cognition 2

Which of the following statements BEST describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Which of the following is the BEST analogy for the structural map of the brain?

An image of a large cities highways taken from a helicopter.

What is the relationship between the intensity of a stimulus to the rate of nerve firing?

As the intensity of the stimulus increases, the rate of the nerve firing increases.

Sarah has experienced brain damage, making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has MOST likely sustained damage?

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Which of the following is one of the ways that perceiving faces, remembering, and language have in common?

Perceiving faces, remembering, and language have that they involve experiences that activate many different areas in the brain and that these areas are linked together in common.

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of

localization of function.

The principles that there are complex structural pathways that operate dynamically and that serve different functions are describing the brain's

neural networks.

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the

parietal lobe.

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence.

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with

prosopagnosia.

If the intensity of a stimulus to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the

rate of nerve firing.

Dendrite is to axon as:

receive is to send

The representation of various characteristics of the environment by neurons refers to the

sensory code

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Aki's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. River's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support

sparse coding.

The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called

specificity coding.

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function.

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?

Connectome

Which early principle of brain functioning supported the idea that the brain operated as one complete organ rather than one organ that contain areas of specialization within it?

Cortical equipotentiality

Which functional network is related with mind wandering?

Default mode network

How is the electrical charge inside the neuron to the outside of the neuron different during action potential than it is during resting potential.

During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is positively charged compared to the outside, and during resting potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside.

Which of the following BEST describes the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

Episodic memories are autobiographical while semantic memories are general facts.

What does the principal of neural representation state?

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.

Which of the following is one of the functional networks determined by resting-state fMRI research?

Executive Control

Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Which area of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving?

Frontal lobe

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate with regard to specificity coding?

It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.

Levi has suffered damage to his occipital lobe, what is most likely to be one of symptoms he is experiencing?

Levi has an area of blindness in one location of his visual space.

How is the neural representation of memories related to sparse coding?

Memories are represented by a specific pattern of nerve firing that is specific and unique to when we experienced that memory.

Recording the electrical signals from a single neuron require the use of which of the following equipment?

Microelectrodes

Kamyo wants to conduct a research study on the phenomenon of experience-dependent plasticity. Which of the following would be the BEST way to conduct the research?

Raising rats in an environment where they can only experience vertical surfaces and have then complete a series of mazes with horizontal only, vertical only and a combination of horizontal and vertical surfaces and comparing the times it takes for the rats to complete the maze.

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

Receptors

Which of the following is related to the changes in functional connectivity activity?

Research indicates that functional connectivity changes in memory networks from morning to evening.

What is one of the ways to measure whether the responding of two areas of the brain is correlated?

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following?

Specificity coding

Which of the following BEST described the differences between structural connectivity and functional connectivity?

Structural connectivity is the approach that specializes for the visualization and analysis of the anatomical structures of the brain. Functional connectivity is the approach that specializes in the identification of brain areas and their underlying processes of cognitive tasks.

What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?

Synapse

Raphael is sitting on the beach watching the waves and letting his mind wander. Which part of Raphael's brain is MOST likely highly active?

The default mode network

Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?

The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.

Quinn's significant other was in a car accident and hit their head during the crash. The doctor's suspect that they may be suffering from Wernicke's aphasia. Which of the following would support the doctor's diagnosis?

Their speech is incoherent as they are having problems with matching their words to the word's meaning and is unable to understand others.

Which of the following is one way of studying structural connectivity in the brain that examines water and how it diffuses along with nerve fibers?

Track-weighted imaging (TWI)

The areas of the brain that are important in the ability to process, understand, and produce language are

Wernicke's area and Broca's area.

Research in cognition requires both

behavioral and physiological experiments.

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed representation.

Your roommate comes home from working at the hospital and tells you about two patients that were in a car accident. One of the patients cannot recognize everyday objects like a cup or ball but can recognize the faces of the people in the hospital and family members. The other patient cannot recognize the faces of the people in the hospital but can recognize everyday objects like a cup and ball. You tell your roommate that this is an example of

double dissociation.

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

feature detectors.

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the

firing rate of the action potentials.

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed

in different parts of the brain.

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of

levels of analysis.