CMB FINAL EXAM
Kinesin motor proteins use ATP to change their shape and thus can walk along?
-DNA molecules in the. nucleus -microtubules in cells
Prokaryotic geometric organelles?
-are microcompartment in many bacteria phyla -are of made hexagonal tiles forming 12 -sided faces -resemble 12-sided dice -include the carboxysome of cyanobacteria containing the enzyme Rubisco
Organic molecules akin to what is present in living biological material today have been detected in?
-comets -asteroids -meteorites -saturn's moon Enceladus
Which of the following cellular molecules is capable of catalytic activity by increasing or decreasing the rate of a chemical reaction?
-enzymes -ribozymes
If you were to put the following events in the most likely order of how life might have emerged on Earth, what would be the most likely sequence order (earliest to latest)?
-monomers formed -polymers formed -protobionts emerged -metabolism and self-replication
In cell and molecular biology a model organism is one that likely is?
-plentiful -has a simple genome -a prolific reproducer -has unique properties for analysis
Which of the following provides support for the hypothesis that all known organism may be derived from a universal common ancestor?
-presence of similar organic molecules in current living organism -protein being made of only L-amino acids -templated polymerization during DNA replication -a genetic code
An advantage of hydrophobic molecules, as phospholipids in living cells is?
-spontaneous self-assembly -repulsion of large hydrophobic molecules -formation -reassembly of a torn bilayer
Researchers have been able to reconstitute the following systems after their molecular disassembly?
-the polio virus -some electron transfer membrane components -tobacco mosaic virus -a synthetic bacterial chromosome
The miller-urey experiment yielded?
-urea -hydrogen cyanide -amino acids
In searching for extraterrestrial life the key chemical fingerprints of life one might best look for should include?
-water vapor -methane -carbon dioxide -oxygen
The number of DNA molecules in the prokaryotic bacteria, Escherichia coli, is?
1
in the protein standard curve given to the. right, a small (0.1 ml) sample of liver homogenate when reacted with the Bradford protein assay reagent gives an absorbance of 0.40. If the total liver homogenate is 6.50ml, then how much albumin serum equivalent protein is present in the homogenate?
97.5 mg
what does the term protein domain refer to?
A segment of a protein that can fold independently into its own compact, three-dimensional structure
the portions of a transmembrane protein that cross the lipid bilayer more likely would consist of which of the following structures?
An α helix with mostly nonpolar side chains
The methanogens (prokaryotes that produce methane) belong to which biological Domain?
Domain Archaea
What are protein families?
Evolutionarily related proteins that are similar in amino acid sequence and three-dimensional conformation.
The first Human cells successfully grown in culture were?
HeLa cells
Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origin of life on Earth. Which of the following questions seems the most problematic and might have the greatest impact on our understanding, if we were able to answer it?
How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences?
The first "cells" were observed by?
Robert Hooke
The Biogenic Law ("All living cells arise from preexisting cells") was first espoused by?
Rudolph Virchow
What provides the information necessary to specify the three-dimensional shape of a protein?
The protein's amino acid sequence
The 18-19th century scientific thought that the Nature of Life was the result of a force peculiar to living
Vitalism
The ability of a protein to bind selectively and with high affinity to specific molecules is due to which types of bonds?
Weak, noncovalent bonds
An 'evolutionary clock' measures?
a DNA sequence divergence
A peptide covalent bond is formed in proteins by linking together the amino of one amino acid with the carboxyl of another amino acid by an enzymatic reaction known as?
a condensation reaction
A graduate student in microscopy is perplexed for his fluorescently stained cells appear fuzzy and somewhat out of focus when viewed in the lab's fluorescent microscope. His major professor recommends that he should use which of the following microscopes to improvement the resolution and the plane of focus in his fluorescently stained cells?
a confocal fluorescent microscope
Which of the following is not a 'universal' characteristic all living cells?
a free energy status that is at chemical equilibrium
A researcher would like to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. The best choice of
a light microscope because the specimen is alive
Which of the following cell organelles is a single membrane bound organelle?
a lysosome
Mycoplasma capricolum has had its genome (chromosome) replaced with?
a synthetic chromosome of Mycoplasma mycoides
Many biological molecules, as water, methane, and ammonia exhibit a common 3D shape, which is?
a tetrahedron
The volcanic laboratory experiments performed by Stanley Miller were able to synthesize which of the following biomolecules?
amino acids
The formation of peptide bonds in proteins is catalyzed by?
an RNA molecule
bacteria, as staphylococcus, which appear purple-black in color upon Gram staining?
are Gram positive
The cell biology procedure that uses photographic emulsion placed over microscopy specimens to reveal the location of radioactive molecules in cells labeled with radioactive tags is known as?
autoradiography
of the following which is best done to a specimen to increase the contrast of the structures viewed?
be stained
Nucleotides made abiotically under early Earth conditions might have been concentrated by interaction?
between microscopic layers of clay
What do you think is unique about the atomic structure of carbon that allowed its selection for its use in a number of common biological molecules?
carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms
The chemical functional group that has acidic properties and is found in cells mostly in its ionized form with a charge of -1 is the?
carboxyl as in glycine
Droplets of hydrophobic molecules surrounded by a skin of water are known as?
coacervates
The 3D-surface contour that results from the interactions of biological molecules with its local environment is known as the molecules?
conformation
An unfavorable reaction (has a positive +ΔG) can be driven to occur by?
coupling it to a reaction with a -ΔG
In which of the following procedures of electron microscopy are sample specimens treated with liquid nitrogen (-335f0 C) and then fractured with a microtome knife?
cryoelectron microscopy
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments are components of the?
cytoskeleton
all of the following are types of light microscopy except?
darkfield
Which of the following early Earth environments should be a best candidate for support chemosynthetic thermophilic bacteria that might have led to the origins of life.
deep ocean hydrothermal vents
The type of light microscopy that uses beams of polarized light and produces images that look as if a sample cell is casting a 3D shadow is?
differential interference-contrast microscopy
An asymmetrical internal distribution of electron charge in an electrically neutral molecule with no net charge is due to which of the following weak molecular forces.
dipoles
Experiment comparing gene locations within a nucleus of nocturnal and diurnal animals indicated that bundles of similar gene clusters occupy different locales?
false
Peptide bonds in proteins are nearly always in a Cis configurations as it is more thermodynamically stable with less steric hinderance of the R-groups?
false
the first cells most likely consisted of phospholipid bilayer surrounding DNA and RNA, in which both served as genetic material
false
The class of simple proteins that are soluble in dilute aqueous solutions as a salt solution are?
globulins
Secondary structure in proteins is due primarily to which of the following weak electrostatic forces?
hydrogen bonds
How does an allosteric inhibitor affect the active site of an enzyme?
it binds to a second site, causing a conformational change in the enzymes that makes the active site less accommodating to the substrate
Cell and molecular biology often includes aspects from all of the following biological disciplines except?
it includes all aspects from these disciplines (biochemistry, molecular genetics, development biology and neurobiology)
which of the following kinds of enzyme can add a phosphate group to another protein?
kinase
Sara would like to film the movement of chromosomes during cell division. Her best choice for a microscope would be a ?
light microscope, because the specimen is alive
A RISC (RNA Induced Silencing Complex was used by Craig Venter in an attempt to determine the minimal number of genes a cell would need to reduce or inactivate the activity of?
mRNA
In an attempt to determine the minimal number of genes a cell would need to be that cell Craig Venter used a RISC (RNA Induced Silencing Complex) to reduce or inactivate the activity of?
mRNA
Messenger RNAs of cells can be silenced (degraded rapidly or sequestered) by?
miRNA
The instrument used to cut extremely thin section of biological samples is?
microtome
Many transcription factor proteins that exhibit an affinity for binding to DNA do due to the present of?
motifs
bacterial cell prokaryotic; in comparison to a typical eukaryotic cell they would?
none of the above
which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
none of the above
Which of the following clues would distinguish a cell as prokaryotic from eukaryotic?
none of these traits would distinguish a cell as distinct from a eukaryotic cells
why are a helices and B sheets common folding patterns in polypeptides?
none of these: Amino acid side chains are NOT involved in forming the hydrogen bonds, allowing many different sequences to adopt these folding patterns.
The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that
organic molecules could have originated in the early atmosphere
Autoradiography uses which of the following to trace the passage of molecules within cells?
radioactive tracers
The phrase "Knowing the parts may explain the function of the whole" is descriptive of which of the following procedural experimental techniques of cell and molecular biology?
reductionism (grind and find)
Carl Woese used which of the following cellular molecules to determine the highest order of biological taxonomic rank, Domains?
ribosomal RNA
The molecular system that forms a peptide bond during cellular protein synthesis is a?
ribozyme
which of the following is a technique that could be used to determine a precise surface topography composition of a specimen?
scanning electron microscopy
Artificial construction of fully functional DNA genes, viruses, parts of cells is a disciple now known as?
synthetic biology
The construction of fully functional cells or parts of cells from scratch (abiotically) is referred to as?
synthetic biology
Tensegrity is an architectural concept that may be applied to molecules in biological system. Tensegrity seems to balance the forces of?
tension and compression
Which parts of amino acids are involved in peptide bonds?
the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on the other
Which of the following would favor an "RNA world" hypothesis?
the discovery of new life forms that encode their genetic info in RNA and not DNA
which of the following is presented as evidence in favor of "the RNA world" hypothesis?
the discovery that some RNA molecules have catalytic activity
The differential staining of bacteria into Gram+ and Gram- stained samples is due to which of the following structural component of the bacteria?
the makeup of their cell wall
Viruses exhibit many of the common biochemical processes found in living organisms, but lack the ability?
to reproduce themselves on their own
A 3D computer reconstruction of a series of stacked TEM images of cells structures creates an image known as a?
tomogram
A heterochiral polymer of monomeric precursor molecules would be made of D &L or S & R stereoisomers?
true
A major paradigm of cellular biology is that all cells living today can trace their ancestry back to a presumed ancestral cell?
true
Improvements in the ability of instruments to measure biological parameters of living organism is as important, if not more so, than the hypothesis itself?
true
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been detected in asteroids?
true
Protein that vary in amino acid sequence from one another can catalyze the same chemical reaction?
true
Recently 4 synthetically made nucleotide have been incorporated in DNA that has the same physical and chemical properties as DNA containing A,T,G, and C nucleotides and that could also transcribe this 8 based DNA into RNA.
true
Speculation as to what was the LUCA suggests it might have been a thermophilic bacteria at deep sea hydrothermal vents?
true
The molecules made abiotically by Stanley Miller were quite similar to the molecules found in meteorites as the Murchison meteorite discovered in Australia?
true
The most definitive characteristic of living systems is their ability to self-replicate?
true
The nucleolus has been recently described as a globular structure within the nucleus with a role in ribosome biogenesis. Some have classified it as a protein based liquid globule and thus a membrane-less organelle?
true
in a folded globular protein, the non polar (hydrophobic) amino acids tend to be?
tucked away inside the protein
An emergent property is most likely?
unexpected, non-trivial properties if simpler components that are from complexity
light microscopes
use light and glass lenses to magnify an image
Resolution is great when using an electron microscope because the ________ of the electron beam is much shorter than that of visible light.
wavelength
Staphylococcus aureus has the membrane and wall structure shown in the
would appear purple-black and be gram + cells
Which of the following model organisms has served as a system to analyze the development of vertebrate body tissue?
zebrafish
All biological proteins in living cells are made of?
α-L amino acids