Clinical Nutrition

our bodies are able to synthesize vitamin __ from exposure to sunlight.

D

cancer represents abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in _____

DNA

incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ____ code

DNA

_____ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 1.5 million bone fractures and costs at least $17 billion each year in the united states

Osteoporosis

what is the term used for decreased bone mass related to the effects of aging, genetic background, and poor diet in both genders, and hormonal changes at menopause in women?

Osteoporosis

what mineral is part of the genetic code in every cell, a functional component of bones and teeth, and a primary component of ATP

Phosphorus

____ is the credential that flags a health professional as the most accurate and reliable source of up-to-date nutrition adVIce

RD

which of the following are federal programs that provide nutritional assistance to older adults who lack economic resources

SNAP the commodity foods program

Which of the following are key nutrients required for synthesis, maintenance, and repair of bones?

Vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, protein, fluoride

what program is focused on reducing infant mortality by providing quality health care and nutrition education and improving nutrition intake?

WIC

as a result of chronically inadequate iodide intake, an adult may develop

a goiter

which of the following is an important concept to have when keeping a weight goal in perspective

a healthy, sustainable rate of weight loss is 1 to 2 pounds per week

what is a common factor among female teens that leads to low iron stores and the potential development of iron-deficiency anemia?

a heavy menstural cycle

treatment for overweight and obesity should be

a lifestyle change long term

an infant born to an underweight woman

a low birthweight and increased risk of being premature may be experienced

three fatty acids combine with glycerol to form

a triglyceride

what is the prevalence of children who achieve the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity per day?

about 50% of children meet their daily physical activity recommendation.

typical north american intakes of riboflavin are ____ the RDA

above

____ is the choline-containing compound that functions as a neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

the acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

activating some digestive enzymes making dietary minerals soluble partially digesting protein

vitamin b-12

activation of folate; dna synthesis

how do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?

add hydrogens to the liquid fat (hydrogenation)

the amount and location of _____ in the body are important predictors of cardiovascular disease risk.

adipose tissue

The main function of vitamins in the body is to

aid chemical reactions that release energy

_____ decreases vitamin b-6 status by damaging the vitamin b-6 coenzyme and impairing absorption and metabolism of the vitamin

alcohol

a diet high in ___ may result in thiamin deficiency.

alcohol processed, unenriched foods

which of the following are reasons to avoid alcohol when trying to become pregnant?

alcohol decreases estrogen production alcohol increases risk for birth defects

People who abuse alcohol are prone to thiamin deficiency because

alcohol increases thiamin excretion in the urine alcoholics tend to have low-quality diets alcohol decreases absorption of thiamin

those at increased risk for vitamin c deficiency include

alcoholics smokers

which of the following conditions may increase the risk for protein-calorie malnutrition?

alcoholism cancer diarrheal infection

which of the following are food sources of vitamin e?

almonds, 1 ounce avocado, 1 chunky peanut butter, 2 tbsp

for a person who does not consume dairy products, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?

almonds, salmon, fortified breakfast cereals

which illness involves an irreversible, abnormal, progressive deterioration of the brain that causes victims to steadily lose their ability to remember, reason and comprehend?

alzheimer's disease

oxidative stress has been linked to the development of

alzheimer's disease cancer diabetes

what is the term used for the building blocks of protein?

amino acids

an error in the dna code results the incorrect sequence of

amino acids in a polypeptide chain

of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

amylopectin

name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch

amylose

which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

amylose cellulose amylopectin

which of the following examples illustrates the concept of dietary proportionality?

an athlete decreases his total calorie intake during the off season, when he is not as active

amylase is

an enzyme

an infant born to an obese woman

an increased risk of birth defects, death within the first few weeks after birth, and obesity during childhood may be experienced

which of the following infants is likely to be born with a low birth weight

an infant born 14 months after his older sibling

vitamin b-12 is only found naturally and in abundance in ____ foods.

animal

the main sources of saturated fat in american diets are

animal fats

which eating disorder is characterized by a psychological loss or denial of appetite, followed by self-starvation, related in part to a distorted body image and to various social pressures?

anorexia nervosa

____ are blood proteins that bind to foreign proteins and mark them for destruction in order to prevent and control infections

antibodies

many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through_____ mechanisms

antioxidant

vitamin c may reduce cancer risk due to its ____ properties

antioxidant

vitamin c may reduce cancer risk due to its _____ properties

antioxidant

use meal replacement products

appetite decreases with age

what is one of the best predictors of pregnancy outcome?

appropriate weight gain during pregnancy

cells of the digestive system and skin are among the first to be affected by deficiencies of b vitamins because these cells

are metabolically active undergo rapid turnover

a deficiency of vitamin b-6 to microcytic hypochromic anemia. this means that the red blood cells

are small in size have pale color

the main function of molybdenum is

as a part of several human enzymes

functions of riboflavin include

assisting antioxidant reactions release of energy from fatty acids

progression from ordered to disordered eating (beginning to end)

attention to hunger and satiety leads to limiting calorie intake disordered eating begins as weight loss is attempted clinically evident eating disorder recognized

what would not be recommended to people who are trying to eat healthy in their later years?

avoid eating with others

moderation requires

avoiding megadoses of nutrients paying attention to portion sizes of foods

rank each of the following foods based on carbohydrate content, from highest (top) to lowest (bottom).

baked potato, 1 medium banana, 1 medium fat-free milk, 1 cup egg, 1 large

for a man who would like to change his diet to improve fertility, which of the following would be the best choice for dinner?

baked salmon and brown rice

the five subgroups that vegetables are organized include:

beans and peas starchy vegetables dark green vegetables red and orange vegetables

a person experiencing weakness, loss of appetite, poor coordination, and edema caused from lack of thiamin is experiencing the deficiency disease known as

beriberi

select the carotenoids that can be converted into vitamin a in the body

beta-carotene alpha-carotene beta-crptoxanthin

one substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is

bile

a(n) ____ occurs when an atypically large amount of food is consumed in a short amount of time and the person eating this food exhibits a lack of control over this behavior.

binge

the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed and available to the body is called the

bioavailabiltiy

measuring concentrations of nutrients, nutrient by-products, or enzyme activities in the blood to determine nutritional status is known as ____ assessment.

biochemical

a b-vitamin that functions in the addition of co2 to other compounds during metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids is____.

biotin

intestinal bacterial synthesis of which b vitamin contributes to human needs?

biotin

the protein called avidin in raw egg whites binds _____, a b vitamin, and inhibits its absorption.

biotin

identify two nutrients that are produced by bacteria in the large intestine.

biotin vitamin k

which statement is true about birth defects rates in the united states?

birth defects impact 1 in 33 babies born in the US

when a person consumes fiber, inadequate fluid intake can lead to which of the following?

blockages in the intestine

which of the following are functions of calcium

blood clotting, bone building, muscle function

polyphenols

blueberries, strawberries, raspberries

the set point theory often refers to the close regulation of

body weight

a(n) ____ is a linkage between two atoms formed by the sharing of electrons.

bond

the functions of manganese include

bone formation free-radical metabolism energy metabolism

the continual balance of degradation and resynthesis of bone by osteoclasts and osteoblasts is called

bone remodeling

leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of

branched-chain amino acids essential amino acids

over the past decade, americans have increased their consumption of which food items

breakfast cereals pasta frozen vegetables

most women are physically capable of _____ their infants

breastfeed

which statement is true about breastfeeding?

breastfeeding is a learned skill and education prior to lactation is necessary.

sources of provitamin a carotenoids include

broccoli carrots sweet potatoes

indoles

broccoli, cabbage, kale

stealing, increased sexual activity, drug and alcohol abuse, and self-mutilation are impulsive behaviors frequently displayed by people with the eating disorder

bulimia nervosa

the relative nutritional quality of a food is estimated

by comparing the nutrient density of different foods

name a mineral mostly stored in bones and teeth

calcium

regular use of ____ may cause constipation.

calcium supplements antacids iron supplements

select all of the minerals below that play a role in bone strength

calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ____ in the american diet.

calories added sugars

nutrient claims on food labels

can be quantified must follow legal definitions are very specific

large dosages of vitamin a (e.g., more than 3 times the RDA)

can cause harmful side effects

____ represents abnormal and uncontrollable division of cells that results from mutations in DNA

cancer

sugar alcohols are used in

candy breath mints gum

identify the sources of vitamin k

canola oil broccoli green leafy vegetables

___ are nutrients that provide the body with a major source of calories

carbohydrates

the thiamin coenzyme is particularly important for the release of energy from

carbohydrates

which of the following are major sources of fuel for cells?

carbohydrates fats

the coenzyme form of biotin functions to add ____ to compounds in metabolic reactions

carbon dioxide

the medical term that refers to any disease of the heart and circulatory system is ____ disease.

cardiovascular

transports nutrients waste, gases, and hormones throughout the body

cardiovascular system

dark green and yellow-orange vegetables are sources of

carotenoids

place the following parts of the large intestine in order, from the time food matter enters from the small intestine until it exits the body.

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

which type of fiber is an indigestible, non fermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?

cellulose

cognitive restructuring

changes our frame of mind

symptoms of a riboflavin deficiency include

cheilosis inflamed mouth and tongue

b vitamins are required for

chemical breakdown of carbohydrates transamination of amino acids synthesis of lipids

the breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of

chemical digestion

phytochemicals in foods such as ____ have been studied for their role in heart disease prevention

chocolate citrus fruits blueberries

to improve intake of antioxidant nutrients,

choose a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables

no single food provides all the nutrients the human body needs to function optimally. each food has a district nutrient profile. thus, one way to ensure nutrient adequacy is to

choose a variety of foods from all the food groups and within each food group.

which of the following are easy ways to increase our dietary fiber intakes to meet the Als?

choose fiber-rich fruits choose whole grains choose vegetables

which of the following are good sources of vitamin c?

citrus fruits strawberries potatoes red peppers

favonoids

citrus fruits, onions, apples, grapes, chocolate

a compound that combines with an inactive enzyme to form an active enzyme is called a(n)

coenzyme

which of the following are functions of zinc?

cofactor for hundreds of enzymes dna synthesis

vitamin c is needed for the production of which protein?

collagen

bulimia is most common among which age group?

college-age young adults

unhealthy actions that are used to rid the body of excess calories are known as

compensatory behaviors

dairy products provide ____ proteins

complete

characteristics of a red blood cell

concave surface contain hemoglobin

stunted physical growth and impaired intellectual development in babies born to iodide-deficient mothers is called

congenital hypothyroidism

tendons and cartilage are made of ___ tissue.

connective

increasing fiber and fluid consumption is adequate to correct mild cases of

constipation

regularly ignoring the urge to defecate may lead to

constipation hemorrhoids

what action should a pregnant woman take if she is interested in beginning a regular physical activity program during pregnancy?

consult a physician

what are some strategies a female teen can use to ensure adequate intake of iron and prevent iron-deficiency anemia?

consume a daily iron supplement consume iron-rich food sources

nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fiber daily consuming more fluids daily

the disordered eating behaviors of pica involve

consuming nonfood items, such as clay or dirt

which of the following are benefits of including plant proteins in the diet?

contain phytochemicals less expensive than animal proteins cholesterol-free

reduced cholesterol

contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2 g saturated fat per serving

the components of the weight-loss triad include

controlling caloric intake performing regular physical activity controlling problem behaviors

an enzyme that contains the mineral ______ aids in the release of iron from storage in the body.

copper

the mineral ___ is a component of ceruloplasmin, a blood protein that functions in iron metabolism

copper

environmental

currently residing in a homeless shelter, $35.00 in wallet, unemployed

choline's role in transfer of single-carbon groups during metabolic reactions influences risk for

cvd neural tube defects

regular physical activity reduces the risk of

cvd type 2 diabetes obesity

adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

cvd, type 2

rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin

d

what are the major functions of folate?

dan syntheses metabolism of amino acids

what are some examples of age-appropriate activities for elementary school-age children?

dancing walking jumping rope

which of the following situations may be classified as failure to thrive?

declining two or more percentile lines over time weight-for-age below the 5th percentile

how do the dietary guidelines recommend that americans manage weight?

decrease food intake increase physical activity

which of the following situations may cause anemia?

decrease in red blood cell production significant blood loss decrease in hemoglobin production

the american heart association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to

decrease saturated fat intake

incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits:

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria

cortical bone

dense bone tissue that provides strength and stability

___ is a group of diseases characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose).

diabetes

bart is a registered dietitian in a fitness center who works with many clients who want to lose weight. when he first meets with his client, laura, he asks her to record her food and beverage intake for three days before their next session. this is a form of ___ assessment.

dietary

north american diet

dietary fat: mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk

mediterranean diet

dietary fat: olive oil, fish, nuts

dietary

dietary intake of little more than wine and hamburgers for the last week

what specialists are most likely involved in treating a person with anorexia?

dietitians experienced physicians psychologists

breaks down food both mechanically and chemically

digestive system

characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

distorted body image irrational fear of weight gain extreme weight loss

unlike people with bulimia nervosa, people with purging disorder

do not engage in binge eating

calcium supplements may be recommended for people who

do not tolerate lactose have a milk allergy follow a vegan diet

the first segment of the small intestine is known as the

duodenum

arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (from top to bottom)

duodenum jejunum ileum

these healthy habits help achieve a long, vigorous life

eating fish twice per week following a low animal fat diet consuming fiber-rich foods exercising regularly

what are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?

eggs lean ground beef turkey

what foods and eating behaviors should be emphasized to promote heart-healthy eating habits throughout the lifespan?

emphasis should be placed on removing visible fat and skin from cooked meats emphasis should be placed on weekly consumption of fish emphasis should be placed on consumption of low-fat dairy products after the age of 2.

clinical symptoms of a nutritional deficiency

enable physicians to detect a deficiency occur after subclinical deficiency may have been present for an extended time.

regulates metabolism through the action of hormones

endocrine system

___ are natural body tranquilizers that may be involved in the feeding response and function in pain reduction

endorphins

a compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction is

enzyme

when swallowing a bite of food, the ____ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus

epiglottis

bulimia nervosa

episodes of bingeing followed by purging

vitamin a maintains the health of which cells?

epithelial cells

animal proteins are a good source of all nine ____ amino acids

essential

omega-3

essential fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid

omega-6

essential fatty acid; linoleic acid

just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. some high-fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of

essential fatty acids fat-soluble vitamins

EER

estimation of calorie needs based on gender, age, height, weight, and physical activity level

which statement is true regarding a woman's awareness of pregnancy?

even if a pregnancy is planned, a woman may not know that she is pregnant during the first few weeks of pregnancy

which factors contribute to weight gain during adulthood?

excess food intake limited physical activity slower metabolism

mary tells you that she is taking 1 gram of vitamin c daily to prevent a cold. which of the following is true regarding megadoses of vitamin c?

excess vitamin c is excreted from the body

when it comes to sugar and hyperactivity, the problem may be from:

excitement or tension in situations where sugar-rich foods are served

the most important predictor of an eating disorder is

extreme dieting

anorexia nervosa

extreme restriction of energy intake; irrational fear of weight gain

bile acids digestion of ____ in the small intestine.

fat

what are some of the positive attributes of fat in the diet?

fat is required for absorption of some vitamins many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods fat improves mouth feel of foods

what is the most nutrient-dense sources of calcium?

fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content

choline deficiency could lead to

fatty liver abnormal blood lipids

what are some signs and symptoms of night eating syndrome?

feeling depressed at night a need to eat something in order to fall asleep not feeling hungry in the morning

the absence of menstrual periods, disordered eating, and bone loss are all associated with the disordered eating pattern known as the

female athlete triad

women participating in appearance-based sports are most at risk for developing the ___ ____ ___, which is characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and osteoporosis.

female athlete triad

a diet excessive in ____ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc.

fiber

a diet rich in ___ helps adults reduce their risk of colon cancer and heart disease, lower their blood cholesterol, and avoid constipation.

fiber

which are nutrition components that must appear on the nutrition facts food label?

fiber total calories sugarr

nausea typically stops after the ____ trimester of pregnancy

first

the most critical period for the development of the fetus is during the _____ trimester.

first

to reduce chronic inflammation, which of the following foods should be regularly consumed?

fish plant oils green, leafy vegetables

which of the following is a normal reaction to pregnancy?

fluid retention due to placental hormones

why is the use of fluoridated bottle water not recommended by the american dental association?

fluoridated water creates the risk of enamel fluorosis during development prior to eruption from the gums

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health

fluoride

___ is a b vitamin that is important for dna synthesis and homocysteine metabolism

folate

neural tube defects may result from a deficiency of ___ during pregnancy.

folate

the healthy people 2020 objective for prevention of neural tube defects includes increasing the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal intake of which vitamin?

folate

to lessen the risk of neural tube defects, all grain products must be fortified with

folic acid

which federal agency monitors food and beverage labeling in the united states?

food and drug administration

if a child's main source of iron is from plant sources, what can the caregiver add to the diet to enhance absorption of iron?

food sources of vitamin c

the body can derive all the essential nutrients from

foods and beverages

which of the following are functions of vitamin c?

formation of collagen wound healing

phospholipid

forms lipid bilayer of cell membrane

which statements are true about fluoride supplementation during infancy?

formula-fed infants should receive supplementation after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate breastfed infants may need supplementation of fluoride after 6 months of age if intake from tap water, foods, and toothpaste is inadequate

iron

fortified breakfast cereals

sources of retinoids, the performed source of vitamin a, include

fortified milk fish beef liver

calcium

fortified soy milk

which of the following are biological factors that influence bone status?

frame size, age, ethnicity

when a person experiences oxidative stress, production of _____ in the body is high.

free radicals

sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ____

fructose

the nutrients that have antioxidant properties and help block cancer development can be found in the food groups ____ and ____.

fruits vegetables

which myplate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer-fighting antioxidants?

fruits vegetables grains

which of the food groups provide the highest levels of vitamin c in the body?

fruits and vegetables

prebiotic

fuel for microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host

what is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods.

a food that provides health benefits beyond the essential dietary nutrients it contains is called a(n)

functional food

dana reports abdominal pain, gas, and bloating after eating, especially meals that are high in fat. she may have

gallstones

potential consequences of copper toxicity?

gastrointestinal disturbances kidney damage liver damage

A(n) ____ provides the instructions for production of a specific body protein.

gene

obesity caused by nature would be ___ and obesity caused by nurture would be due to _____ factors

genetic, environmental

an excessive increase in blood glucose that occurs during pregnancy is a condition commonly referred to as

gestational diabetes

name the major monosaccharide found in the body

glucose

what is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

which of the following is a function of chromium

glucose uptake

small intesine

glucose, vitamins, bile acids

what is the best understood role of selenium?

glutathione peroxidase activity

recall that selenium has numerous functions, including

glutathione peroxidase activity thyroid hormone metabolism

____ is the storage form of glucose in the body.

glycogen

which of the following food groups contains the most manganese?

grains

carbohydrate grams to kcal

grams x 4 calories per gram

protein grams to kcal

grams x 4 calories per gram

fat grams to kcal

grams x 9 calories per gram

to meet the daily requirements for folate, a person might include which foods in his or her diet?

green leafy vegetables enriched cereals

phylloquinone

green plants

menaquinone

gut bacteria

the RD credential indicates that the person

has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition participates in continuing education has completed rigorous classroom work in nutrition

strategies to enhance iron absorption from a meal of rice and beans

have a cup of oj with the meal add tomatoes to the beans and rice

how are illnesses and infections related to undernutrition?

having an illness or infection increases risk for undernutrition being undernourished increases risk for illnesses and infections

general reaction

headache skin reaction, tension and fatigue, tremors, psychological problems

18.5-24.9

healthy weight

exposure to ___ can cause a loss of certain vitamins. select all that apply.

heat oxygen light

which of the following are benefits of high-energy-density foods?

help people gain weight help people with poor appetites

with vitamin k deficiency, blood is unable to clot, which may lead to

hemorrhage

the multi step process the human body employs to stop blood loss is called

hemostasis

____-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol

high

what are the risk factors associated with early development of cardiovascular disease among children?

high blood pressure family history or unknown family history of cvd smoker overweight/obese diabetes

an obese pregnant woman

high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and difficult deliveries may be experienced

physical effects of binge-eating disorder

high blood sugar high blood pressure high cholesterol

compared to margarine, butter is

higher in cholesterol higher in saturated fat

UL

highest amount of daily nutrient intakes unlikely to cause adverse health effects

which of the following is a possible consequence of consuming too much vitamin a?

hip fracture

the functions of vitamin b-6 include

homocysteine metabolism synthesis of nonessential amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters

amino acids are important in the synthesis of many _____ such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

what activities should be avoided during the second and third trimesters?

horseback riding weightlifting downhill skiing

the set point theory of weight maintenance proposes that

humans have genetically predetermined body fat content the body closely regulates the body weight and body fat content humans have a genetically predetermined body weight

trans fatty acid

hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond

cis fatty acid

hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond

____ is a chronic disease characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure.

hypertension

weight-related diseases that would indicate a need to loose weight include:

hypertension high blood glucose obesity

which part of the body closely monitors and regulates body fat?

hypothalamus

preventing pathogens from invading the body is a shared role of which of the following systems?

immune system digestive system

as lean muscle mass increases as a result of physical activity metabolic rate

increases

breast size generally ____ during pregnancy and breastfeeding, which are normal physiological changes.

increases

the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been ____ among school-aged children.

increasing

which is an example of a logical approach to weight loss?

increasing physical activity

the villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by

increasing the surface area

absorption of calcium is increased during

infancy pregnancy

positive energy balance is normal and healthy during

infancy childhood pregnancy

_____ is the term that describes the inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse

infertility

boron

influences calcium transport and vitamin d synthesis

order the following steps of the procedure for measuring direct calorimetry from the initial step (top of the list) onward.

initial température of a layer of water surrounding an insulated chamber is measured body heat of a person in the insulated chamber raises temperature of the water surrounding the chamber difference between initial and final water temperature is used to determine energy expenditure

fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called

insoluble fiber

what are some nutritional problems experienced by infants that are born before 37 weeks' gestation?

insufficient iron and calcium stores poor ability to suck and swallow insufficient fat

what are some causes of potential problems encountered with breastfeeding?

inverted nipples, which can be corrected during pregnancy misinformation

during the enrichment of refined grain products, ____ is the only mineral added, whereas the selenium, zinc, copper, and other minerals lost during refinement are not replaced

iron

name one mineral that is known to promote oxidation in chemical reactions used by the immune cells to destroy pathogens.

iron

the nutrient most likely to be deficient in the diets of people worldwide is

iron

adults with poor dentitions may avoid eating meats, which may limit their intakes of

iron protein zinc

hemoglobin is the ___ part of the red blood cell

iron-containing

which of the following statements about specific immunity are true?

it involves the use of antibodies to flag foreign proteins for destruction a specific immune response will be more efficient after the first exposure to a pathogen it is also called adaptive immunity

which statement is true about teenagers and consumption of fast food?

it is okay for teens to occasionally eat fast food as long as they consume food in moderation and make daily healthful food choices

which of the following accurately describe the daily value?

it is used on the nutrition facts panel it is based on a 2000 calorie diet it is a genetic standard

a high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because

it provides few calories its bulk contributes to satiety

classic reaction

itching, reddening of the skin, asthma, swelling, choking, runny nose

the main purpose of the increase in carbohydrates during pregnancy is primarily to prevent

ketosis

largest

kilo

vertebral fractures may result in abnormal curvature of the upper spine known as

kyphosis

which of the following are major contributors to leading causes of death in the united states?

lack of physical activity excessive calorie intake poor diet

seek non-dairy calcium sources

lactase production declines with age

_____ is the period of milk secretion following pregnancy

lactation

milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _____ (a disaccharide).

lactose

trabecular bone

lattice-like bone tissue that acts to absorb shock

a diet that contains less than 10% of kcal from fat may

lead to deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins be deficient in essential fatty acids

perform regular physical activity

lean body mass decreases with age

which meal is rich in thiamin?

lean ham, acorn squash, wild rice pilaf, and soy milk

garden peas, soy beans, and kidney beans are all examples of ______; a plant family with pods containing a row of seeds.

legumes

how are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?

length of the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton

arrange the following foods according to their energy densities, from lowest energy density (at the top) to the highest energy density (at the bottom)

lettuce beans bagels butter

an underweight pregnant woman

lighter placenta and lower nutrient stores, especially iron, may be experienced.

orlistat partially blocks fat digestion and subsequent absorption. name the fat-digesting enzyme that is inhibited by orlistat.

lipase

the enzyme ____ plays an important role in fat digestion.

lipase

the gastric ____ enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths.

lipase

Most ______ do not dissolve in water.

lipids

which of the following nutrients can supply the body with calories?

lipids carbohydrates proteins

which of the following supply the body with useable energy?

lipids carbohydrates proteins

probiotic

live microorganisms that confer health benefits on the host

the health problems associated with excess body fat include

liver damage bone and joint disorders surgical risks

Milk producing cells found in the breast are commonly referred to as ____.

lobules

which two factors are the most important predictors of success in treatment for eating disorder?

long-term follow up early intervention

A person with dark skin would need a _____ exposure time to sunlight to synthesize vitamin D

longer

biochemical

low amounts of the vitamin thiamin and folate in the blood

osteopenia

low bone mineral density

anthropometric

low weight-for-height, recent 10 pound weight loss, muscle wasting in the upper body

what type of milk should children (after age 2) drink to help establish heart-healthy eating habits?

low-fat milk

the dietary approach that has been most successful in long-term studies is the _____ approach

low-fat, high fiber

which of the following is the term used to describe the dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more of the essential amino acids?

lower-quality proteins

remove foreign substances from the blood and aids in fat absorption

lymphatic system

specialized cells that participate in the immune response are called

lymphoid tissue

which of the following ways does the digestive system support the immune system?

lymphoid tissue situated along the GI tract identifies and destroys pathogens hcl produced by the stomach destroys many pathogens GI tract provides a physical barrier against invading pathogens

active vitamin d enhances absorption of calcium and _________

magnesium

select ways in which a person can help prevent osteoporosis

maintaining a healthy body weight, consuming a diet rich in calcium and vitamin d, conducting weight-bearing exercise

triglyceride

major form of lipid in food and the body

which of the following diet choices will help you comply with the dietary guidelines' key recommendations to avoid too much fat, sugar, and sodium?

make most of your sources from fish, nuts, and vegetables oils use the nutrition facts label to keep saturated fats, trans fats, and sodium low choose foods and beverages low in added sugars

the role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to

make vitamin k and biotin metabolize undigested food

of the following choices, disordered eating will most likely result from

making food a reward

what are some natural food sources of sucrose?

maple syrup sugar beets

which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to severe muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?

marsasmus

what is the main source of heme iron?

meat

the mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

mechanical digestion

leukocyte

mediates immunity

folate deficiency results in ____ anemia

megaloblastic

___ is the total of all chemical processes that occur in living cells.

metabolism

according to the dietary guidelines, which of the following groups should keep sodium to less than 1500 milligrams per day?

middle-aged and older adults people with hypertension african-americans

which of the following is an inorganic substance?

minerals

what are some examples of factors that lead to poor infant-parent interactions resulting in failure to thrive?

misinformation lack of parent role model force feeding little concern about child welfare

which of the following are true in terms of triglyceride digestion and absorption?

mix of fatty acids and a monoglycerides are absorbed in the intestinal cells digestion primarily occurs in the small intestine via pancreatic lipase two outer fatty acids are removed prior to absorption

eating small portion sizes and planning your entire day's diet so that you don't overconsume any nutrients is a healthful component of the diet known as

moderation

Identify one product of triglyceride digestion that can be absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine

monoglyceride

formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a ____ consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone.

monoglyceride

Infants born to mothers with a pregnancy BMI of 25 or higher are ____ to experience health problems compared to infants born to mothers of BMI in the range of 18.5-24.9.

more likely

compared to refined or processed grains, whole grains contain

more magnesium more fiber more zinc

where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

mouth

list the organs of digestive tract in order , from start to finish

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

possible symptoms of biotin deficiency include ____.

muscle pain and weakness skin inflammation nausea and vomiting

a selenium deficiency may lead to which of the following conditions?

muscle wasting muscle pain heart damage

essential fatty acids

must be obtained from the diet

GI tract reaction

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gas, bloating, constipation, indigestion

vitamin k

necessary for blood clotting

in order to loose weight, it is necessary to be in _____ energy balance.

negative

which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?

negative protein balance

detects sensations, controls physiological and intellectual functions

nervous system

the coenzyme forms of ___ are involved in breakdown and synthesis of fat and protein

niacin

barbara usually skips breakfast and delays lunch until about 2:00 pm, but she tends to binge late in the evening and sometimes cannot fall asleep unless she has something to eat. She may have

night eating syndrome

saturated fatty acid

no carbon-carbon double bond

cholesterol free

no more than 2 mg of cholesterol per serving

low cholesterol

no more than 20 mg of cholesterol and no more than 2 g of saturated fat per serving

what is the american hear association's recommendation for saturated fat and trans fat intake?

no more than 7% total kcal from saturated fat; no more than 1% of total kcal from trans fat

_____ immunity does not require a previous encounter with a pathogen.

non-specific

A(n) ____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

a(n) _____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

omega-9

nonessential fatty acid

what is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?

nonfementable fiber

dna is stored within the ____ of the cell.

nucleus

RDA

nutrient intake recommendation set to meet the needs of nearly all individuals of a given age and gender

AI

nutrient intake recommendation set when research is not sufficient to determine RDA

failure to thrive can result from

nutrient malabsorption inadequate nutritional intake parental neglect

as we age, overall calorie needs decrease, but micronutrient needs generally stay the same. for this reason, older adults should focus on consuming ____ foods.

nutrient-dense

name the science that links food and health

nutrition

which of the following is a healthy food choice when consumed in moderation?

nuts

protein

nuts and seeds

should be increased in a child's vegetarian diet in order to prevent common nutritional inadequacies associated with the diet

nuts, oils, seeds ready-to-eat breakfast cereals fortified soy milk

which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?

oatmeal kidney beans apples

excess calorie intake, eventually leading to ______, is the main diet-cancer risk factor

obesity

greater or equal to 30

obesity

poor diet and inadequate physical activity contribute to the development of _____.

obesity cvd diabetes hypertension

clinical symptoms of a nutritional deficiency

occur after subclinical deficiency may have been present for an extended time enable physicians to detect a deficiency

which of the following are true about essential fatty acids?

omega-6 fatty acids increase inflammation and blood clotting they are unable to be synthesized by body omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and blood clotting

an average of ____ drink(s) per day is considered moderate alcohol intake for women

one

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

retinoids

organ meats, milk, and cheese

name the condition in which strict adherence to a plan for health eating interferes with participation in normal activities of daily living

orthorexia

in the process of bone remodeling, bone cell synthesis is accomplished by which type of cell?

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts that become embedded into the bone matrix, where they synthesize bone tissue, are known as

osteocytes

the disease associated with a vitamin d deficiency that affects older adults is

osteomalacia

even before osteoporosis is diagnosed, many older adults have low bone mineral density, known as

osteopenia

between 25 and 29.9

overweight

the most recent edition of the dietary guidelines are designed specifically to help a person avoid becoming ____, a condition that affects more than half of american adults and is associated with development of many chronic diseases.

overweight

the presence of ____ in food can limit the bioavailability of calcium from that food, but not the absorption of calcium from other foods.

oxalates

_____ describes a situation in which the production of free radicals outpaces the body's antioxidant defenses.

oxidative stress

about half of all chemical reactions in the body involve the exchange of electrons. when a compound in a reaction loses an electron, that compound has been

oxidized

the majority of fat digestion is accomplished by

pancreatic lipase

which of the following b-vitamins functions in the release of energy from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins as well as in fatty acid synthesis? its name comes from the greek word meaning "from every side."

pantothenic acid

the ____ cells of the stomach produce hydrochloric acid

parietal

which factors significantly influence development of eating disorders among men?

participation in sports that require weight restrictions homosexuality

dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death are symptoms of the deficiency disease known as

pellagra

a(n) _____ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein. it is difficult to break, but acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to do so, during digestion

peptide

men and women with muscle dysmorphia

perceive themselves as being too thin rely on strict diet and exercise regimens to build muscle mass

the contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called

peristalsis

milk, cheese, meat, and bread are all rich sources of

phosphorus

energy balance is thought of as energy input versus energy output. identify the components that contribute to the "energy output" of this equation.

physical activity metabolism digestion

including plant-based meals a few times per week is a good way to increase

phytochemical intake

the ____ is an organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy, transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and removes fetal wastes.

placenta

most _____ proteins do not meet the human need for essential amino acids. these proteins are frequently low in one or more of the nine essential amino acids.

plant lower-quality incomplete

which of the following are strategies to prevent weight gain?

plant a garden find a workout partner work for an employer with a wellness program

____ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels

plaque

which of the following are components of blood?

platelets leukocytes erythrocytes

main cause of poor nutrition among teenagers?

poor food choices

type 2 osteoporosis

porous trabecular and cortical bone one men and women that occurs after age 60

type 1 osteoporosis

porous trabecular bone in women that occurs following menopause

when energy input is greater than energy output, the person is in ____ energy balance.

positive

according to national dietary surveys of americans, typical intakes of ____ fall short of the RDA or AI

potassium and magnesium

large intestine

potassium and sodium

which of the following are sources of starch in the diet?

potatoes whole wheat bread pasta

the recommendation is that pregnant women should not exceed 100% of the daily value for

preformed vitamin a

contingency management

prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating

systolic blood pressure

pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart

diastolic blood pressure

pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats

the digestive system works with the immune system by

preventing pathogens from invading the body

potassium

promotes alkaline environment of blood, thus preventing withdrawal of bone minerals as buffers

platelet

promotes coagulation

lipids are involved in which of the major functions of nutrients?

promoting growth, development, and maintenance of body tissues regulating body processes providing energy

_____ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. amino acids join together to form this nutrient.

protein

the macronutrient important for synthesis, maintenance, and repair of bones is

protein

what macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

which of the following is the main structural material in the body?

protein

which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?

protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair protein serves multiple functions in the body

why is the percent daily value for protein omitted from the nutrition facts food label?

protein is not a public health concern for the majority of people it would be necessary to know the protein quality of a food which is expensive to determine

which of the following is a function of protein?

protein supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use protein is necessary for the visual process protein is necessary for fluid balance

______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood

proteins

the macronutrient important for synthesis, maintenance, and repair of bones is

protien

clinical

psychological confusion, facial sores, and uncoordinated movement

which of the following are good plant sources of iron?

pumpkin seeds bread cereal

stimulus control

puts us in charge of temptations

unreliable weight-loss programs

recommends expensive supplements advertised as cure-alls no attempt to change old habits

reliable weight-loss programs

recommends physical activity recommends lifestyle change scientific evidence supports program

binge-eating disorder

recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized by a feeling of loss of control

why is folate so important during pregnancy?

red blood cell formation dna synthesis

symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include

reduced sense of taste and smell acnelike rash diarrhea

antioxidants help reduce the risk of cancer by

reducing cell damage from free radicals

"heartburn" doesn't involve the heart at all; it is a pain in the chest caused by

reflux of highly acidic stomach contents into the esophagus

long-chain fatty acids

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

copper

release of iron from storage

vitamin k

required for binding of calcium to bone proteins

vitamin c

required for synthesis of connective tissue in bone

___ allows certain cells in the eye to adjust from bright to dim light

retinal

self-monitoring

reveals patterns of unconscious overeating

which of the following do we link with food?

reward or bribe comfort emotional experiences personal experiences

which of the following are characteristics displayed by a person with anorexia?

rigid dieting causing dramatic weight loss false body perception fear of weight gain

what are some examples of food that are considered high in fat?

salad oils butter mayonnaise margarine

For a person who cannot consume cow's milk due to an allergy or intolerance, alternative sources of calcium include

sardines, fortified soy milk, tofu

why do nutrition recommendations change?

scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings

the deficiency disease for vitamin c is called _____.

scurvy

give an example of a mineral that serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that neutralize free radicals in the body

selenium

give an example of a mineral that serves as a cofactor in chemical reactions that neutralize free radicals in the body.

selenium

which of the following mineral participates in antioxidant reactions?

selenium

the effects of semi-starvation on the body

semi-starvation results in amenorrhea

wear sunglasses in sunny conditions

sense of vision declines with age

chain-breaking

separates behaviors that tend to occur together

a diet plan promoted in a fashion magazine states, "eat all you want and loose 10 pounds in 2 weeks." this statement does not agree with sound weight loss recommendations, such as

set a goal of one pound weight loss per week control problem eating behaviors

clostridia difficile is a hardy species of bacteria that causes

severe diarrhea

the early signs of cardiovascular disease in children are ____ to the early signs seen in adults.

similar

which behaviors may be considered "diabulimia"?

skipping doses of insulin to induce weight loss using large doses of insulin to compensate for hyperglycemia resulting from binge eating

lactase is produced by the cells of the

small intestine

hypertension is a frequent consequence of excessive consumption of

sodium

which of the following statements is true regarding fiber in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome?

soluble fiber is more effective than insoluble fiber

stomach

some alcohol (about 20%)

provitamin a carotenoids function as antioxidants and help to prevent

some cancers cvd in high risk people

which of the following are rich sources of iodide?

soy protein bar, 1 each yogurt, 1/2 cup haddock fillet, 3.5 oz

due to the activity of some phytochemicals, foods made from ______ can lower the production of cholesterol by the body

soybeans

phytosterols

soybeans

the potential oldest age a person can reach is referred to as life _____

span

adequate folate intake at least 8 weeks prior to conception helps prevent

spina bifida premature birth anencephaly

bone marrow

spongy bone tissue that contains stem cells

all of the following are benefits of physical activity except

spot volume reductions in problem areas

amylase is the enzyme needed to digest _____.

starch

rich food sources of zinc

steak peanuts oysters

the use of a pedometer to monitor activity enables the achievement of the recommended goal of 10,000 ______ per day

steps

according to the hygiene hypothesis

sterilizing our environment with antibiotics and antimicrobial soaps reduces immune function

a _____ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure

sterol

chyme is formed in the ____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

stomach

chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the

stomach small intestine

when biochemical measurements show that the nutritional status is poor, but there are no outward symptoms of a nutritional deficiency, this is termed _____ deficiency.

subclinical

please list the steps in the process of the let-down reflex in order from start to finish

suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola the pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin oxytocin stimulates the release of milk

which of the following are food sources of vitamin e?

sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce total raisin bran cereal, 3/4 cup

what is the function of an emulsifier?

suspends fats in water

carotenoids

sweet potatoes, acorn squash, and broccoli

what is a hemorrhoid?

swelling of a large vein in the anal region

a change in health status, such as fatigue, which is not immediately evident but is reported by the patient, is known as a(n) _____.

symptom

what is the term that describes dietary supplements that contain live microorganisms that can promote human health plus a sources of fuel that promotes the health of such microorganisms?

synbiotic

which of the following is a source of probiotics for a person who follows a vegan diet?

synbiotic supplements fermented soy

sources of vitamin D include

synthesis in the skin from sun exposure, fatty fish, fortified foods

iron

synthesis of hemoglobin

select all the reasons zinc is important for male fertility

synthesis of reproductive hormones production of sperm function of antioxidant enzymes

which of the following body processes are affected by vitamin b-6 deficiency?

synthesis of white blood cells synthesis of neurotransmitters formation of hemoglobin

menadione

synthetic

select the sources of fluoride

tea, seaweed, fluoridated water

identify structures made up of connective tissue

tendons cartilage bones

which is true about the RDA?

the RDA recommends the amount of a nutrient that will meet the needs about 97% of the population in a particular age/gender group

when an antioxidant chemical donates an electron to a free radical,

the antioxidant becomes unstable, but does not cause cellular damage

the most important determinant of iron absorption is

the body's need for iron

general goals for nutrient intakes and diet composition set by the united states department of agriculture and the us department of health and human services are collectively called

the dietary guidelines for americans

sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is variation in

the dna code

what factors contribute to constipation in pregnant women?

the fetus competes for space with the GI tract placental hormones slow peristalsis

omega-6 molecular structure

the first carbon-carbon double bond is located on the sixth carbon from the omega, or methyl, end of the structure

omega-3 molecular structure

the first carbon-carbon double bond is located on the third carbon from the omega, or methyl, end of the structure

nutrients are lost during refinement of grains because

the germ, bran, and husk are discarded

what is the most likely reason men are less likely to develop anorexia?

the ideal image portrayed by the media for men is big and muscular

why do symptoms associated with an allergic reaction occur?

the immune system mistakes the antigen in the food for a harmful substance and reacts leading to the resultant allergic symptoms

the pain related to GERD is due to

the limited mucosal lining of the esophagus the stomach acid entering the esophagus

what happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?

the molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats trans fatty acid content is increased

all women of childbearing age should consume adequate amounts of folate because

the neural tube closes before many women even know they are pregnant

gestation is

the period of intrauterine development of offspring

what does the soft spot on the baby's head indicate?

the soft spot indicates where the skull bones are growing together

what does the USP symbol on prenatal supplements signify?

the supplement meets the standards set by the US pharmacopoeia

most nutrition experts agree that

there are no exclusively "good" or "bad" foods

adequate status of folate, vitamin b-6, and vitamin b-12 may reduce risk for cardiovascular disease because

these vitamins are necessary for metabolic reactions that clear homocysteine from the body

when b vitamins are consumed in their coenzyme forms,

they are digested to release free vitamins in the stomach and small intestine

which statements are true about sterols?

they can be produced by the body they contain a multi-ring structure cholesterol is a common example

what are some diet changes americans have made since the mid-1950s?

they eat less butter they consume less saturated fat they substitute a fat-free and low-fat milk for cream

which of the following statements describe free radicals?

they have an imbalance between protons and electrons they are unstable they can damage cell membranes

the b vitamin required as a coenzyme to release energy from carbohydrates and some amino acids is

thiamin

periosteum

thick membrane that covers the bone surface

cell fragments that clump together to form a blood clot are called

thrombocytes

a deficiency of selenium would lead to ___ disorders.

thyroid heart

what is the purpose of the recommended dietary allowances?

to estimate the nutrient needs of 97-98% of the health population to ensure sufficient nutrient intakes

what is the primary goal of psychotherapy for a person with bulimia?

to improve self-acceptance

what are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

to insulate and protect the body to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins to provide energy

what is the maximum chronic daily intake level of a nutrient that is unlikely to cause adverse health effects in almost all people in a specific life style?

tolerable upper intake level

The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ____ bone.

trabecular

which type of bone tissue lightens bones and absorbs shock?

trabecular bone

if daily needs are less than 100 milligrams, the mineral is classified as a ____ mineral

trace

the first five ingredients listed on the label for a cake frosting are sugar, vegetable oil, shortening (made with partially hydrogenated soybean and cottonseed oils), water, and corn syrup. this product is a rich source of

trans fatty acids

____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ____ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.

trans; saturated

erythrocyte

transports oxygen

short and medium-chain fatty acids

travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ____ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.

triglycerides

which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?

triglycerides

animal breeders are helping to reduce the saturated fat intake of americans by raising leaner cattle and hogs.

true

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

what are the leading causes of deaths that are related to diet in north america?

type 2 diabetes hypertension cvd cancer

digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function

the 5 primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and ____.

umami

the reasons why unreliable diets are problematic include

unchanged habits loss of lean tissue limited food selection

which of the following nutritional states lead to poor health?

undernutrition overnutrition

less than 18

underweight

fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ____ fatty acids.

unsaturated

when gallstones block the duct that carries bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine, a person usually experiences pain in the

upper right abdomen

removes waste products from the circulatory system

urinary system

which of the following are criteria used to diagnose alcohol use disorders

using alcohol in greater amounts or more often than intended alcohol cravings experiencing withdrawal symptoms when alcohol is not consumed

all of the following are reliable treatments for obesity except

using diet pills

arrange the following steps of hemostasis in the order they occur after an injury that causes blood loss

vasoconstriction formation of a platelet plug coagulation

a(n) ____ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

vegan

select all of the myplate food groups that are rich sources of antioxidants.

vegetables fruits grains

a deficiency of ____ is likely to impair immune function

vitamin a zinc protein

___ is required for formation of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells

vitamin b-12

the coenzyme form of ____ participates in more than 100 amino acid metabolism reactions, including homocysteine metabolism

vitamin b-6

why will megadoses of vitamin c not be toxic?

vitamin c is water soluble and not stored

why could a person with adequate calcium intake but a deficiency of vitamin d be at risk of bone fractures?

vitamin d is necessary for calcium absorption

which of the following micronutrients protect the cells of the immune system from being damaged by the oxidation reactions that are used to destroy pathogens?

vitamin e selenium vitamin c

which of the following nutrients may help to limit destruction of eggs or sperm by free radicals in the body?

vitamin e vitamin c zinc

select the nutrients that participate in the body's antioxidant defense systems.

vitamin e beta-carotene selenium

____ is necessary for activation of clotting factors that promote blood coagulation

vitamin k

a deficiency of ___ could lead to hemorrhage

vitamin k

some characteristics of bulimia nervosa?

vomiting misuse of laxatives binge eating

which of the following nutrients can be absorbed in the stomach?

water alcohol

which of these foods will a vegan eat?

watermelon tofu vegetable oil

peristalsis refers to

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract.

cholesterol

waxy lipid found in all body cells

in animals, toxicity symptoms have appeared for molybdenum in the form of:

weight loss decreased growth

Rank the following food sources from the lowest (at the top) to the highest (at the bottom) magnesium content

whole wheat bread, 1 slice banana, 1 medium plain yogurt, 1 cup spinach, 2 cup

which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?

women after menopause

intakes of ___ that are either too high or too low could impair immune function.

zinc

which two minerals are important for normal ovulation?

zinc iron

heart disease is the ____ leading cause of death among north american adults.

#1

several DXA measurements provided the following t-scores. match each t-score with its interpretation

-.5 normal -1.8 osteopenia -2.7osteoporosis

what is the RDA for protein?

0.8 grams/kg

Arrange the following foods in order from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) vitamin D content

1 egg yolk, 1 each soy milk, 1 cup skim milk, 1 cup baked salmon, 3 oz

the RDA for vitamin b-6 for young adults is _____ mg/day.

1.3

the prefix "micro-" means:

1/1,000,000

UL for vitamin b-6

100 mg/day

there are a total of ____ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

11

fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta

11 pounds

the adult RDA for niacin is ___ mg/day for women or ___ mg/day for men

14/16

the dietary guidelines urge adults over the age of 50 to limit sodium intake to ____ mg per day.

1500

adults should do flexibility exercises such as stretches at least

2 to 3 times per week

which of the following breakfast offerings are a source of cholesterol?

2% milk scrambled eggs

how many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?

2.2

how many different amino acids does the body use (including essential and nonessential)?

20

the acceptable macronutrient distribution range set by the food and nutrition board for lipids is ____% to _____% of kilocalories.

20;35

most american adults exceed the UL for sodium, which is set at ____ milligrams

2300

a carton of ice cream states that it is reduced fat. according to the FDA's guidelines concerning nutrient claims, it must contain _____ less fat than the reference food.

25%

what percentage of north americans show signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%

4-18 years

25-35% of total calories

On average, peak bone mass is achieved around age

30

0-12 months

30 grams per day

1-3 years

30-40% of total calories

how many calories are in one pound of fat tissue?

3500

what is the adequate intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

carbohydrates proved the body with _____ kcal per gram

4

proteins supply the body with about ____ kilocalories per gram

4

the average adult stomach capacity is about ____ cups

4

volume measurements that are approximately equal to one liter

4 cups 1 quart

blood

4 pounds

maternal fat stores

4-8 pounds

you just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ____ kilocalories from fat

45

which of the following blood glucose measurements indicates hypoglycemia?

47

the adequate intake for pantothenic acid for adults is _____ mg/day for adult men and women

5

what is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcal

adult men need ____ mg of choline per day

550

human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of most infants for the first ____ months of life. after that time, complementary foods are necessary to provide adequate nutrition.

6

uterus and breasts

6 pounds

the human body can synthesize niacin from an amino acid: ___ mg of tryptophan can be converted into about 1 mg of niacin

60

physical activity recommendations for children and adolescents include

60 mins of physical activity per day

linoleum acid is an omega-____ fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-____ fatty acid.

6;3

there are approximately ____ kilocalories in one gram of alcohol

7

match the healthy people 2020 goals for breastfeeding infants.

82%-breastfeeding at the time of discharge 60%-breastfeeding for 6 months 34%-breastfeeding at one year

how many calories are in one gram of fat?

9

lipids contain _____ kcal per gram

9

when planning a diet to meet nutrient needs, which standards can be used?

AIs RDAs

vitamin needs generally increase from pre pregnancy RDAs/AIs by up to 30% for most of the b vitamins and even greater for vitamin _____ and ______.

B-6; folate