CNS 748: Lifespan and development: implications for counseling
Match Bowlby with his theory. Behavioral Attachment Theory Psychosexual Sociocultural Social Learning Ecological Systems Theory Cognitive Development Psychosocial
Attachment Theory
Katie has been sneaking laxative pills from the medicine cabinet and taking several on a daily basis. Even though she restricts what she eats during the day, at night when everyone is in bed, she goes to the kitchen and gorges on food, only to make herself throw it up later. Given the above information, Katie most closely fits which diagnosis? Bulimia nervosa Anorexia nervosa Extreme dieting Body dysmorphia
Bulimia nervosa
10-month-old Scott is clearly attached to his Mom and has begun to exhibit separation anxiety when he is away from her. In which phase would Bowlby say baby Scott currently is? Pre-attachment Clear-cut Formation of reciprocal relationship Post-attachment
Clear-cut
Match Piaget with his theory. Psychosocial Psychosexual Ecological Systems Theory Attachment Theory Social Learning Cognitive Development Sociocultural Behavioral
Cognitive Development
Match Bronfenbrenner with his theory. Social Learning Attachment Theory Psychosocial Psychosexual Cognitive Development Behavioral Ecological Systems Theory Sociocultural
Ecological Systems Theory
Which of the following factors strongly predicts poor health and premature death in midlife? Being male Economic disadvantage Being female Early retirement
Economic disadvantage
Which of the following statements about the relationships among SES, education, and health is true? Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives. The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan. There is no relationship between educational attainment and health. The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.
Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.
Which of the following is NOT considered a self-conscious emotion? Envy Fear Guilt Pride
Fear
According to Piaget, adolescents fall into which of the following cognitive developmental stages? Formal Operational Operational Sensorimotor Preoperational
Formal Operational
Carter, an 8-year-old African-American boy, is told by a researcher that certain verbal tasks are "not a test." He is told that other verbal tasks are "a test of how good children are at school problems." If Carter is aware of ethnic stereotypes, which of the following is probably true? He will answer the "test" questions, but refuse to answer the "not a test" questions. He will perform better in the "test" condition. He will perform far worse in the "test" condition. He will perform similarly in both conditions.
He will perform far worse in the "test" condition.
According to Erikson, into which of the following stages would an adolescent be categorized? Industry vs. inferiority Initiative vs. guilt Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation
Identity vs. role confusion
Which of the following is NOT true about biological aging? It entails increases in the functioning of organs and systems. It is genetically influenced. It is universal to all members of the human species. It is also known as senescence.
It entails increases in the functioning of organs and systems.
According to Vygotsky, which of the following is NOT true about Private Speech? It is gradually internalized as silent, inner speech. It serves a self-guiding function. It is the foundation of all higher cognitive processes. It is egocentric and reflects children's difficulty in taking others' perspectives.
It is egocentric and reflects children's difficulty in taking others' perspectives.
Which statement is true about role overload? It is magnified for women in low-status work roles with rigid schedules and little autonomy. While stressful, it is linked to stronger marital relations. It is greater for men than for women. It is greater for women in higher-status jobs.
It is magnified for women in low-status work roles with rigid schedules and little autonomy.
Which of the following couples will face extra challenges in achieving a successful transition to married life? Jeff and Val, both college graduates, who married at age 28 Hector and Irma, both Mexican-American Catholics, who married at age 30 Rolf and Louisa, both German Protestants, who married at age 25 Ken, an African-American Baptist, and Eileen, an Asian-American Mormon, who married at age 21
Ken, an African-American Baptist, and Eileen, an Asian-American Mormon, who married at age 21
Which of the following is NOT a physical change that is likely to occur in middle adulthood? More fat Less mineral content in bones Less lean body mass Less porous bones
Less porous bones
Which of the following parent-child relationships is the most common among anorexic teenagers? Permissive mothers and highly competitive fathers Divorced parents where the mother is overwhelmed and the father is largely absent Permissive mothers and uninvolved fathers Overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers
Overprotective and controlling mothers and emotionally distant fathers
Which of the following is NOT one of the four attachment phases according to Bowlby's Ethological Theory? Clear-cut Pre-attachment Post-attachment Formation of a reciprocal relationship
Post-attachment
__________ requires people to size up real-world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty. Practical problem solving Fluid intelligence Intuition Expertise
Practical problem solving
In the Information Processing Model, we hold information in three parts of the mental system. Which of the following is NOT one of the three parts? Prefrontal lobe Long-term memory Short-term memory Sensory register
Prefrontal lobe
Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic? Scrotum Pubic hair Ovaries Testes
Pubic hair
Which of the following women is the most likely to thrive in a nontraditional career? Raelynne, whose three aunts have successfully dealt with family-career role conflict Rhiannon, whose husband wants her to stay at home to tend to their young children Rita, who works exclusively with male managers Renae, who has infrequent interaction with other female professionals in her field
Raelynne, whose three aunts have successfully dealt with family-career role conflict
Which of the following women is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether? Ann, who works at a low-level, undemanding job Amanda, who is unemployed Renée, who has a high-status, demanding job Molly, who has a traditional gender-role orientation
Renée, who has a high-status, demanding job
Shanita's teacher assists her with building the more difficult model by guiding and supporting. As Shanita's competence increases, Shanita's teacher backs off, allowing Shanita more autonomy in the task. This technique is known as _______________, Zone of Proximal Development Sociocultural Theory Scaffolding Vygotskyism
Scaffolding
Match Bandura with his theory. Psychosexual Attachment Theory Psychosocial Sociocultural Cognitive Development Ecological Systems Theory Behavioral Social Learning
Social Learning
Which of the following would NOT be considered a social-clock life event? Having a child Taking a vacation Beginning your first "real" job Getting married
Taking a vacation
Which of the following is NOT true about ADHD? The brains of children with ADHD grow more quickly. It involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity. Brain scans show abnormal brain functioning. There is a genetic component involved in ADHD.
The brains of children with ADHD grow more quickly.
Which of the following is NOT true about rape survivors? There are many services available for male survivors of rape. Most services (crisis hotlines, legal aid, safe houses, etc.) are not sufficiently funded to help the current number of rape survivors. Most females do not report the rape because of fear. Therapy is vital for rape survivors to deal with their trauma.
There are many services available for male survivors of rape.
Which of the following is NOT true about mirror neurons? These neurons allow a person to observe another's behavior while simulating the behavior in his/her own brain. These neurons are believed to be biological basis of interrelated, complex social abilities such as imitation, empathic sharing of emotions, and understanding others' intentions. These neurons fire identically when person hears or sees an action and when he/she carries out that action. These neurons are only present in humans.
These neurons are only present in humans.
Four-year-old Shanita is able to build many developmentally appropriate models with her blocks. Her teacher has a picture of a model that represents potential ability for Shanita, but that is too difficult for her to do alone. The range between Shanita's actual development and her potential development is called _____. Vygotskyism Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Sociocultural Theory
Zone of Proximal Development
Kandilyn is unhappy with all the stressors in her life. The best approach for dealing with her stress is to use ______________. an emotion-centered coping strategy a problem-centered coping strategy a mixture of problem- and emotion-centered techniques indirect methods of stress management
a mixture of problem- and emotion-centered techniques
Amelia has well-developed emotional self-regulation. She feels that she is in control of her emotional experience. Amelia has acquired ___________. an ideal self perspective-taking skills a sense of emotional self-efficacy coregulation strategies
a sense of emotional self-efficacy
Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he might change his career path, he responds, "I might, but I doubt it. I've spent a lot of time studying my options. I'm pretty sure engineering is right for me." Laurent is demonstrating identity ________. moratorium diffusion achievement foreclosure
achievement
Androgyny in adulthood is associated with _______________. greater environmental mastery and neuroticism decreased self-acceptance and autonomy advanced moral reasoning and psychosocial maturity more life regrets and fewer possible selves
advanced moral reasoning and psychosocial maturity
Across cultures, there are three qualities that appear to increase from young adulthood to middle adulthood. Which of the following is NOT one of them? Autonomy Environmental mastery Self-acceptance Aggressiveness
aggressiveness
In Sternberg's triarchic theory, intelligent behavior involves balancing __________ intelligences. linguistic, emotional, and practical spatial, kinesthetic, and interpersonal analytical, creative, and practical
analytical, creative, and practical
The term teratogen refers to _____________. a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period a rapid period of prenatal neurological development a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop ra
any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
Western adolescents __________. often celebrate the onset of puberty with an initiation ceremony are granted partial adult status at many different ages are formally recognized when they move from adolescence to adulthood are formally recognized when they move from childhood to adolescence
are granted partial adult status at many different ages
Little Phil knows what a dog is and has seen many different types. One day he sees a kind of dog that he's never seen, yet is able to recognize that it is a dog because it fits into his already-existing schema. This is an example of Piaget's Adaptation Process called_______________. accommodation assimilation acclimation association
assimilation
According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are __________ and __________ play. associative; cooperative nonsocial; associative cooperative; parallel parallel; nonsocial
associative; cooperative
The __________ child-rearing style is the most successful approach. authoritative authoritarian uninvolved permissive
authoritative
Teenagers strive for a sense of __________, which is having a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual. assimilation accommodation autonomy achievement
autonomy
According to Erickson, the psychological conflict to be resolved in toddlerhood is _____. autonomy vs. shame and doubt industry vs. inferiority initiative vs. guilt basic trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
In the Stranger Situation scenario, little Hank reacts in the following way: He does not interact with his mother and does not seem to notice or care when she leaves the room. When his mother re-enters the room, he does not go toward her to initiate contact. In which of the following categories would Ainsworth place Hank? Avoidant Secure Internal Resistant
avoidant
According to Erickson, the psychological conflict to be resolved in infancy is ________. basic trust vs. mistrust initiative vs. guilt industry vs. inferiority autonomy vs. shame and doubt
basic trust vs. mistrust
Match Watson/Skinner/Pavlov with their theory. Cognitive Development Behavioral Social Learning Attachment Theory Psychosocial Ecological Systems Theory Sociocultural Psychosexual
behavioral
Joanne has been teaching middle school for 22 years. As the new school year approaches, she feels mentally exhausted and unsure if she is making any impact in her students' lives. Joanne is experiencing ___________. burnout a midlife crisis a life regret vocational depression
burnout
In the example above of 4-year-old Jasmine and the containers of liquid, her thinking is characterized by __________, in that she focuses on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features. centration hierarchical classification irreversibility dynamic transformation
centration
____________ is the transition that occurs in both men and women. Men experience declines in testosterone and women experience declines in estrogen. Presbyopia Presbycusis Menopause Climacteric
climacteric
Twelve-year-old Iola spends most of her time with a group of six girls who are friends and have similar family backgrounds, attitudes, interests, and values. This group is Isabel's __________. crowd circle club clique
clique
With the birth of Brenda's first child, she felt more fulfilled than ever before. However, she also acknowledged feelings of concern and fear over being able to meet all of her parental responsibilities while maintaining personal happiness and satisfaction. Brenda's thinking reflects _____________. pragmatism expertise relativism cognitive-affective complexity
cognitive-affective complexity
History-graded influences explain why ____________________tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times. descendants siblings cohorts ancestors
cohorts
In order for a toddler to be capable of _______________, he or she must first be aware of what his or her caregiver wants from him or her and be able to obey simple requests. sympathy compliance compassion empathy
compliance
According to Piaget, 7- to11-year-old children fall into the __________ cognitive developmental category. preoperational formal operational concrete operational sensorimotor
concrete operational
Four-year-old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is "all spread out." Jasmine is demonstrating a lack of understanding of __________. reversibility animistic thinking conservation magical thinking
conservation
Six-year-old Charlie realizes that his sister remains a girl even when she operates a bulldozer. Charlie has acquired the concept of gender ____________. orientation constancy preference awareness
constancy
Research on educational philosophies indicates that ______________. constructivist classrooms tend to undermine academic motivation and achievement, especially in low-SES children children in constructivist classrooms have a slight edge in academic achievement over those in traditional classrooms constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity constructivist classrooms rely on passive student listening and completion of teacher-assigned tasks
constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking and greater social and moral maturity
On a measure of peer acceptance, Michael received a large number of positive and negative votes. Michael would be considered a __________ child. controversial neglected popular rejected
controversial
Regardless of the extent of their friction, divorcing parents who manage to engage in __________ greatly improve their children's chances of growing up competent, stable, and happy. mediation authoritarian parenting joint physical custody coparenting
coparenting
Effective parents gradually shift control from adult to child. They do not let go entirely, but rather engage in ___________. distributive justice permissive parenting. coregulation transitive inference
coregulation
__________ intelligence refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions. Kinesthetic Fluid Crystallized Naturalistic
crystallized
During a conservation-of-water experiment, Emme can focus on several aspects of the problem and relate them, rather than centering on just one aspect. Therefore, Emme is capable of ______________. seriation reversibility decentration class inclusion
decentration
Ken, age 14, has trouble concentrating, sleeps excessively, eats little, and has low energy. These might be symptoms of _________________. a vitamin C deficiency an identity crisis depression the normal storm and stress of puberty.
depression
Two-and-a-half-year-old Ellie cries often, has an unpredictable schedule, and throws tantrums, especially when transitioning to something new. In which of the following categories would Thomas and Chess place Ellie? Slow-to-warm-up Easy Difficult Moderate
difficult
When asked about her political beliefs, Blair responds, "Oh, I don't know. It doesn't make much difference to me." Blaire is demonstrating identity __________. diffusion foreclosure moratorium achievement
diffusion
Dr. Hoyle believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the _____________________ perspective. continuous discontinuous nurture nature
discontinuous
Tools assessing creativity focus on ___________ thinking, whereas intelligence tests focus on _____________ thinking. cognitive; metacognitive divergent; convergent convergent; divergent metacognitive; cognitive
divergent; convergent
Carol Gilligan argues that Kohlberg's theory of moral understanding _____________. overemphasizes the role of emotion in moral judgment shows that there are no sex differences in moral reasoning does not adequately represent the morality of boys and men does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women
does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women
According to Piaget, the concept of being able to view an object as both an object in its own right and a symbol is known as _____________________. irreversibility dual representation object representation sociodramatic play
dual representation
Xavier believes everything his college professor says because she is in a respected position. Xavier accepts what the professor says because he believes that knowledge is certain and the professor has that knowledge. Xavier is engaged in _____________. relativistic thinking pragmatic thought commitment within relativistic thinking dualistic thinking
dualistic thinking
Rothbart's Model of Temperament identifies six dimensions of combined traits separated into two categories: Reactivity & Self-regulation. Under the category of Self-regulation, Rothbart specifically looks at _________________, which is defined as the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response (in other words - how well a person can focus, shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotions). effortful control self-control regulatory control emotional control
effortful control
Three-year-old Kelli looks at a display of three different-sized mountains. On the other side of the mountains is a doll. When Kelli is shown a series of pictures and asked to pick out the view of the mountains that the doll has, she picks out the view that she has. This is an example of _________. accommodation animism egocentrism assimilation
egocentrism
A transitional period occurring from the late teens to the mid-to-late twenties that indicates the delay of adult roles is called ___________. formal operational latent teenage pre-adulthood emerging adulthood
emerging adulthood
The ability to understand another's emotions and feel with that person or respond emotionally in a similar way is ___________________. compassion sympathy empathy compliance
empathy
Mature-age women in college tend to __________ than mature-age men. progress at a faster pace participate more in class discussions experience more interruptions in their academic programs take more courses per semester
experience more interruptions in their academic programs
Charlie has frequent angry outbursts. He is rude, disagreeable, critical, and condescending. Charlie exhibits __________. suppressed anger a socially dominant style passive-aggressiveness expressed hostility
expressed hostility
As a result of her divorce, Janelle had to move from her house to an apartment and is struggling to make ends meet. This is an example of _______________. feminization of poverty midlife crisis sandwich generation generativity
feminization of poverty
Octavio feels comfortable being a boy, which consequently makes him happy. Which of the following self-evaluations reflects Octavio's gender identity? Gender-disconnectedness Gender typicality Gender contentedness Feels pressure to conform to gender roles
gender contentedness
Each of us has an image of ourselves as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics. This is known as _______________. gender constancy gender identity androgyny sexual identity
gender identity
Erikson's psychological conflict of midlife is called __________ versus __________. initiative; guilt intimacy; isolation identity; role confusion generativity; stagnation
generativity; stagnation
Women and ethnic minorities have a more difficult time "climbing the corporate ladder." This invisible barrier is known as _____________. job satisfaction burnout limited productivity glass ceiling
glass ceiling
Kevin took time to adapt to new people and places. He was getting ready to start preschool, so his parents took him several times for short visits before he had to start. Kevin's parents understand him developmentally and tailored their parenting style accordingly. This is an example of ______________________. goodness-of-fit maladaptive attachment attachment sociability
goodness-of-fit
Jumping, throwing, and running are examples of _________________, whereas dressing, drawing, and eating are examples of _______________________. fine-motor skills; gross-motor skills gross-motor skills; fine-motor skills self-help skills; fine-motor skills gross-motor skills; self-help skills
gross-motor skills; fine-motor skills
Clarence's 14-year-old daughter, Annie, has been diagnosed with anorexia. Clarence can expect that Annie will __________. have an extremely distorted body image lose 5 to 15 percent of her body weight avoid most forms of exercise see herself as severely underweight
have an extremely distorted body image
Heidi is shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. When asked, "Are there more red flowers or flowers?" Heidi, a preoperational child, responds, "More red flowers." This problem demonstrates Heidi's difficulty with _________. hierarchical classification magical thinking animistic thinking egocentrism
hierarchical classification
At Kohlberg's conventional level, __________________________. individuals move beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad, while those that lead to rewards are good individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies
individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order
__________ parenting is correlated with unrealistically high self-esteem. Uninvolved Authoritative Indulgent Controlling
indulgent
According to Erikson, a sense of __________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's self-confidence with negative responses. despair mistrust shame inferiority
inferiority
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the preschool years is _____________. trust versus mistrust initiative versus guilt autonomy versus shame and doubt industry versus inferiority
initiative versus guilt
Ainsworth assessed the security of attachment using the Strange Situation experiment and came up with four descriptive categories. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories? Secure Avoidant Internal Resistant
internal
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is _____________. intimacy versus isolation identity versus role confusion initiative versus guilt industry versus inferiority
intimacy versus isolation
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ________. passion develops after commitment is established intimacy involves a desire for sexual activity and romance initial intimacy declines in favor of passion and commitment intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop
intimacy, passion, and commitment shift in emphasis as romantic
Max enjoys working with ideas; Madison is emotional and has a high need for individual expression. According to Holland's six personality types, Max is __________ and Madison is __________. conventional; social realistic; conventional investigative; artistic enterprising; investigative
investigative; artistic
Bernice and Leo never had children. They married in their thirties, and their efforts at fertility treatments did not succeed. Bernice and Leo are ___________. involuntarily childless definitely self-indulgent certainly going to adopt voluntarily childless
involuntarily childless
For most young people, identity development __________. is traumatic and disturbing leaves them unprepared for the challenges of adulthood is a process of exploration followed by commitment is complete by the end of high school
is a process of exploration followed by commitment
A key concept in Levinson's Season of Life theory is the _____________. romantic attachment internal working model life structure ego
life structure
The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates that like Piaget's cognitive stages, Kohlberg's moral stages are __________. loosely organized and overlapping highly organized and sequential attained in a neat, stepwise fashion predictable and universal
loosely organized and overlapping
Gary Graduate Student realizes that how well he functions is affected by many factors. Three entities that affect his performance as a graduate student are his family, friends, and graduate school professors. According to the Ecological Systems Theory, all of these are part of the ____________. macrosystem microsystem exosystem chronosystem
microsystem
Which of the following is NOT a component of Ecological Systems Theory? Macrosystem Microsystem Minisystem Mesosystem
minisystem
hich of the following is NOT a category of temperament according to Thomas & Chess? Moderate Difficult Slow-to-warm-up Easy
moderate
Denyse is calm, even-tempered, self-content, comfortable, unemotional, and hardy. She is low on which of the following "big five" personality traits? Extroversion Agreeableness Openness to experience Neuroticism
neuroticism
Howard Gardner did not believe in the idea of general intelligence, but devised a theory that included eight different intelligences. Which of the following is NOT one of the intelligences that Gardner identified? Spatial Intrapersonal Novelty Interpersonal
novelty
Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of __________________ in development. nurture stability nature stages
nurture
Family and friends can help a dieter by ___________________. keeping track of what the dieter eats and noting when he or she goes off the diet offering encouragement and helping foster the dieter's self-esteem and self-efficacy pointing out how the extra weight prevents many people from leading an active lifestyle avoiding discussions of food and limiting social events that revolve around eating
offering encouragement and helping foster the dieter's self-esteem and self-efficacy
A type of behaviorism in which it is believed that the frequency of behavior can be increased through reinforcement and decreased through punishment is called _______. operant conditioning classical conditioning social learning theory functional behavioral analysis
operant conditioning
In Yvonne's preschool classroom, children of varying abilities work in groups, teaching and helping one another. This classroom emphasizes the Vygotskian principle of ___________. independent exploration peer collaboration individualized instruction active participation
peer collaboration
Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that _________________. tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings positive and negative emotions cannot be experienced simultaneously negative emotions are more frequent than positive emotion
people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings
"You are so smart" is an example of _____, whereas "You figured it out" is an example of _______. mastery-oriented attributions; person praise learned helplessness; process praise person praise; process praise learned helplessness; mastery-oriented attributions
person praise; process praise
Jennifer believes that people can overcome negative things that happen to them early in life. She thinks that people are open to change in response to influential experiences. This is consistent with the _______________ perspective. genetic id stability plasticity
plasticity
When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned. popular; neglected neglected; rejected popular; rejected controversial; neglected
popular; neglected
Tammy and Sara meet for coffee and talk about their hopes for the future as well as their fears. They are referring to their _________________. autonomy midlife crises gender identity possible selves
possible selves
In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Ruby explains, "It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. Respect for human life is absolute." Ruby is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? Conventional Instrumental Postconventional Preconventional
postconventional
According to some researchers, cognitive development continues beyond Piaget's formal operational stage to the __________ level. postconcrete thought postcognitive thought postoperational thought postformal thought
postformal thought
The area of the brain responsible for consciousness, inhibition of impulses, integration of information, use of memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies is __________. visual cortex prefrontal cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe
prefrontal cortex
Match Freud with his theory. Psychosocial Social Learning Sociocultural Attachment Theory Behavioral Ecological Systems Theory Psychosexual Cognitive Development
psychosexual
Match Erikson with his theory. Attachment Theory Social Learning Sociocultural Psychosexual Psychosocial Behavioral Cognitive Development Ecological Systems Theory
psychosocial
The multiple-choice part of a quiz represents ___________type of memory, whereas the short-answer part of a quiz represents _____________type of memory. episodic; recognition recognition; recall episodic; autobiographical recall; recognition
recognition; recall
A __________ is an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. state of arousal shrill cry reflex movement pattern
reflex
I'm trying to teach my dog, Tucker, to "go potty" outside. Whenever he pees or poops outside, he immediately gets a treat. This increases his frequency of going to bathroom outside rather than inside the house. In this example of operant conditioning, the treat is the __________________. punishment conditioned stimulus conditioned response reinforcer
reinforcer
Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because "she lies." This is an example of __________ aggression. relational direct verbal instrumental
relational
Jamal is able to think through a series of steps and then mentally return to the starting point. Therefore, Jamal is capable of _________. reversibility class inclusion decentration transitive interference
reversibility
Cindy, age 48, cares for her two teenage sons and her ailing mother-in-law. Along with her mother, she is one of a handful of caregivers for her elderly grandmother. Cindy belongs to the __________ generation. sandwich kinkeeper squeezed me
sandwich
When building a block tower with his young daughter, Samuel adjusts the support offered to his daughter to fit her current level of performance. Samuel is engaging in __________. proximal teaching transitive inference scaffolding dual representation
scaffolding
The concept that the judgments we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments is known as____________________. self-concept self-relationship self-doubt self-esteem
self-esteem
Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's Psychosexual Stages? Latency Phallic Genital Sensory
sensory
theory that emphasizes modeling or imitation as a powerful source of development is _________________. classical conditioning operant conditioning functional behavioral analysis social learning theory
social learning theory
Match Vygotsky with his theory. Ecological Systems Theory Psychosocial Behavioral Psychosexual Sociocultural Cognitive Development Attachment Theory Social Learning
sociocultural
Kia, age 14, uses hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Therefore, she probably ________________. is strongly motivated to identify and experiment with new memory strategies, although she may not yet use new strategies effectively. starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences starts with what she knows, conducts observations, and revises her approach to problem solving cannot yet think of alternatives when her predictions about an outcome are not confirmed
starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences
Sami, a 10-year-old African-American child, does not like to take tests and is hesitant to try new tasks in school because of the negative statements she has heard and seen about African-Americans. Sami is experiencing ______. stereotype threat cultural assessment test bias dynamic assessment
stereotype threat
When asked about her future vocational choice, 14-year-old Grace says, "I'm good at math and I like solving problems. But I like helping people. So maybe teaching math or working as an engineer would be good." Grace is in the __________ period of vocational development. realistic fantasy tentative crystallized
tentative
The imaginary audience is adolescents' belief that they are ____________________. special and unique idealistic and overly critical the focus of everyone else's attention and concern boring and ordinary
the focus of everyone else's attention and concern
Certain that others are observing and thinking about them, teenagers develop an inflated sense of their own importance known as ______________________. the personal fable hypothetico-deductive reasoning metacognition the imaginary audience
the personal fable
Four-year-old Ellie is shown two pictures: one depicting a child stealing an apple, and the other showing a child eating ice cream with her fingers. Ellie is most likely to view _________________. both actions as equally wrong the bad table manners as worse than the stealing the stealing as worse than the bad table manners both actions as okay as long as they were not witnessed by an adult
the stealing as worse than the bad table manners
Metacognition involves ________. using deliberate mental activities that improve recall thinking about thought using scripts to tell stories repetitive communication style
thinking about thought
__________ helps stimulate early physical growth and is vital for emotional development as well. sound Touch Taste Pain
touch
Mike and Carol are married. Mike is the head of the household. He works outside the home as an architect. Carol devotes herself to caring for Mike and their children and creating a comfortable home. They have a(n) __________ marriage. egalitarian arranged traditional matriarchal
traditional
According to Levinson, middle adulthood begins with a ________________. significant crisis stable period dream transitional period
transitional period
High-hardy individuals are likely to __________________. avoid seeking social support because they believe they can solve problems independently deny that a stressful event occurred, or eat and drink to forget about it use emotion-centered and avoidant coping strategies use active, problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control
use active, problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control
According to Vygotksy, learning takes place ______________. through discovery learning through trial and error within the zone of proximal development through independent activity
within the zone of proximal development
As processing speed slows, ______________. executive function improves short-term memory improves working memory declines attention heightens
working memory declines
