cog psych chapter 9

. In the sentence, "The physics student dropped the ball," dropped the ball is the ____. a. adjective clause b. noun phrase c. article d. verb phrase

d

. Chomsky proposed that in order to understand syntax one must consider interrelationships among phrases within sentences as well as ____. a. syntactical relationships between sentences b. semantic relationships among phrases within sentences c. conceptual relationships between sentences d. systematically-biased relationships in the passage

a

. The ____ effect involves integrating what we know with what we hear when we perceive speech. a. phonemic-restoration b. categorical perception c. continuous perception d. phonemic-segmentation

a

A(n) ____ is the entire set of morphemes in a given language or in a given person's linguistic repertoire. a. lexicon b. allophone c. verbiage d. vocabulary

a

According to the principle of ____, words mean what people agree that they mean. a. conventionality b. contrast c. symbolic arbitrariness d. differential meaning

a

Although the speech sounds we actually hear are made up of a continuum of variation in sound waves, we experience speech sounds ____. a. categorically b. morphemically c. continuously d. phonemically

a

An important characteristic of language is that it is ____, that is, language constantly evolves. a. dynamic b. arbitrarily symbolic c. generative d. productive

a

Edmund has a brain injury to the area of motor cortex that affects his lips. You would expect that Edmund's speech perception would be ____. a. completely unaffected b. affected for speech sounds affecting the lips and tip of the tongue c. moderately affected for all speech sounds d. profoundly affected for all speech sounds

a

In the ____ effect, letters are read more easily when they are embedded in words than when they are presented either in isolation or with letters that do not form words. a. word-superiority b. word-context c. letter-identification d. perceptual-facilitation

a

Jay struggles with reading and is undergoing testing of his ____ skills, which involve his ability to identify letters. a. orthographic b. phonological c. lexical d. phonemic

a

Mel is a psycholinguist who is interested in characterizing the structures, functions, and relationships of words in language. She probably specializes in ____ grammar. a. descriptive b. prescriptive c. pragmatic d. inferential

a

The ____ is the smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance from another. a. phoneme b. morpheme c. syntax d. lexicon

a

When confronted with nonspeech sounds, on the other hand, we can perceive ____ sound per second a. less than one b. 3 to 5 c. 7 to 10 d. 15 to 20

a

When people speed-read, they show ____. a. fewer and shorter fixations b. more but shorter fixations c. fewer but longer fixations d. more and longer fixations

a

Which type of dyslexia is typically caused by traumatic brain damage? a. acquired b. developmental c. progressive d. longitudinal

a

Your twin nephews seem to have developed their own special language and, despite concentrated effort, you struggle to understand it. For reasons that are completely unclear to you, they call their favorite candy "osploth." It has no ingredients that sound anything like the name they use nor is its actual name anything like "osploth." Which property of language does this suggest? a. arbitrary symbolic b. productivity c. the dynamic property d. regularity of structure

a

____ are used to identify letters and words and also activate relevant information in memory about these words. a. Lexical b. Semantic c. Syntactic d. Comprehension

a

____ are ways in which items can be used in the context of communication. a. Thematic roles b. Coarticulations c. Holophrases d. Functional morphemes

a

____ encoding is the process by which we translate sensory information (i.e., the written words we see) into a meaningful representation. a. Semantic b. Syntactic c. Cultural d. Perceptual

a

____ involves units of language larger than individual sentences. a. Discourse b. Syntax c. Semantics d. Pragmatics

a

_____ includes both the denotation and connation of a word. a. Semantics b. Holophrasic c. Verbal fluency d. Telegraphic speech

a

. According to Kintsch, during reading, working memory temporarily stores ____. a. words b. ideas c. syntactic structures d. letters

b

. Semantics is to syntax as ____. a. structure is to meaning b. meaning is to structure c. nouns are to verbs d. verbs are to nouns

b

According to the principle of ____, two different words have two at least slightly different meanings. a. conventionality b. contrast c. symbolic arbitrariness d. differential meaning

b

As Tyler and Taylor listen to the recitation of a poem by Edgar Alan Poe: "How they tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, / In the icy air of night!; To the tintinnabulation that so musically wells / From the bells, bells, bells, bells, / Bells, bells, bells / From the jingling and the tinkling of the bells." Tyler focuses on the sounds of the individual words like "tintinnabulation" while Taylor focuses on the meaning of the stanzas. This is possible because language is ____. a. regularly structured b. structured at multiple levels c. arbitrary d. communicative

b

In the sentence, "The physics student dropped the ball," the physics student is the ____. a. adjective clause b. noun phrase c. predicate d. verb phrase

b

It is estimated that one language dies out about every ____. a. month b. three months c. six months d. year

b

On a planet where cows are called zoht!, the inhabitants use the name "zoht!" any time they refer to cows. A psycholinguist would argue on the basis of this fact that the aliens' language is ____. a. regularly structured b. arbitrarily symbolic c. dynamic d. static

b

People with ____ dyslexia often have been found to have abnormalities in certain chromosomes, most notably, 3, 6, and 15. a. acquired b. developmental c. progressive d. longitudinal

b

Semantics is the study of the ____. a. structure of language b. meanings of words c. production of speech d. acquisition of language

b

The smallest unit of meaning within a particular language is the ____. a. phoneme b. morpheme c. lexicon d. trope

b

The study of the smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance from another in a particular language is called ____. a. discourse b. phonemics c. phonetics d. allophonics

b

Timmy said, "My name is Timmy Bogokowsy and I live on the corner of Phillis and Emerson Roads." It is very likely that Timmy is the first human being in history to have uttered this sentence. This illustrates language's ____. a. regularity of structure b. generative property c. arbitrary symbolic reference d. communicative property

b

Transformational grammar refers to rules used to ____. a. contrast prescriptive and descriptive grammar b. generate surface structures from deep structures c. interrelate bottom-up and top-down strategies to derive meaning d. analyze a sentence's classical concepts

b

____ combines information of different kinds, such as the features of letters, the letters themselves, and the words comprising the letters. a. Lexical encoding b. Lexical access c. Semantic retrieval d. Semantic encoding

b

____ grammar specifies the "correct" ways in which to structure the use of written and spoken language. a. Descriptive b. Prescriptive c. Inferential d. Logistical

b

____ refers to the systematic way in which words can be combined and sequenced to make meaningful phrases and sentences. a. Semantics b. Syntax c. Pragmatics d. Linguistics

b

. According to Noam Chomsky, the mental lexicon ____. a. contains only semantic meanings of each word b. contains morphemes and semantic meanings of each word c. contains semantic and syntactical information for each word d. contains the spellings and semantic meanings of each word

c

. The average, literate adult can read a passage of text at a speed of ____ words per minute. a. 25-30 b. 100-150 c. 250-300 d. 350-400

c

. When decoding spoken language it is necessary to separate the continuous stream of sound into distinct words. This process is referred to as ____. a. coarticulation b. discourse c. segmentation d. reintegration

c

. ____ is the study of how to produce or combine speech sounds or to represent them with written symbols a. Discourse b. Phonemics c. Phonetics d. Allophones

c

According to the ____ hypothesis, readers make inferences based only on information that is easily available to them and then only when they need to make such inferences to make sense of adjoining sentences. a. low-effort b. simplistic c. minimalist d. basics

c

By combining morphemes, most adult English speakers have a vocabulary of hundreds of thousands of words. a. hundreds b. thousands c. hundreds of thousands d. hundreds of billions

c

Dolores is learning English. She would like to say that it is almost time to go home. Instead, she says, "The time is almost her home to go." Which property of language is Delores struggling with? a. arbitrary symbolism. b. productive quality. c. regular structure. d. dynamic property.

c

In English, ____ are made up of vowel or consonant sounds a. morpheme b. percepts c. phoneme d. lexicons

c

Jan hears her brother say, "don't forget the *ist". Although her brother coughed while saying the last word, Jan is certain he said list. Her ability to perceive *ist as the word list is referred to as the ____ effect. a. continuous perception b. semantic completion c. phonemic-restoration d. phonemic-segmentation

c

North American English has about 40 ____, while Hawaiian has about 13. a. morphemes b. percepts c. phonemes d. tropes

c

Steve analyzes the order in which words appear in utterances. He probably specializes in ____ grammar. a. inferential b. prescriptive c. phrase-structure d. word-structure

c

Tameron is visiting a village in a remote area for the purpose of seeing how the villagers produce and combine various speech sounds. He is also interested in how the various sounds are written as symbols. Tameron is interested in ____. a. discourse b. phonemics c. phonetics d. allophones

c

The average adult speaker of English knows about ____ morphemes. a. 20,000 b. 40,000 c. 80,000 d. 160,000

c

The strict dictionary definition of a word is its ____. a. construction b. interpretation c. denotation d. connotation

c

The study of language structure and change is called ____. a. sociolinguistics b. neurolinguistics c. linguistics d. psycholinguistics

c

The word-superiority effect is also known as the ____ effect. a. Hoffding b. Hubel-Weisel c. Reicher-Wheeler d. Rumelhart-McClelland

c

We can perceive as many as ____ phonemes per second in a language in which we are fluent a. 30 b. 40 c. 50 d. 60

c

We can use language to produce an infinite number of unique sentences and other meaningful combinations of words. Thus language is ____. a. regularly structured b. evolved and evolving c. inherently creative d. differentially structured

c

When a person has a difficult time deciphering, reading, and comprehending written information he or she may have ____. a. aphasia b. malapropism c. dyslexia d. anomaly

c

Which level of analysis goes beyond the level of the sentence and can include things like conversations, paragraphs, or even an entire written work? a. conventionality b. generativity c. discourse d. syntax

c

Which of the following correctly identifies the two parts that are present in every sentence? a. verb phrase and predicate b. subject and noun phrase c. verb phrase and noun phrase d. adjective phrase and article

c

With technology, new words are developed in order to describe new concepts or products. The coining of new words and phrases refers to language's ____. a. regularity of structure b. multiplicity of structure c. dynamic quality d. communicative property

c

You hear your brother say, "The dog was walked by Mom." The next sentence you say, "This morning, John was hit by Mike," has similar sentence structure. This similarity results from ____ priming. a. systematic b. semantic c. syntactical d. grammatical

c

____ is an interactive process that allows us to retrieve the meaning of the word from memory. a. Semantic access b. Semantic retrieval c. Lexical access d. Lexical attainment

c

____ is concerned with the structure/construction of meaningful phrases and sentences. a. Phonetics b. Morphemics c. Syntax d. Semantics

c

____ is the study of language in terms of noticing regular patterns. a. Semantics b. Pragmatics c. Grammar d. Linguistics

c

____ refers to an underlying syntactical structure that links various phrase structures through various transformation rules, while ____ refers to any of the various phrase structure that may result from such transformations. a. Prescriptive grammar; descriptive grammar b. Descriptive grammar; prescriptive grammar c. Deep structure; surface structure d. Surface structure; deep structure

c

____ rules guide the ways in which an underlying proposition can be arranged into a sentence. a. Prescriptive b. Descriptive c. Transformational d. Connotative

c

. Occasionally, readers encounter unknown words and must determine their meanings from the surrounding context. When this happens, readers with ____ use well-formulated strategies to figure out word meanings whereas readers with ____ use no clear strategy. a. normal abilities; dyslexia b. high verbal encoding; low verbal encoding c. above-average intelligence; below-average intelligence d. large vocabularies; small vocabularies

d

. The ____ effect involves the synchrony of visual (the speaker's lip movements) and auditory (speech) perceptions. a. categorical-perception b. TRACE c. phonemic-restoration d. McGurk

d

. Vincent is able to hear normally, but he struggles to understand what is said to him. Vincent appears to have problems with _____. a. generative language b. phonemic production c. adaptive language skills d. verbal comprehension

d

A word's emotional overtones, presuppositions, and other nonexplicit meanings are its ____. a. constructions b. interpretations c. denotations d. connotations

d

Boundaries between phonemes are often not discrete and may overlap. This overlapping of phonemes is called ____. a. allophonics b. holophrasology c. discourse d. coarticulation

d

Carpenter and Just's (1981) eye-movement studies revealed that, during reading, ____ words are fixated for a longer duration than ____ words. a. function; meaningful b. familiar; unfamiliar c. initial; final d. longer; shorter

d

Language is most accurately described as ____. a. communicative, statically symbolic, and productive b. regularly structured, communicative, and statically symbolic c. structured at multiple levels, dynamic, and abstractly leveled d. regularly structured, productive, and dynamic

d

Symbols that resemble their referents in some way and are not arbitrarily symbolic are termed ____. a. words. b. phonemes. c. morphemes. d. icons.

d

The sentences, "Tommy greedily ate the chicken," and "The chicken was eaten greedily by Tommy" have the same ____ structure, but have different ____ structure. a. shallow; elaborative b. surface; deep c. elaborative; shallow d. deep; surface

d

What is the most basic level of processing in Rumelhart and McClelland's Interactive-Activation Model? a. word b. phoneme c. letter d. feature

d

Which property of language conveys the notion that we are able to exchange thoughts and feelings with others? a. arbitrarily symbolic b. structured at multiple levels c. generative d. communicative

d

____ processes are used to make sense of the text as a whole. a. Lexical b. Semantic c. Syntactic d. Comprehension

d

____ refers to the ability to produce written and spoken linguistic output, such as words, sentences, and paragraphs. a. Encoding b. Decoding c. Verbal comprehension d. Verbal fluency

d

____ revolutionized the study of syntax by arguing that we must consider the syntactical relationships between sentences in addition to the interrelationships among phrases within sentences a. Eleanor Rosch b. Harry McGurk c. Herbert Clark d. Noam Chomsky

d