Clinical Psychology Ch 4-6
10. ______ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to how two groups differ in real-world terms. It answers the question, "Is there a meaningful difference between the groups?" A. Statistical B. Clinical C. Theoretical D. Control
B
14. ______ refers to the generalizability of the result of a scientific study or the extent to which the same finding is applicable to different settings and populations. A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Convergent validity D. Reliability
B
15. "Although a cultural group may have a collective tendency, its individual members may vary greatly from that tendency." This statement best illustrates the ______ inherent in every culture. A. homogeneity B. heterogeneity C. unidimensionality D. bidimensionality
B
1. From 1990 to 2000, ______. A. the Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States decreased slightly B. the Latino/Latina/Hispanic population in the United States grew by about 50% C. the African American population decreased significantly D. the Caucasian population grew by about 60%
B
1. The first APA code of ethics was published in ______. A. 1896 B. 1953 C. 1990 D. 2002
B
17. In the ______ acculturation strategy, an individual rejects much of his new culture and retains much of his original culture. A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration
B
12. Dr. Grant is a practicing clinical psychologist who is thinking about using a new treatment for anxiety with patients in his practice. If he is most concerned with how this new treatment works in the real world, Dr. Grant will be most interested in published studies that discuss the treatment's ______. A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. power D. design 13. ______ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable. A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Test-retest reliability D. Split-half reliability
B, A
29. Compared to clinical psychologists who work and live in large communities, clinical psychologists who work and live in small communities are likely to find the ethical issue of ______ especially challenging. A. multiple relationships B. maintaining confidentiality C. informed consent D. test security
a
7. The ______ section of the current ethical code includes enforceable rules of conduct, as opposed to aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists. A. Ethical Standards B. General Principles C. Research Standards D. Assessment Code
a
9. The idea that clinical psychologists strive to benefit the patients with whom they work, while at the same time ensuring they do not harm their patients, is best captured by which ethical principle? A. beneficence and nonmaleficence B. integrity C. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity D. fair billing and reporting
a
11. According to recommended models of ethical decision-making (e.g., Fisher, 2017), it is important to ______. A. make ethical decisions as quickly as possible B. consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand C. avoid consulting with colleagues D. refrain from altering or revising an ethical plan once one is established
b
23. According to the current edition of the APA ethical code, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients ______. A. unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions, in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist B. under any circumstances C. unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available D. unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist
b
25. A clinical psychologist who is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks they undertake is fulfilling the ethical standard of ______. A. resolving ethical issues B. competence C. multiple relationships D. justice
b
19. Based on the APA code of ethics, informed consent for psychotherapy should occur ______. A. once, at the onset of treatment B. twice, before the diagnostic interview and once a treatment plan is created C. as needed throughout the therapy process D. only if requested by the client
c
21. Informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as a one-time event, but informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as an ongoing process. A. assessment; research B. behavioral psychotherapy; psychodynamic psychotherapy C. research; psychotherapy D. psychotherapy; research and assessment
c
27. Many state licensing boards have ______ regulations, which are consistent with the APA code of ethic's mandate that psychologists develop and maintain their competence. A. cultural competence B. seminar attendance C. continuing education D. burnout
c
31. Nonsexual multiple relationships between a clinical psychologist and a client are ______. A. always unethical B. never unethical if initiated by the client C. unethical if they can be expected to impair the psychologist's competence or risk exploiting the client D. unethical only if the client actually experiences harm or exploitation ("no harm, no foul")
c
33. Cultural incompetence ______. A. is not viewed as negatively by nonprofessionals as ethical violations such as multiple relationships B. is permissible in research settings, but not in therapy settings C. may lead to detrimental consequences for clients D. is not addressed by the APA code of ethics
c
35. The first step in Fisher's (2017) model for ethical decision-making is to ______. A. consult an attorney B. generate and evaluate alternatives C. make a commitment to do with is ethically appropriate D. evaluate the effectiveness of courses of action
c
13. For the profession of clinical psychology, confidentiality ______. A. is absolute B. should be negotiated with a client at the onset of treatment C. does not apply to legal minors D. can ethically be broken in specific situations
d
17. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. An ethical clinical psychologist should never break a child client's confidentiality to report child abuse B. Less than half of the states in the United States have laws requiring mental health professionals to break confidentiality to report known or suspected child abuse C. A psychologist must abide by a child client's request to withhold information about treatment from parents D. Therapists working with child clients often attempt to negotiate an arrangement in which parents will not be informed of what the child discloses except under specified conditions
d
23. In a(n) ______ design, participants within a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time. A. analogue B. within-group C. between-group D. experimental
B
33. Another phrase for "generalizability" is ______. A. internal validity B. external validity C. positive psychology D. negative psychology
B
2. In 2016, the number of immigrants in the United States represented about ______ of the U.S. population. A. 2% B. 5% C. 13% D. 20%
C
20. In ______ trials, researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups, and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study. A. independent B. dependent C. randomized clinical D. homogenized clinical
C
22. In a(n) ______ design, participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments. A. quasi-experimental B. analogue C. between-group D. within-group
C
25. ______ is the acculturation strategy in which the individual rejects both his new and his original cultures. A. Assimilation B. Separation C. Marginalization D. Integration
C
25. ______ tend to be held in high regard by researchers who prefer the idiographic approach over the nomothetic approach. A. Experiments B. Quasi-experiments C. Case studies D. Correlational studies
C
3. Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, ______ revised editions of the ethical code have been published. A. zeroth B. second C. ninth D. 20
C
17. ______ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter. A. Internal B. External C. Independent D. Dependent 18. ______ variables are those variables in an experiment that are expected to change as a result of changes in the variable manipulated by the researcher. A. Internal B. External C. Independent D. Dependent
C, D
11. Taijin kyofusho ______. A. is an example of a specifier for major depressive disorder included in the most recent edition of the DSM B. is experienced by members of Native American tribes C. involves a preoccupation with death and the dead which brings on psychological symptoms D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others
D
14. Which of the following is TRUE? A. It is generally unacceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to openly and directly acknowledge cultural differences with a client. B. It is generally acceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to begin treating a culturally dissimilar client with no knowledge of that client's culture, and to require a client to explain all culturally relevant information to the clinical psychologist. C. Most research suggests that cultural self-awareness on the part of a clinical psychologist does little to improve treatment effectiveness. D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds.
D
19. Which of the following is NOT a step in the experimental method? A. observation of events B. development of a hypothesis C. empirical testing of the hypothesis D. altering data to fit the hypothesis
D
26. Modifying psychological treatments that work for members of diverse cultures is known as ______. A. rebounding B. cultural channeling C. ethnic facilitation D. cultural adaptation
D
27. A(n) ______ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings. A. ABAB design B. case study C. qualitative review D. meta-analysis
D
28. The American Psychological Association has created divisions addressing all of the following areas of diversity EXCEPT ______. A. women B. religion C. ethnic minorities D. sightedness
D
2. According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT a question clinical psychologist should ask themselves when designing research studies? A. How should psychotherapy outcome be measured? B. What should be measured when assessing psychotherapy outcome? C. Who should rate psychotherapy outcome? D. Where should the study be conducted?
DC
26. The ABAB design is an example of a(n) ______. A. case study B. analogue design C. between-groups design D. meta-analysis
A
27. Which of the following lists the major "forces" in psychology? A. psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and multiculturalism B. DBT, CBT, IRB, and ADA C. primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary D. independent, dual, group, and universal
A
3. Authors such as Pedersen (1990, 1999, 2008) have labeled ______ as the "fourth force" in the history of psychology. A. multiculturalism B. humanism C. the prescription privileges movement D. behaviorism
A
31. ______ involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation. A. Case studies B. Correlational studies C. Meta-analyses D. Within-group design studies
A
5. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have ______. A. greater internal validity B. greater external validity C. little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate D. significant funding from the American Counseling Association
A
6. Psychology of Religion, the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity, and the Society for the Psychology of Women are examples of ______. A. APA divisions dedicated to cultural issues B. organizations that offer graduate certificates in gender and religious studies C. for-profit societies that are under investigation by the Better Business Bureau D. online forums for discussion of multicultural topics
A
7. ______ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex. A. Effectiveness B. Exposure and response prevention C. Internal validity D. Efficacy
A
10. Sutso ______. A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves one person "sending" psychological problems to another
A
11. ______ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to a numerically significant difference between two groups. It is measured quantitatively. A. Statistical B. Clinical C. Theoretical D. Control
A
12. Maladi moun ______. A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one's appearance, actions, or odor will offend others
A
13. According to Sue and Sue (2008), "______ is defined as the counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society." A. multicultural counseling competence B. evidence-based practice C. empathy D. unconditional positive regard
A
16. Clinical psychologists may develop, validate, or expand the use of psychological instruments such as the MMPI-2 and the WAIS-IV. Such activity is an example of ______. A. researching assessment methods B. exploring diagnostic issues C. evaluating professional issues D. appraising teaching standards
A
16. Maria recently immigrated from her hometown of Bowling Green, New York, to Mexico City, Mexico. Once in Mexico, Maria adopts much of her new nation's culture and abandons much of her original U.S. culture. Which acculturation strategy is Maria using? A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration
A
18. The etic perspective ______. A. emphasizes similarities between all people B. attaches great importance to differences between cultural groups C. was less dominant in the early days of psychology than it is today D. seeks to emphasize the differences among people
A
20. The ______ places importance on multiple perspectives, including those that recognize the uniqueness of each individual, as well as the similarities between each individual and other individuals. A. tripartite model of personal identity B. etic approach C. behavioral approach D. evidence-based psychotherapy movement
A
21. In a(n) ______ design, the researcher cannot always assign people randomly to conditions, make particular manipulations, or test certain hypotheses due to ethical, practical, or other constraints. A. quasi-experimental B. analogue C. between-group D. within-group
A
21. What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personality identity? A. individual, group, and universal B. primary, secondary, and tertiary C. narrow, moderate, and wide D. singular, plural, and multifaceted
A
22. Which of the following is TRUE? A. No single "best method" has emerged for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. B. In-class discussion of one's own cultural background has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. C. Conducting psychotherapy (under supervision) with members of varied cultures has emerged as the "best method" for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent. D. Requiring clinical psychology graduate students to publicly proclaim a commitment to diversity has emerged as the "best method" for training culturally competent clinicians
A
23. Regardless of the methods used to train clinical psychologists to be culturally competent, an essential ingredient is that the trainee ______. A. reaches a deeper appreciation of his or her own cultural identity B. reads detailed descriptions of a variety of cultural groups in the form of professional books or peer-reviewed articles C. enrolls in courses taught by faculty members whose cultural background is different from that of the trainee D. conducts research with participants from culturally diverse backgrounds
A
24. A(n) ______ design is often used by clinical psychologists when they cannot adequately access the target population or situation, so they approximate it to the extent possible. For example, they may ask participants to imagine themselves in a particular situation. A. analogue B. between-group C. within-group D. mixed-group
A
15. Dr. Smithton initially creates a new PTSD treatment under highly controlled laboratory conditions. He then shares the treatment with practitioners who subsequently implement the treatment with real-world patients. The practitioners report that Dr. Smithton's PTSD treatment is very helpful for their patients. The benefit the practitioners' patients experienced seems to support the ______ of Dr. Smithton's treatment. A. internal validity B. external validity C. power D. design
B
24. ______ is the way a person responds to living in a new cultural environment, particularly regarding the balance between adopting elements of the new culture and retaining elements of the original culture. A. Microaggression B. Integration C. Acculturation D. Heterogeneity
B
29. Which of the following is NOT a recent professional effort to emphasize issues of culture that was discussed in the textbook? A. creation of journals that focus on cultural issues B. implementation of a standardized diversity training program required for psychologists to maintain their licenses C. publication of books that focus on cultural issues D. modification of the APA ethical code to include discussion of multicultural issues
B
4. In short, the ______ of a form of therapy is how well it works "in the lab," where it is practiced according to manualized methods. A. outcome B. efficacy C. effectiveness D. status
B
6. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have ______. A. weaker internal validity B. weaker external validity C. little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate D. significant funding from the American Counseling Association
B
7. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Currently, when the American Psychological Association considers accrediting a graduate program in psychology, there are criteria related to multiculturalism that must be met. B. Although none have yet emerged, the American Psychological Association plans to introduce new divisions within its organization devoted to cultural issues such as gender, religion, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. C. The APA ethical code instructs psychologists to work with cultural sensitivity and competence. D. The Society for the Study of Ethnic Minority Issues is an APA division that illustrates clinical psychology's current focus on multicultural issues.
B
8. The 1995 Consumer Reports survey regarding psychotherapy outcome as an example of a(n) ______ study. A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. cognitive D. behavioral
B
9. The 1995 Consumer Reports study found that ______. A. less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial B. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit C. the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors D. shorter therapy tended to produce greater benefit
B
29. The growing popularity of Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk, is an example of ______. A. the implementation of technology in the delivery of online psychotherapy services B. a shopping platform that sells self-help and other books useful for therapy patients C. the use of technology in clinical psychology research D. an Internet-based intervention for social anxiety disorder
C
3. ______ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria. A. Effectiveness B. Psychotherapy outcome C. Efficacy D. Therapeutic quotient
C
5. Books such as Ethnicity and Family Therapy and journals such as Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology are examples of ______. A. the overexpansion of the diversity movement in clinical psychology B. fringe publications rarely referenced by practicing psychologists C. publications related to the fourth force of clinical psychology D. an increase in multicultural graduate training at the expense of clinical training
C
8. Which of the following is TRUE? A. The current edition of the APA ethical code includes no reference to issues of multiculturalism. B. Currently, APA includes divisions devoted to issues of ethnicity and religion, but no divisions devoted to issues of gender or sexual orientation. C. DSM-5 includes key aspects of culture relevant to diagnosis and assessment. D. Currently, APA includes divisions devoted to issues of gender and sexual orientation, but not divisions devoted to issues of ethnicity or religion.
C
28. ______ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time, often over many years. A. Cross-sectional B. ABAB C. Analog D. Longitudinal
D
30. Which of these statements is NOT consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code? A. Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants B. Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data C. Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis D. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances
D
32. Reading a single review of a movie can be informative, but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the movie had across many individuals. This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as ______. A. case studies B. between-group designs C. correlational methods D. meta-analysis
D
4. There have been four major "forces" in the field of clinical psychology. Which of the following lists these forces in the correct historical order (from earliest to most recent)? A. behaviorism, multiculturalism, humanism, psychoanalysis B. multiculturalism, humanism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism C. humanism, psychoanalysis, multiculturalism, behaviorism D. psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, multiculturalism
D
9. The current edition of the DSM includes a glossary listing ______, which represent psychological problems observed in groups from various parts of the world. A. diversity directives B. multicultural considerations C. cultural concepts of distress D. culture-bound syndromes
D
. The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: ______ and ______. A. General Principles; Ethical Standards B. Research Standards; Practice Standards C. Assessment Code; Treatment Code D. Aspirational Goals; Enforceable Principles
a
. In 1952, ______ published an unfavorable review of research on psychotherapy outcome, which served as a catalyst for subsequent research on the subject, which has been more positive. A. Hans Eysenck B. B. F. Skinner C. Anna Freud D. Carl Rogers
a
15. The landmark court case that established the duty to warn for psychologists was ______. A. Brown v. The Board of Education B. Hughes v. The APA Board of Ethics C. Poddar v. The State of New Mexico D. Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California
dd
19. The ______ perspective recognizes and emphasizes culturally specific norms and considers a client's behaviors, thoughts, and feelings within the context of that client's culture. A. etic B. emic C. behavioral D. individual
emic
