product is a rich source of
trans fatty acids
____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.
trans; saturated
erythrocyte
transports oxygen
short and medium-chain fatty acids
travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver
due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ____ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.
triglycerides
which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?
triglycerides
animal breeders are helping to reduce the saturated fat intake of americans by raising leaner cattle and hogs.
true
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
what are the leading causes of deaths that are related to diet in north america?
type 2 diabetes hypertension cvd cancer
digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the
type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function
the 5 primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and ____.
umami
the reasons why unreliable diets are problematic include
unchanged habits loss of lean tissue limited food selection
which of the following nutritional states lead to poor health?
undernutrition overnutrition
less than 18
underweight
fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ____ fatty acids.
unsaturated
when gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine, a person usually experiences pain in the
upper right abdomen
removes waste products from the circulatory system
urinary system
which of the following are criteria used to diagnose alcohol use disorders
using alcohol in greater amounts or more often than intended alcohol cravings experiencing withdrawal symptoms when alcohol is not consumed
all of the following are reliable treatments for obesity except
using diet pills
arrange the following steps of hemostasis in the order they occur after an injury that causes blood loss
vasoconstriction formation of a platelet plug coagulation
a(n) ____ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.
vegan
select all of the myplate food groups that are rich sources of antioxidants.
vegetables fruits grains
a deficiency of ____ is likely to impair immune function
vitamin a zinc protein
___ is required for formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells
vitamin b-12
the coenzyme form of ____ participates in more than 100 amino acid metabolism reactions, including homocysteine metabolism
vitamin b-6
why will megadoses of vitamin c not be toxic?
vitamin c is water soluble and not stored
why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin d be at risk of bone fractures?
vitamin d is necessary for calcium absorption
which of the following micronutrients protect the cells of the immune system from being damaged by the oxidation reactions that are used to destroy pathogens?
vitamin e selenium vitamin c
which of the following nutrients may help to limit destruction of eggs or sperm by free radicals in the body?
vitamin e vitamin c zinc
select the nutrients that participate in the body's antioxidant defense systems.
vitamin e beta-carotene selenium
____ is necessary for activation of clotting factors that promote blood coagulation
vitamin k
a deficiency of ___ could lead to hemorrhage
vitamin k
some characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
vomiting misuse of laxatives binge eating
which of the following nutrients can be absorbed in the stomach?
water alcohol
which of these foods will a vegan eat?
watermelon tofu vegetable oil
peristalsis refers to
waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.
cholesterol
waxy lipid found in all body cells
in animals, toxicity symptoms have appeared for molybdenum in the form of:
weight loss decreased growth
Rank the following food sources from the lowest (at the top) to the highest (at the bottom) magnesium content
whole wheat bread, 1 slice banana, 1 medium plain yogurt, 1 cup spinach, 2 cup
which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?
women after menopause
intakes of ___ that are either too high or too low could impair immune function.
zinc
which two minerals are important for normal ovulation?
zinc iron
heart disease is the ____ leading cause of death among north american adults.
#1
several DXA measurements provided the following t-scores. match each t-score with its interpretation
-.5 normal -1.8 osteopenia -2.7osteoporosis
what is the RDA for protein?
0.8 grams/kg
Arrange the following foods in order from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) vitamin D content
1 egg yolk, 1 each soy milk, 1 cup skim milk, 1 cup baked salmon, 3 oz
the RDA for vitamin b-6 for young adults is _____ mg/day.
1.3
the prefix "micro-" means:
1/1,000,000
UL for vitamin b-6
100 mg/day
there are a total of ____ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.
11
fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta
11 pounds
the adult RDA for niacin is ___ mg/day for women or ___ mg/day for men
14/16
the dietary guidelines urge adults over the age of 50 to limit sodium intake to ____ mg per day.
1500
adults should do flexibility exercises such as stretches at least
2 to 3 times per week
which of the following breakfast offerings are a source of cholesterol?
2% milk scrambled eggs
how many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?
2.2
how many different amino acids does the body use (including essential and nonessential)?
20
the acceptable macronutrient distribution range set by the food and nutrition board for lipids is ____% to _____% of kilocalories.
20;35
most american adults exceed the UL for sodium, which is set at ____ milligrams
2300
a carton of ice cream states that it is reduced fat. according to the FDA's guidelines concerning nutrient claims, it must contain _____ less fat than the reference food.
25%
what percentage of north americans show signs of lactose maldigestion?
25%
4-18 years
25-35% of total calories
On average, peak bone mass is achieved around age
30
0-12 months
30 grams per day
1-3 years
30-40% of total calories
how many calories are in one pound of fat tissue?
3500
what is the adequate intake level of dietary fiber for men?
38 grams
carbohydrates proved the body with _____ kcal per gram
4
proteins supply the body with about ____ kilocalories per gram
4
the average adult stomach capacity is about ____ cups
4
volume measurements that are approximately equal to one liter
4 cups 1 quart
blood
4 pounds
maternal fat stores
4-8 pounds
you just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ____ kilocalories from fat
45
which of the following blood glucose measurements indicates hypoglycemia?
47
the adequate intake for pantothenic acid for adults is _____ mg/day for adult men and women
5
what is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?
5 kcal
adult men need ____ mg of choline per day
550
human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of most infants for the first ____ months of life. after that time, complementary foods are necessary to provide adequate nutrition.
6
uterus and breasts
6 pounds
the human body can synthesize niacin from an amino acid: ___ mg of tryptophan can be converted into about 1 mg of niacin
60
physical activity recommendations for children and adolescents include
60 mins of physical activity per day
linoleum acid is an omega-____ fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-____ fatty acid.
6;3
there are approximately ____ kilocalories in one gram of alcohol
7
match the healthy people 2020 goals for breastfeeding infants.
82%-breastfeeding at the time of discharge 60%-breastfeeding for 6 months 34%-breastfeeding at one year
how many calories are in one gram of fat?
9
lipids contain _____ kcal per gram
9
when planning a diet to meet nutrient needs, which standards can be used?
AIs RDAs
vitamin needs generally increase from pre pregnancy RDAs/AIs by up to 30% for most of the b vitamins and even greater for vitamin _____ and ______.
B-6; folate