Cocaine

Emergency calls to poison control regarding bath salts?

* 2009-0 *2010= 298 *2011= 6,062

Effects of amphetamines are more prolonged?

* 4 to 12 hours

These drugs act on the brain's reward pathways, making cocaine addictive

* Cocaine and amphetamines block reuptake * Amphetamines & Ritalin also increase release of dopamine & norepinephrine

How is cocaine prepared?

* Cocaine white powder - coca leaf paste mixed with hydrochloric acid solution * Forms a salt= cocaine hydrochloride * Water soluble= taken intranasally * Low absorption due to vasoconsriction in the nose * Inflammation and damage to the mucosal lining * Overdose deaths, psychosis, dependence possible but less common

What are the acute effects at low and moderate doses?

* During laboratory experiments, even experienced users can't tell the difference between these stimulants

What did Freud say about cocaine in 1884?

* Miracle drug * Wrote about its potential: local anesthetic, depression, indigestion, asthma, neuroses, syphilis, morphine addiction, alcoholism * treated friend Ernst von Fleishi-Marxow * Cocaine overdose * Contributed to cocaine pandemic of 1880s

1988?

* Penalities for possession of crack * NOW 5 grams of possession= 5 years in prison

1988 anti-drug abuse laws?

* Penalties for possession of crack * NOW 5 grams posession= minimum 5 yr prison

What was the 2006 Methamphetamine Epidemic Act?

* Regulated sales of meth ingredients * psuedophedrine and ephedrine * No prescription needed * kept behind counter, names and quantities purchased and recorded * Quantities purchased restricted to low levels * US manufacturing became difficult * Result: drug trafficking organizations in Mexico stepped up production * 80% consumed in US is produced in Mexico

Fornification/ Symptoms?

* Speed bugs/crank bugs: feelings of itching described as something like insects or snakes crawling under the skin. * Stimulant psychosis: paranoia, violence * crash after includes depression * Speed kills became a popular saying * Amphetamines popularity waned in the 1970s and 1980s , as cocaine returned to favor

What are the physiological effects of low and moderate doses?

* Sympathomimetic: stimulate or mimic activity of the sympathetic nervous system * increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, respiratory rate, pupil dilation

Cocaine, amphetamines, and synthetic cathinones affect?

* affect monoamine, neurotransmitter systems * dopamine , norepinephrine, and serotonin

What are details of the coca leaf?

* cocaine comes from the leaves of the coca bush * the practice of chewing leaves by South American Indians goes back many centuries * Religious and political purposes * The Spanish Conquestiadors introduced cocaine to Europe

Meth today is?

* considered a cosmopalitan drug instead of a biker drug * usage spread to women, non-white, gay/bisexual white men * Usage has dropped, but associated social impacts are high

Cocaine is metabolized rapidly, which means?

* has a shorter duration of action * (20 to 80 minutes)

In the 1996 Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act

* increased penalties for Meth manufacture * kitchen labs spring up * ie Walter and Jesse's mobile RV meth lab in the popular show Breaking Bad * Toxic, explosive, dangerous

What is acute tolerance to cocaine and meth?

* lesser physiological responses after the first hit * Day to day effects minimized * acute tolerance fades quickly

What is the acute toxicity?

* panic attacks, paranoia, hallucinations, hostility, self-mutilation, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure

What were the results of the anti-drug abuse acts in 1986?

* penalties for sale of crack * 500 gram cocaine powder=penalty was already 5 yrs prison *NOW 5 grams crack=minimum 5yr prison * 100x less drug yet same penalty

What was the 1986 anti-drug abuse act?

* penalties for sale of crack * 500grams cocaine powder= penalty was already 5 year in prison * Now 5 grams crack=minimum 5 year prison 100x less drug yet penalty

What are the results of anti-drug abuse laws?

* small time crack dealers punished more than high volume powder cocaine dealers * Blacks= 80% of crack prosecutions> Problem * Obama Fair Sentencing Act * Eliminated minimum sentence requirement for small amounts of crack

Bath salts are composed of?

* synthetic cathinones became widely used stimulants in recent years, primarily marketed legally over the Internet as bath salts or plant food

Smoking cocaine=continuation of the 2nd epidemic?

* to smoke cocaine, it must be separated from salt base to smoke it - mixed with either> very explosive process= Freebase * Dissolved in alkaline solution (baking soda)= crack * Technically vaporized, not smoked * Absorbed rapidly by lungs

What makes up bath salts?

*Mephedrone increases monoamine releases *MDPV blocks reuptake more like cocaine

Amphetamines became the major drug of abuse in?

*WW2, given as PEP pills to soldiers and both sides

The cocaine epidemic began in?

1880s: Major epidemic of cocaine abuse swept throughout the world: doctors perscribed it, and it was available without perscription in patent medicines

Bath salts last up to?

3 to 4 hours

Addictive properties of cocaine were discovered in?

Annie C Meyers in the 1900s

What was the 2012 Prevention of Synthetic Drug Acts of 2012?

Banned two of these drugs

Widespread abuse in the early 1960s began on the West Coast and?

Began to be used as treatment for heroin addiction= Bad idea * Speed freaks

What is stimulant psychosis?

Can cause paranoid delusions and disorientation at high doses * Compulsive stereotyped behavior: * rocking, hair pulling, fidgeting, chain smoking * Paranoid delusions, hallucinations

What happened in 2011?

DEA placed all 3 cathiones on emergency Schedule 1 status

What is the anorectic effects?

appetite-suppression, alertness and arousal, mood elevation * at low doses, enhanced performance on a variety of cognitive and physical tasks

In the 1980s and 1990s,

cocaine became one of the most frequently abused drugs *70s cocaine was expensive=champagne of stimulants * Mostly intranasal use; minimal problems * Exceptions i.e. Hollywood Henderson's 1000 dollars a day/ habit * Price dropped

In 1986, the United States was introduced to?

crack, an inexpensive smokable form of cocaine * Today, use has decreased, but medical problems associated with cocaine use are high

Net results for all stimulants?

increased activity of these NTs * use of these stimulants= chemical shortcut to the rewards system of the brain

What are signs of dependence to meth?

marked by withdrawal, symptoms of depression, anxiety, change in appetite, sleep disturbance, and craving * Withdrawals not life threatening like withdrawals from opiods/CNS depressants * Crash phrase occurs 1st: several days of intense cravings, exhaustion, agitation, depression, increased food and sleep intake, adhedonia, inability to experience normal pleasure * All stimulants thought to have similar effects from chronic use

In the 1990s,

methamphetamines regained popularity * new street names, ice, glass, Crystal, Crank, Meth, Getgo, Go Fast, Poor Man's Coke, Redneck Cocaine, Trash, Garbage

What is mepheredone?

methylone, MDPV * Amphetamine-like substances that are synthetic analogs of a compound called CATHINONE that is naturally found in an African plant called Khat * previously used in Israeli pesticide= name plantfood * Then used as Israeli club drug * Appeared in US- 2009

What occured in the 1914 Harrison Narcotics Act, including?

regulation of cocaine

What is formication syndrome?

symptoms of itching and feeling as if insects were crawling under skin, caused by cocaine and amphetamine * comes with risk of overdose - convulsions, seizure, respiratory collapse, myocardial infarction

What are bath salts?

synthetic cathinones, often sold as bath salts or plant food

Amphetamines are?

synthetic stimulant drugs discovered in the 1920s * Amphetamine, detroamphetamine, Methamphetimine * Have been used for * Cold/sinus * Obesity * Narcolepsy * ADHD

Widespread cocaine use began in?

the early 1800s: European exploration struck stories and curiosity * Cocaine was a popular ingredient in many remedies and tonics of the late 1800s, as shown in this advertisement for toothache drops

What occurred in 1850?

the processes necessary to separate cocaine from the leaf was developed - increased potency -different courses of administration- IV,smoke - Quicker and more intense delivery

What are the effects of cocaine, syntehtic cathinones, and emphatimines are?

virtually identical * oral/intranasal= onset 10-15 minutes * IV= onset 20 seconds * Smoked (crack/freebase/meth)= onset even faster!