Cognition & Memory quiz questions

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." interfered with by faster than the same as slower than

the same as

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus. the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called transfer-appropriate processing. episodic-based processing. elaborative rehearsal. personal semantic memory.

transfer-appropriate processing.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect. resemblance typicality priming reaction-time

typicality

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants" "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. remote recent anterograde emotional

remote

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates The phonological similarity effect A build-up and release of proactive interference The cocktail party phenomenon A partial-report procedure

A build-up and release of proactive interference

_____ is a "typical" member of a category. A prototype An exemplar A unit A component

A prototype

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus. Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is. Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.

Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful? Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects. Categories help us understand behaviors that we might otherwise find baffling. Categories serve as a valuable tool for making inferences about things that belong to other categories. Categories have been called "pointers to knowledge" because once you know an object's category, you know a lot of general things about it.

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory? Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list Recalling the names of popular fairy tales Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? Family resemblance Hierarchical organization Cognitive economy Spreading activation

Family resemblance

A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? Following a story in a book Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store Recognizing people he has recently met Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

________ memories are those that we are not aware of. Implicit Explicit Declarative All of the above

Implicit

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? Exemplar Network Typicality Prototype

Prototype

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? Classical conditioning Repetition priming Procedural memory Semantic memory

Semantic memory

____ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. Remote Standard Systems Synaptic

Systems

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? The self-reference effect The propaganda effect Release from proactive inhibition Encoding specificity

The propaganda effect

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an auditory code in short-term memory. auditory code in long-term memory. iconic code in short-term memory. iconic code in long-term memory.

auditory code in long-term memory.

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that a carrot would be named before eggplant. an eggplant would be named before carrot. a carrot and eggplant would have an equal likelihood of being named first. the order of examples is completely random, varying from participant to participant.

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? REAR PAIR APPLE BEAR

apple

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on the definition of the category. a universal set of category members. a defined set of category members. category members that have been encountered in the past.

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network connection weights. nodes. hidden units. output units.

connection weights.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds has no effect on the curve. increases the primacy effect. decreases the recency effect. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

decreases the recency effect.

The definitional approach to categorization is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. was proposed to replace the prototype approach.

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is state-dependent learning. encoding. memory consolidation. transfer-appropriate processing.

encoding.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is family resemblance. prototypicality. graded membership. instance theory.

family resemblance.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the spacing effect. generation effect. cued recall effect. multiple trace hypothesis.

generation effect.

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. organization highlighting making up questions about the material feedback

highlighting

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory. declarative and non-declarative personal semantic and remote semantic and episodic implicit and procedural

implicit and procedural

According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. it involves both explicit and implicit memories.

it involves mental time travel.

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves more prototypes than Bob's. more exemplars than Bob's. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

more exemplars than Bob's.

In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of maintenance rehearsal. mood-congruent memory. the consolidation-reconsolidation effect. paired-associate learning.

paired-associate learning.

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory. working semantic procedural autobiographical

procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. lead to effective autobiographical memories.

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ____ memories. recent and remote episodic recent and remote semantic recent episodic remote semantic

recent and remote episodic

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test. recall recognition word-completion personal semantic memory

recognition

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on levels of processing. depth of processing. transfer-appropriate processing. reconsolidation.

reconsolidation.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. excited relaxed nervous neutral

relaxed

Graded amnesia occurs because remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories. recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories. emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories. nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories.

remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories.

According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote, episodic memories. remote, semantic memories. remote procedural memories. state-dependent memories.

remote, episodic memories.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by repeating it over and over. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. using it in a sentence. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

repeating it over and over.

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. parallel distributed processing connectionist network neural network semantic network

semantic network

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________. sensations; facts sensory attributes; function serial nodes; familiar concepts sequential networks; familial resemblance

sensory attributes; function

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are short but all on a single day. long and all on a single day. short and across several days. long and across several days.

short and across several days.

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level. superordinate; subordinate superordinate; basic subordinate; basic basic; subordinate

subordinate; basic

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information. superordinate level to basic level basic level to subordinate level subordinate level to basic level basic level to superordinate level

superordinate level to basic level

One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task. test patients with amnesia. use backward instead of forward priming. employ multiple rounds of repetition priming.

test patients with amnesia.

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on the physical features of the word. the meaning of a word. the pleasantness of a word. the category of a word.

the physical features of the word.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.