cog psych version 1

17. Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in antinuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. c. Lydia is a U.S. Senator. d. Lydia is a U.S. Senator and active in the feminist movement.

a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

13. Consider the following syllogism: If p then q. p q This syllogism is a(n) ____ syllogism. a. abstract conditional b. concrete conditional c. abstract categorical d. concrete categorical

a. abstract conditional

22. Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an a. expected emotion. b. immediate emotion. c. integral immediate emotion. d. incidental immediate emotion.

a. expected emotion

24. By using a(n)___________, a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. a. opt-out procedure b. opt-in procedure c. pragmatic reasoning schema d. permission schema

a. opt-out procedure

20. When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), a. performance is better for the concrete task. b. performance is better for the abstract task. c. performance is the same for both tasks. d. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

a. performance is better for the concrete task.

2. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. representing and restructuring. b. multiple goal states. c. sensory operators. d. continuity and form

a. representing and restructuring.

10. The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different a. surface features. b. operators. c. structural features. d. mental sets.

a. surface features.

12. In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem has higher difficulty than the _____ problem. a. source; target b. target; source c. prototype; target d. exemplar; source

b. target; source

9. The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. analogical encoding. b. analogical transfer. c. insight. d. in vivo problem solving.

b. analogical transfer.

16. Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) a. atmosphere effect. b. availability heuristic. c. focusing illusion. d. permission schema.

b. availability heuristic.

21. The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the a. representativeness heuristic. b. availability heuristic. c. falsification principle. d. belief bias.

b. availability heuristic.

18. If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning. a. inductive b. deductive c. conjunctive d. descriptive

b. deductive

11. Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: a. restructuring, searching, and simulating. b. noticing, mapping, and applying. c. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. d. well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis.

b. noticing, mapping, and applying.

15. Each card has a number on one side, and a patch of color on the other. Which card(s) must be turned over to test the idea that if a card shows an even number on one face, then its opposite face is red? a. 3 & orange b. 3 & red c. 8 & orange d. 8 & red

c. 8 & orange

6. Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents a. a single dissociation. b. a source problem. c. a mental set. d. convergent thinking.

c. a mental set.

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _____ for the problems. a. analogies b. initial states c. a single correct answer d. schemas

c. a single correct answer

7. Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the a. intermediate state. b. goal state. c. initial state. d. source story.

c. initial state.

25. The study by Tversky and Shafir, in which college students decided whether or not to purchase a vacation package after taking a difficult end-of-semester exam, showed the influence of ____ in decision making. a. positive vs. negative outcomes b. opt-in vs. opt-out procedures c. justification d. utility

c. justification

8. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. intermediate states. b. subgoals. c. operators. d. mental sets.

c. operators.

4. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. a. gradually rise; gradually rise b. gradually rise; rise suddenly just c. rise suddenly just; gradually rise d. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably

c. rise suddenly just; gradually rise

5. Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? a. Discriminability b. Perseveration c. Divergent thinking d. Functional fixedness

d. Functional fixedness

23. Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an a. expected emotion. b. immediate emotion. c. integral immediate emotion. d. incidental immediate emotion

d. incidental immediate emotion

19. According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a. a mental model. b. a categorical syllogism. c. the law of large numbers. d. the falsification principle.

d. the falsification principle.

3. Insight refers to a. prior learning facilitating problem solving. b. prior learning hindering problem solving. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

14. Consider the following syllogism: All of the students are tired. Some tired people are irritable. Some of the students are irritable. It is likely that most people will judge this syllogism as a. invalid because of the influence of the atmosphere effect. b. invalid because this syllogism does not involve a pragmatic reasoning schema. c. valid because this is indeed a valid syllogism and the logic is apparent. d. valid because this conclusion is believable.

d. valid because this conclusion is believable.