cog exam 2 + 1 (review 1-4 and 4-9)

Research has suggested that, among its other functions, the amygdala serves as a(n): "emotional evaluator" or threat detector important relay station between the eye and the occipital lobe storage location for information received from the skin "index" for locating memories in the brain

"emotional evaluator" or threat detector

A person who is unable to inhibit socially unacceptable behaviors and has difficulty planning their schedule likely has damage to which part of their brain? Frontal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe

Frontal lobe

Which of the following groups is most likely to remember the material it is studying? Group 2 intends to memorize a series of words and, while studying, pays attention to the exact appearance of the words Group 1 intends to memorize a series of words and, while studying, repeats the words mechanically over and over again Group 3 has no intention of memorizing the words and searches the list for spelling errors Group 4 has no intention of memorizing the words and attempts to determine how the words are related to one another

Group 4 has no intention of memorizing the words and attempts to determine how the words are related to one another

I am investigating how people respond differently on a neuronal level to a weak signal compared to a strong signal. What is one kind of difference I might see? More neurons fire in response to the strong signal than the weak signal. There would be no difference in the quality or quantity of neuronal response to the two types of signals. Neurons partially fire in response to the weak signal and fully fire in response to the strong signal. Neurons fire with a greater depolarization strength to the strong signal compared to the weak signal.

More neurons fire in response to the strong signal than the weak signal.

Which of the following is FALSE about prosopagnosia? People who have prosopagnosia are unable to recognize faces, including their own. People who have prosopagnosia have a generalized recognition impairment (for objects, faces, words, etc.). Prosopagnosia is often associated with damage to the fusiform gyrus. Prosopagnosia may not be salient in everyday life, because there are lots of contextual cues to help recognition.

People who have prosopagnosia have a generalized recognition impairment (for objects, faces, words, etc.).

What is the difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM)? STM and WM are the same thing; there is no difference between them STM has unlimited capacity, but WM has limited capacity STM is used for temporarily storing information, but WM is used for doing something with the temporarily stored information in the face of distractors STM is only used in laboratory tasks, whereas WM is only used in tasks outside the laboratory

STM is used for temporarily storing information, but WM is used for doing something with the temporarily stored information in the face of distractors

A behaviorist is least likely to believe which of the following statements? Children are a good source for data. The mind is not amenable to scientific inquiry because it is not easily observed. When it comes to collecting data, introspection is as valuable as behavior. Our learning history powerfully influences our behaviors

When it comes to collecting data, introspection is as valuable as behavior.

2) Which of the following best describes the concepts availability and accessibility in long-term memory? a) Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible via implicit memory tests. b) Whatever is available in long-term memory may not always be accessible during retrieval. c) Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible if the information was encoded via deep level of processing. d) Whatever is available in long-term memory will always be accessible during retrieval

b) Whatever is available in long-term memory may not always be accessible during retrieval.

1) In a series of experiments, you compare performance of patients with anterograde amnesia to control participants who do not have amnesia. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be observed? a) Poor performance on a recognition task in amnesic participants, but better memory in control participants b) Similar responses when asked to describe how to ride of bike or change a flat tire c) No priming effects on an indirect memory test for amnesic participants, but strong priming effects for control participants d) Similar recency effects between amnesic and control participants

c) No priming effects on an indirect memory test for amnesic participants, but strong priming effects for control participants

3) A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that: a) participants learn more effectively if they drink several cups of coffee before studying the material to be learned. b) participants who drink a lot of coffee are, in general, likely to do better on memory tests. c) participants who study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test. d) participants' recall performance is improved if they are tested soon after drinking several cups of coffee.

c) participants who study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test.

Neurotransmitters are a(n) __________ signal, and the space between neurons where they are released and received is the __________. chemical; synapse electrical; synapse chemical; axon electrical; axon

chemical; synapse

A participant who is asked to recall a series of numbers chooses to think about the numbers as though they were years (e.g., 2, 0, 1, 6 becomes "The year I turned 16"). The participant is organizing information into the memory unit known as a(n) A)chunk B) package C) image D) sentence

chunk

6) Connections among our various memories do all of the following except: a) link related memories b) help us to avoid source confusion c) interweave our various memories, enabling intrusions d) serve as retrieval paths

help us to avoid source confusion

Suppose a new species of animal is discovered that only has rods as photoreceptor cells in both of its eyes. What is most likely to be true of this animal's vision? It can see really well in low light conditions. It cannot see motion very well. It has excellent color vision. It has no depth perception.

it can see really well in low light conditions

Which of these characteristics is FALSE regarding inattentional blindness? a) It is a consequence of diminished sight. b)Cases of inattentional blindness are fairly common. c)It results in perceptual failures. d)It is a consequence of diminished attention.

it is a consequence of diminished sight

Think back to the principle of spaced practice that we discussed on Thursday's class. Which of the below statements is NOT an example of spaced practice that could apply to studying for this course? Reading lecture slides 3 times back-to-back the night before the exam Studying every day for 20 minutes on the week leading up to the exam Reviewing your notes a day after each class meeting and again at the start of the following week Going over your notes from the previous class once at the start of the following class and again on the week before the exam

reading lecture slides 3 times back-to-back the night before the exam

9) After a car accident, Manuel can't recognize his partner Eric and he doesn't remember what he did for a living prior to the accident. He remembers that the doctor told him about a broken collar bone and damage to some areas in his left hemisphere. What does this example represent? a) Anterograde amnesia b) Retrograde amnesia c) Context-dependent memory d) Levels of processing

retrograde amnesia

10) Amir was walking back home late at night, when he saw someone leaving his house with a large backpack. Realizing that he just witnessed his house being robbed, he quickly called the police. It was dark, and he was unable to get a good look at the robber. The police asked Amir several questions to create the suspect's profile, one of which was: "Could you see what he was wearing?". Although Amir didn't see if the robber was a guy, he know remembers it to be so. The robber was actually a woman. Based on the available information, what can this memory error be BEST attributed to? a) Misattribution b) Suggestibility c) Bias d) Transience

suggestibility

The strategy of maintenance rehearsal involves: the repetition of the items to be remembered, with little attention paid to what the items mean the repetition of the items to be remembered and the simultaneous consideration of the items' meaning a focus on the associations between the items to be remembered and other thoughts and ideas paying attention to the order of items, independent of their meaning

the repetition of the items to be remembered, with little attention paid to what the items mean

If a participant is asked to perform two activities at the same time, dividing attention will be least costly if: a) the two activities are very different from each other. b)the two activities are partially related. c)both activities heavily rely on the executive control mechanism. d) neither activity involves verbal processing.

the two activities are very different from eachother

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a growth mindset? Thinking that trying hard for something implies you aren't good at it Considering challenges as an opportunity to learn Believing that people can get smarter Seeing effort as an important part of learning and improvement

thinking that trying hard for something implies you aren't good at it

The ________ is the part of the visual system involved in transducing light energy into electrical signals. retina occipital lobe pupil thalamus

retina

Below are statements that are all correct. Which ones explain why the cognitive revolution happened? 1. In Tolman's study, rats seemed to have acquired mental maps, which explained their behavior in a new maze better than their previously conditioned responses. 2. Behaviorists had significant contributions to psychology, such as explaining fear acquisition, taste aversion, animal training, among others. 3. Children learning English will sometimes generate rules on their own (example: the ending -ed conjugates verbs in past tense) and incorrectly apply it to new words (example: swimmed), demonstrating that reinforcement is not sufficient to explain language acquisition. 4. Even though structuralists like Wundt and Titchener wanted to study unobservable mental representations, their use of introspection did not take them very far in understanding these mental representations. 5. The behaviorist approach to study only what was observable meant that the role of beliefs, preferences, or goals could not be examined as potential explanations of behavior. 1, 3, 4, and 5 These all explain why the cognitive revolution happened. 1 and 3 2, 4, and 5

1, 3, 4, and 5

Which of the below statements about the brain are CORRECT? 1. Proper communication between regions of the brain is critical for cognitive functions to be carried out smoothly. 2. People who are left-handed only use their right hemisphere for all tasks they do, whereas people who are right-handed only use their left hemisphere for all tasks they do. 3. The claim that we only use 10% of our brain is a myth. 4. Once people reach adolescence, the brain no longer has the capacity to change. 5. The right hemisphere controls the left side of your body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side of your body. 6. Learning a new skill, like how to ride a bike, can change the connections of neurons in your brain. 7. The four lobes in your cerebral cortex come in pairs; you have one of each lobe in the left hemisphere and one of each lobe in the right hemisphere. 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 1, 2, 4, and 5 1, 3, and 7 2 and 4

1, 3, 5, 6, and 7

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the study on recalling and recognizing the Apple logo? A) All participants were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. B) Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that elaborative rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. C) All participants showed poor performance when drawing the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is not sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. D) Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory

All participants showed poor performance when drawing the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is not sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory.

Which of the following is NOT an example of indirect ways to study mental representations? As a researcher studying spatial abilities, asking your participants to describe their thought process as they mentally walk around their home As a researcher studying reading comprehension, identifying the parts of the brain that are active (through brain imaging) when your participants are reading a story As a researcher studying attention, examining how quickly participants in your driving simulation study hit the breaks when a deer appears on the road As a researcher studying memory, comparing how many facts your participants remembered when they learned the facts with or without background music

As a researcher studying spatial abilities, asking your participants to describe their thought process as they mentally walk around their home

If I show a split brain patient the word COW on the left side of the computer screen and BELL on the right side of the computer screen, what word can they verbally report they saw? BELL COW Neither word COWBELL

BELL

Which of the below statements BEST describes localization of function? Certain regions of the brain are more activated for certain functions One region of the brain is responsible for all functions we perform Each lobe in the cerebral cortex is responsible for only one function Only one region of the brain shows activity when we perform a function

Certain regions of the brain are more activated for certain functions

If you know that there is a positive correlation between motivation and academic performance, which of the following claims can you make? 1. Decreases in motivation are associated with decreases in academic performance. 2. Being more motivated improves academic performance. 3. It is possible that higher motivation leads to greater academic performance and it is also possible that greater academic performance leads to higher motivation. 4. Motivation might be closely related to something else, like conscientiousness, that may explain the increase in academic performance. Claims 1, 3, and 4 All claims are correct. Claims 2, 3, and 4 Claim 1 only Claim 2 only

Claims 1, 3, and 4

Which of the following BEST explains the approach of cognitive psychology? Cognitive psychology uses observable measures as proxies to indirectly study unobservable processes. Cognitive psychology speculates about unobservable processes without generating ways to study them. Cognitive psychology is not interested in studying things that are not directly observable. Cognitive psychology directly examines unobservable processes through tools similar to introspection.

Cognitive psychology uses observable measures as proxies to indirectly study unobservable processes.

Reshma has really poor vision, so she has to wear thick glasses to be able to read anything. She is given the following words and she is asked to read the ink color: the word BLUE in orange ink, the word RED in green ink, the word YELLOW in blue ink, the word GREEN in green ink, the word PURPLE in purple ink, the word RED in red ink. Which of the following should be INCORRECT about Reshma's performance on this task? A) Even when Reshma is asked to read the word instead of the ink color, she will be significantly slower for the first three words compared to the last three words. B) Reshma will automatically read the word itself in all cases even if she is trying to focus on the ink color. C) If Reshma takes off her glasses so she can't read the words anymore, she should be equally quick naming the ink color of the first three words and of the last three words. D)Reshma will be slower to name the ink color of the first three words than the ink color of the last three words.

Even when Reshma is asked to read the word instead of the ink color, she will be significantly slower for the first three words compared to the last three words.

How does an experiment allow a researcher to demonstrate a cause-effect relationship between two variables? If everything is kept constant and only the independent variable is changed, a researcher can conclude that change in the dependent variable is caused by change in the independent variable. Cause-effect relationships involving human behavior can never be shown because of the wide differences among individuals and even among the same individuals in different situations. Experiments allow researchers to investigate natural relationships between two or more variables without having to actually manipulate the variables themselves. Researchers can apply different conditions of the dependent variable to each subject or groups of subjects, thus observing what effects are produced.

If everything is kept constant and only the independent variable is changed, a researcher can conclude that change in the dependent variable is caused by change in the independent variable.

Which of the following is TRUE about the study with Greebles that was discussed on Thursday's class regarding face recognition? Participants who were trained to recognize Greebles show activation in the fusiform face area when they look at both Greebles and faces. Participants who were trained to recognize Greebles show activation in the fusiform face area when they look at Greebles, but they no longer show activation in this area when they look at faces. Participants who have no prior experience with Greebles show activation in the fusiform face area when they look at both Greebles and faces. Participants who have no prior experience with Greebles cannot learn to recognize individual Greebles, or categorize their gender and family.

Participants who were trained to recognize Greebles show activation in

An experienced driver can drive while holding a relatively complex conversation. This combination of activities is difficult, however, for a novice driver. Which of the following explanations most likely explains the difference? A)Practicing a task leads to a decline in the resource demands for that task. B)Practicing the tasks improves confidence in the task. C)The two activities are very different, so they rely on different sets of attentional resources. D)The two activities are very different, so the task combination creates no problems with channel segregation.

Practicing a task leads to a decline in the resource demands for that task.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the recognition of inverted faces? Recognition of inverted faces is harder than recognition of upright faces, suggesting that face recognition is viewpoint-dependent. Face recognition is affected only minimally by inverting the image, suggesting that face recognition is viewpoint-independent. Inverting objects produces a bigger deficit in recognition than inverting a face, because we are less familiar with objects than faces. We cannot recognize inverted faces, because we are used to seeing faces upright rather than seeing them inverted

Recognition of inverted faces is harder than recognition of upright faces, suggesting that face recognition is viewpoint-dependent.

In studies of spatial attention, participants are shown a neutral cue, a high-validity cue (correctly predicting the location of the upcoming target across most trials), or a misleading cue (incorrectly predicting the location of the upcoming target). In each trial, participants need to press a button as soon as they see the target. Which of the following is CORRECT about typical findings from these studies? a) Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a highvalidity cue. B)Response times to a misleading cue are faster than response times to a neutral cue. C)There is no difference in response times between a neutral cue and a misleading cue. D) Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue.

Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue.

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding task switching? A) Switching back and forth between tasks does not impair how accurately or quickly you complete tasks. B) We never complete two tasks at the same time; we always switch back and forth between the two tasks. C) Task switching can only be observed in laboratory experiments studying attention. D) Switching between two attention-demanding tasks rather than completing the two separately increases errors and/or completion times.

Switching between two attention-demanding tasks rather than completing the two separately increases errors and/or completion times

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the Stroop effect? A)The Stroop effect demonstrates how easy it is for people to selectively attend to various types of information. B)When asked to name the ink color in which color names are presented, people will be slower if the ink color and color name conflict with each other (e.g., the word blue presented in red ink) than if they match (e.g., the word blue presented in blue ink). C) Stroop effects demonstrate that word reading is automatic. D) Stroop effects demonstrate that inhibiting well-practiced processes can take up attentional resources.

The Stroop effect demonstrates how easy it is for people to selectively attend to various types of information.

In one dichotic listening study, researchers measured the electrical activity in participants' brains as they listened to a different message on each ear. The electrical activity for the unattanded channel and the attended channel started to show large differences as early as 80 milliseconds after the start of the messages. All participants shadowed the attended channel with great accuracy, and they could not report what the message in the unattended channel was about. Which of the following is a FALSE conclusion based on this study? a) Attention filters out irrelevant information early on; the unattended channel is processed very little. b) Participants can selectively attend to what they are instructed to pretty well. c) Attention is not an unlimited resource; participants cannot successfully indicate the content of the message in both channels. d)The late selection view of attention is supported; participants process both channels for 80 milliseconds before the electrical activity starts showing differences.

The late selection view of attention is supported; participants process both channels for 80 milliseconds before the electrical activity starts showing differences.

Which of the following is INCORRECT about distracted driving? A) People are slower to react to driving-related tasks if they are talking on the phone compared to if they are not on the phone while driving. B) Distracted driving can increase the likelihood of inattentional blindness for pedestrians, animals, and road signs. C) Even people who consider themselves as good drivers suffer from dividing their attention between driving and cell phone use. D) Using a hands-free phone while driving is not a problem, because your eyes are on the road and your hands are on the wheel.

Using a hands-free phone while driving is not a problem, because your eyes are on the road and your hands are on the wheel.

Posner, Snyder, and Davidson (1980) examined spatial attention using arrows as primes. In most of the trials the arrow pointed to the area where the stimulus would appear a moment later, but 20% of the time it did not. They compared reaction times (RTs) for trials when the cue correctly pointed to the stimulus location, for trials when the arrow pointed toward an incorrect position, and for trials with a neutral cue (no arrow). Which of the following statements was NOT supported by their findings? 1) RTs were slower when the arrow pointed toward an incorrect location. 2)Spatial attention is limited in capacity. 3)We can attend to two different locations without a reduction in performance. 4) RTs were faster for responses for arrows pointing correctly compared to the neutral condition.

We can attend to two different locations without a reduction in performance.

Which of the following statements provides the most serious obstacle to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence? When facts are provided by introspection, we have no way to assess the facts themselves, independent of the reporter's perspective. Introspection is a valid method only if the person doing the introspection goes into a trance-like state. The process of reporting on one's own mental events is too slow to be scientifically useful. Introspection is only effective for children, because children have not yet learned to inhibit their own self-reports.

When facts are provided by introspection, we have no way to assess the facts themselves, independent of the reporter's perspective.

A sudden, loud noise often has the impact of distracting participants long enough to clear the contents of working memory. Imagine that participants hear a list of the names of 20 different fruits, followed by an unexpected loud noise. The effect of the noise will be: a diminished recency effect and a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the other words on the list are remembered diminished performance for the entire list a diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered a diminished primacy effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered

a diminished recency effect but no impact on how well the other words in the list are remembered

8) Which of the following observations is most likely an illustration of context-dependent memory? a) "Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier." b) "I spent hours studying in the library last night preparing for my history exam. And it really paid off; I did a great job on the exam." c) "Mikhail has told me his phone number over and over again, but somehow I can't get it into my head." d) "I haven't been to Athens in years, but I still remember all the great times I had there!"

a) "Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier."

9) Which of the following is NOT an example of absent-mindedness in the context of forgetting and memory errors? a) Forgetting the name of a theory during your final exam, because it had been so long since you first learned it in class b) Forgetting to bring your phone charger to your weekend trip, because you did not create an implementation intention c) Not remembering where you put your sunglasses, because you did not pay attention to the moment you placed them on the kitchen counter d) Not knowing the location of the fire extinguisher in your workplace, even though you walk by it every time you go to work

a) Forgetting the name of a theory during your final exam, because it had been so long since you first learned it in class

6) Three years ago, Kayla sustained a serious head injury while riding a bike. The injury occurred shortly after her 25th birthday. Since then, she experiences anterograde amnesia. Which of the following could be attributed to this diagnosis? a) Kayla tried a new restaurant two weeks ago but does not remember doing this b) Kayla no longer remembers how to ride a bike c) Kayla does not remember her 23rd birthday party d) Kayla does not remember her parents' names

a) Kayla tried a new restaurant two weeks ago but does not remember doing this

2) Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference? a) Remembering who sang a newer rendition of a song when trying to remember who sang the older rendition of the same song b) Retrieving your old password to login to your e-mail account instead of your new password c) Not being able to remember who told you to get your flu shot, the school nurse or your lab partner d) Not being able to remember your cousin's married name because you keep thinking of their maiden name

a) Remembering who sang a newer rendition of a song when trying to remember who sang the older

8) Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding Ebbinghaus and his contribution to our understanding of memory? a) When Ebbinghaus tried to relearn sets of material, he realized that he had no memory of the material, showing that encoded information is completely lost even at brief delays. b) Ebbinghaus demonstrated that previously encoded information is forgotten very quickly soon after initial learning, but that the amount of forgetting slows down after a certain point. c) Ebbinghaus calculated a measure called savings to describe how much he retained from previously learned information when he tested his memory at various retention intervals. d) Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables as his experimental stimuli to avoid any effects of meaning on learning and retention.

a) When Ebbinghaus tried to relearn sets of material, he realized that he had no memory of the material, showing that encoded information is completely lost even at brief delays.

4) Memory for the names of all US states and territories would be an example of _______________ whereas memory of your first kayaking trip would be an example of _______________, both of which are a form of _______________. a) semantic memory; episodic memory; explicit memory b) episodic memory; semantic memory; explicit memory c) perceptual learning; procedural memory; implicit memory d) semantic memory; procedural memory; implicit memory

a) semantic memory; episodic memory; explicit memory

A late selection view of attention suggests that: a)all inputs are processed to a reasonable degree; however, only the attended input reaches consciousness. b)only the attended input is analyzed; the unattended input receives little analysis. c)attention can switch back and forth between attended and unattended inputs. d)analysis of an unattended input is greater than that of the attended input.

all inputs are processed to a reasonable degree, however, only the attended input reaches consciousness

Based on what you know about working memory, which of the following would you expect to be predicted by (or correlated with) working memory capacity? 1. GPA in college 2. Reading comprehension 3. Complex problem-solving 4. The magnitude of Stroop effects a) All of these are related to working memory capacity. b) None of these are related to working memory capacity. c) 1, 2, and 3 d) Only 4

all of these are related to working memory capacity

7) Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding forgetting and memory errors? a) Inaccurate memories can look and feel like accurate memories; they can be recalled with detail, with high confidence, and with emotion. b) Most of the times, the mechanisms that lead to forgetting and memory errors can be considered adaptive features of cognition. c) All statements are correct. d) Errors in memory often happen in predictable ways

all statements are correct

Which of the following statements is CORRECT regarding the drop policy in this course? All statements are correct. Your cumulative final exam score cannot be dropped. Your three lowest review scores drop at the end of the semester. You can miss three classes that have an in-class activity without your absences affecting your grade.

all statements are correct

1) Imagine you are shown the word "dog" and asked one of the following questions about that word. Which of these questions is going to lead to the best memory performance? a) Does it contain an "A"? b) Does it fit into the following sentence, "The speeding car swung around the corner, music blaring, and screeched to a halt before seeing the ________"? c) Does it fit into the sentence, "The ________ enjoyed his dinner"? d) Does it rhyme with "log"?

b) Does it fit into the following sentence, "The speeding car swung around the corner, music blaring, and screeched to a halt before seeing the ________"?

7) A participant is asked, "In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if they: a) relied on imagery when studying the words. b) paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them. c) paid attention to the meaning of the words when trying to memorize them. d) used maintenance rehearsal when trying to memorize the words.

b) paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them.

10) Priya is taking an in-person psychology course at IU that meets in Room 113 of the Psychology building. At the end of the semester, the instructor will give a take-home final exam and Priya is wondering if she should try to complete it in Room 113 rather than at her apartment or the library. Based on what you know about context dependent memory, which of the below is the best recommendation? a) She should take the final exam in Room 113, because matching the encoding and retrieval context always boosts memory relative to not matching these two contexts. b) It should not matter where Priya takes the final exam, because context-dependent memory effects are not observed outside of laboratory experiments. c) The location of the final exam should not matter if the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that already provide specific and helpful retrieval cues. d) She should not take the final exam in Room 113 to avoid the interference that might occur from reinstating the encoding context at the time of retrieval.

c) The location of the final exam should not matter if the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that already provide specific and helpful retrieval cues.

5) In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981), participants waited in an experimenter's office for the experiment to begin. After they left the room, they learned that the study was about their memory of that office. This study demonstrated that: a) people have highly accurate memories for objects in an environment they have been in recently. b) college students' memories are much worse than the memories of other groups in society. c) people make assumptions using prior knowledge about what an academic office typically contains. d) college students do not know what a professor's office typically contains.

c) people make assumptions using prior knowledge about what an academic office typically contains.

3) Commission errors resulting from someone planting false memories demonstrate __________, whereas commission errors within the DRM paradigm demonstrate __________. a) transience; suggestibility b) suggestibility; bias c) suggestibility; misattribution d) misattribution; suggestibility

c) suggestibility; misattribution

An action potential begins at the _____ and travels down the ____, and ultimately causes the ______. cell body; axon; release of neurotransmitters myelin sheath; synapse; release of neurotransmitters myelin sheath; cell body; firing of additional action potentials cell body; myelin sheath; release of sodium

cell body; axon; release of neurotransmitters

Across two phone interview experiments, most participants failed to notice that the female interviewer, to whom they were responding, changed after the third question of the interview, probably because of: a)dichotic listening b)change blindness c)inattentional blindness d)the cocktail party effect

change blindness

When presented with the below image, many people report perceiving a white triangle in the middle. This is an example of the Gestalt principle of _________ and reflects __________ influences on visual perception. closure; top-down closure; bottom-down good continuation; top-down good continuation; bottom-up

closure; top-down

Which of the following does NOT provide evidence for the statement that attention is a limited capacity system? A)Stroop effect B)Inattentional blindness C)Cocktail party effect D)Spatial attention studies

cocktail party effect

If you will miss an exam in this course for a reasonable and anticipated circumstance, what is the BEST course of action? Contact the instructor at least two weeks in advance, or as early as you can, with documentation Send an email to the instructor after the exam day with documentation There are no options for a make-up exam in this course Talk to the UTA during the class meeting prior to the exam

contact the instructor at least two weeks in advance, or as early as you can, with documentation

4) Which of the following is NOT an example of misattribution in the context of forgetting and memory errors? a) You tell one of your classmates about a TV show that you heard from a friend, and your classmate tells you that they were the one who told you about the TV show in the first place. b) A musician composed a tune she liked and thought that it was her original work, but she was actually primed by listening to an almost identical tune from the 90s over the weekend. c) After studying the words "bed, rest, awake, tired, dream, wake, snooze, blanket, doze, slumber", people will likely misremember having studied the word "sleep". d) After doing a virtual tour of an apartment, Kendra falsely remembers a microwave in the kitchen, when in fact there was no microwave.

d) After doing a virtual tour of an apartment, Kendra falsely remembers a microwave in the kitchen, when in fact there was no microwave.

Hank finds that he better remembers the history material he is studying if he generates explanations for why the events took place and why particular figures participated in these events. This best illustrates the effects of _____________. elaborative encoding spaced practice retrieval practice a growth mindset

elaborative encoding

start of cards from exam 1 During Thursday's class, you participated in a demonstration where you studied two lists of sentences about different men. When I tested your memory on these sentences (where you wrote down the missing word for each sentence), most of you performed better on the second list than the first list, which best demonstrated the effectiveness of ______________. elaborative encoding retrieval practice spaced practice a growth mindset

elaborative encoding

A researcher interested in face recognition recruits 100 participants for her research study. If she is interested in the parts of the brain that are most active as people are identifying celebrities, she should use __________. However, if she is interested in the parts of the brain that are most active at the moment of verbalizing the celebrity's name, she should use __________ instead. functional neuroimaging; electrical recording electrical recording; functional neuroimaging a lesion study; single cell recording structural neuroimaging; electrical recording

functional neuroimaging, electrical recording

In dichotic listening tasks, most participants are able to: a)identify physical attributes of the message on the unattended channel. b)maintain their focus on the attended channel, but with considerable difficulty and frequent slips. c)tell if the unattended channel contained a coherent message or just random words. d)concentrate effectively on the attended channel, so they end up detecting nothing on the unattended channel.

identify physical attributions of the message on the unattended channel

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the __________ variable and measures the change in the __________ variable. independent; dependent quantitative; qualitative population; sample dependent; independent

independent, dependent

A horse is blocking the front of a barn door, obstructing your view of the door. This configuration allows you to determine that the horse is closer to you than the barn door is. This is called: interposition linear perspective closure familiar size

interposition

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the executive control mechanism? A) It is used to keep current goals active. B) It inhibits distracting thoughts. C)It seems to rely on the prefrontal cortex (in the frontal lobe). D)It is needed for habitual responding, but not for goal-directed behaviors.

it is needed for habitual responding, but not for goal oriented behaviors

Patricio's mom calls and recites the following list of items for him to pick up at the grocery store: "eggs, bananas, cheese, onions, milk, lettuce, pickles, cereal, bread, potatoes, chicken, avocado, crackers, coffee, apples, salsa, and tissues." He is unable to write down the items as she says them, but he quickly creates a note on his phone after his mom hangs up. Which group of items is Patricio most likely to miss? Lettuce, pickles, and cereal Eggs, bananas, and cheese Patricio will remember all of the items on the list Apples, salsa, and tissues

lettuce pickles and cereal

5) Bryan had an argument with his partner earlier today, which put him in a very bad mood. At the end of the day, all Bryan can remember about their relationship are negative events, when in fact they have shared many positive experiences. Which of the following best describes this example? a) depression b) mood-dependency effects c) mood congruency effects d) fixed mindset

mood congruency effects

Cells that detect the boundary of a dark gray surface next to a light gray surface are subject to _____________ lateral inhibition than cells that detect the center of the same dark gray surface, a process that occurs in the _____________. Feel free to look at the Mach bands below to answer this question. more; retina less; retina more; primary visual cortex less; primary visual cortex

more; retina

Which of the following is FALSE about the Ponzo Illusion? None of the statements about the Ponzo Illusion are false. The contextual cues in the image lead you to over-adjust the length of the bottom line that you are trying to match to the top line. The use of linear perspective misleads you to see the top line as longer than it actually is. Your size perception is misguided due to the monocular depth cues in the display.

none of the statements about the Ponzo illusion are false

D.F. is a woman who suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning that damaged her ventral pathway. She could ___________, but she could not ___________. reach out and accurately grasp an object; use the object describe the object; use the object reach out and accurately grasp an object; identify the object identify an object; reach out an accurately grasp the object

reach out and accurately grasp an object; identify the object

It is mid-September and you are studying for Exam 1 in this course. You want to use some of the strategies you learned in class to improve your studying. Which of the following strategies was NOT recommended as an effective study strategy? Reading your notes over and over again Generating examples of concepts based on your experiences Explaining why certain concepts occur and how they relate to each other Answering questions that your friend generated on course material

reading your notes over and over again

In this course, you will complete one review assignment each week, and these will typically contain multiple-choice questions like the ones you are answering for this review. You can attempt each review up to 4 times, but you have to wait at least 2 hours in between attempts. Which principles are incorporated in the design of these assignments? only spaced practice only retrieval practice retrieval practice and spaced practice elaborative encoding and retrieval practice

retrieval practice and spaced practice

Which of the scenarios below indicate inattentional blindness? Scenario 1: You have been looking around the living room for 10 minutes for your keys. Your roommate walks by and picks them up off the coffee table that was right in front of you the whole time. Scenario 2: Dillon is watching the movie Spiderman. He fails to notice that a lamp which Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spiderman) just broke is fully intact mere seconds later in the scene. Scenario 3: Martha looked in the mirror at least a dozen times while getting dressed for work this morning, but she still failed to notice the pen stain on the front pocket of her blouse. Scenario 4: While reading a magazine, Jerome comes across a "Can you spot the difference?" game, but he can't see how the two images differ from each other

scenarios 1 and 3

The skill through which a person focuses on one input or task while ignoring other stimuli that are also on the scene is referred to as: a)selective attention b)divided attention c)attentional capture d)dichotic listening

selective attention

You are at a professional basketball game. You look across from your seat and notice the other side of the stadium and all of the people in their seats. You close your eyes, and for a brief moment, you see an accurate afterimage of that view in your mind. This is an example of ______. sensory memory working memory short-term memory long-term memory

sensory memory

The idea of a "cognitive budget" is often used to conceptualize attentional resources. Which of the following statements about the "cognitive budget" is INCORRECT? A) The budget can increase markedly through practice. B) Tasks may require fewer resources after practice. C) One can perform multiple tasks only if the sum of the tasks' demands does not exceed the budget. D)The budget is used for any task requiring conscious or voluntary attention

the budget can increase markedly through practice

A participant who has just participated in an experiment involving dichotic listening is LEAST likely to remember: a)the meaning of the words presented on the unattended channel. b)whether input in the unattended channel was spoken by a male or a female. c)whether the unattended channel contained music or speech. d)how loud the signal of the attended channel was.

the meaning of the words presented on the unattended channel

A researcher is interested in the effects of background music on learning. He recruits 100 participants and randomly assigns 50 to listen to classical music and 50 to listen to rock music as everyone reads the same textbook chapter. The researcher then gives all participants the same test on the chapter, which all participants complete in a silent room. The researcher finds that both groups perform similarly on this test, so he concludes that background music does not affect learning. Why can't the researcher make this claim based on his research study? The researcher did not have an appropriate control condition without music. The researcher should have presented music at the time of test as well. The researcher should have included other types of music, not just classical and rock. The researcher did not manipulate an independent variable in this research study.

the researcher did not have an appropriate control condition without music

Drugs can change the activity of neurotransmitters in a number of ways. A class of drugs called "agonists"facilitate the activity of neurotransmitters. Which of the below DOES NOT demonstrate how an agonist drug might work? These all demonstrate how an agonist drug might work. Blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters by the pre-synaptic neuron. Increasing the amount of neurotransmitters released into the synapse. Increasing the number of receptor sites at the post-synaptic neuron

these all demonstrate how an agonist drug might work

Which of the below is an example of retrieval practice? These are all examples of retrieval practice Writing down what you remember learning in class that day for 10 minutes at the end of the day Describing the concepts you learned in class to a family member Answering practice questions or solving problem sets your instructor provided

these are all examples of retrieval practice

Janet hears on the news that those who attend private school have longer lifespans. She calls up her partner and insists that their children must enroll in private school immediately. What is the primary flaw in Janet's thinking? Third-variable problem: It could be the case that another factor (such as socioeconomic status) explains the positive relationship between attending private school and longevity Directionality: The true findings refer to the fact that those who live longer lives simply have more time to attend private schools Case study: This finding appears to only have been found in one or two people Limited source: Janet only hears about this finding from one source, and so it is unclear whether it's a true finding

third-variable problem: It could be the case that another factor (such as socioeconomic status) explains the positive relationship between attending private school and longevity

The 'cocktail party effect' suggests that: a)unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness. b)unattended meaningful information cannot break through into awareness. c)attentional capture occurs in auditory perception only. d)dichotic listening tasks have no real-world applications.

unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of working memory? A)Easily accessible B) Drawn on by a wide range of tasks C) Unlimited storage capacity D) Contents closely associated with the current focus of attention

unlimited storage capacity

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding the extension policy in this course? You can request extensions after an assignment deadline has passed. You don't need to provide documentation to use your extensions. You can only use your extensions on reviews and ZAPS activities. You have 3 extensions in total that you can use in this course.

you can request extensions after an assignment deadline has passed