Cognition Final exam 3

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The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves...

Mental images

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ______ procedure.

Mental scanning

Kosslyn concluded that the image filed is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

Mental walk

"Because he always jogs a mile"

At what age do infants begin forming basic level categories?

3-4 months

49. Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference. A. causal B. coherent C. anaphoric D. instrument

45. Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult. A. object discrimination problem B. landmark discrimination problem C. double dissociation problem D. single dissociation problem

A. object discrimination problem

1. Experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide are actions are called A. perception. B. sensation.

A. perception.

8. If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing. A. top-down B. bottom-up

A. top-down

14. "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes. A. two B. three C. four D. five

34. People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the A. principle of size constancy. B. oblique effect. C. law of pragnanz. D. law of good continuation.

B. oblique effect.

17. Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by A. Goldstein. B. Gestalt psychologists. C. Helmholtz. D. Gibson.

C. Helmholtz.

42. The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____lobe. A. frontal B. temporal C. parietal D. occipital

C. parietal

9. Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by A. reception of the stimulus. B. bottom-up processing. C. top-down processing. D. focused attention.

C. top-down processing.

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects.

CH 9 QUIZ

FROM HERE ON OUT

46. Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) A. instrument inference. B. garden path sequence. C. global connection. D. anaphoric inference.

24. Things that form patterns that are meaningful are likely to be grouped together according to the law of A. simplicity. B. similarity. C. pragnanz. D. familiarity.

D. familiarity.

47. When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions A. are absent. B. involve the same mechanism. C. are present. D. involve different mechanisms.

D. involve different mechanisms.

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. People consider this to be a strong theory because it is powerful enough to explain just about any result.

False

Connectionist theory states that a particular object (like a canary) is identified by activity in the specific "canary" output unit of the network.

False

Which methodology is used to study categorization processes in very young infants?

Familiarization/novelty preference procedure

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. b. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. c. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." d. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that...

Perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of brain than imagery does.

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of...

Size of field of view

Suppose you were conducting a brain imaging experiment to investigate the overlap between brain areas activated by perceiving an object and those activated by imagining it. Which of the following best describes your investigation's baseline condition?

The baseline condition is needed for determining imagery activation and for determining per-ception activation.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT...

The falsification principle

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

The frontal and temporal lobes

Syntax is...

The rules for combining words into sentences

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?

Three

"Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes.

Three (Kitchen, Kitchen Table, Kitchen Tables)

The word "bad" has ___ phonemes.

Three (buh ahh duh)

Trial 1; Word Frequency

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

30. Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Word frequency effect

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplant.

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

a depictive representation.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a fly.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a letter string is a word.

16. In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

Mental-scanning experiments found

a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word.

______ is a "typical" member of a category.

a prototype

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

People tend to overestimate a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. b. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. c. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. d. subjective utility values following a decision.

a. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called a. working memory. b. semantic memory. c. short-term memory. d. episodic memory.

a. working memory.

The activity that represents a particular object is established in a connectionist network through a process of learning that involves

adjusting the weights of inhibitory and excitatory connections between units.

15. An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include

an extraneous cough.

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him."The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? a. "Because he always jogs" b. "Because he always jogs a mile" c. "he always jogs" d. "a mile seems"

b. "Because he always jogs a mile"

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be a. "I noticed that Goodman and Hernandez agreed on the new environmental policy." b. "Goodman answered the question on job creation very well." c. "I wonder why Goodman was vague on the school tax issue when I know he has a clear idea about that." d. "Hernandez is really going to make this a tight race."

b. "Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following? a. "Let's walk down memory lane." b. "I can see it in my mind's eye." c. "It's right on the tip of my tongue." d. "I can remember like it was yesterday."

b. "I can see it in my mind's eye."

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "sense." b. "know." c. "think." d. "remember."

b. "know."

What is the typical duration of short-term memory? a. 15 to 50 seconds b. 15 to 20 seconds c. 5 to 7 seconds d. 7 to 15 seconds

b. 15 to 20 seconds

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. just under a fraction of a second. b. 15-20 seconds or less. c. one to three minutes or more. d. indefinite.

b. 15-20 seconds or less.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itza participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a catego-ry, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itza participants would answer ____.

bird; sparrow

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. boat _______ - car ________. b. b___ - h___. c. house. d. a blank piece of paper for free recall.

boat _______ - car ________.

boat_____ - car______

bottom-up; top-down

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. a. bottom-up; bottom-up b. bottom-up; top-down c. top-down; bottom-up d. top-down; top-down

bottom-up; top-down

bumblebee

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" b. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair" d. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"

c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway? a. what, action, dorsal b. where, ventral, perception c. dorsal, where, action d. perception, dorsal, what

c. dorsal, where, action

What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing? a. the direction of scanning b. the pattern of organization c. the source of information d. the pathway of action

c. the source of information

Connectionist networks are modeled after neural networks in the nervous system and incorporate all of the following features of the nervous system EXCEPT

concepts represented by activity in individual nodes.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights.

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

creating images; deactivated

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 149 29111 776 c. 14929111776 d. 1492 911 1776

d. 1492 911 1776

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. The Bourne Identity b. Memento c. The Long Kiss Goodnight d. 50 First Dates

d. 50 First Dates

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? a. Language involves the use of a lexicon. b. Coding is required for language. c. Language symbols must have high discriminability. d. Language has a structure that is governed by rules.

d. Language has a structure that is governed by rules.

Illusory conjunctions are a. combinations of features from different stimuli. b. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. c. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. d. features that are consistent across different stimuli.

d. features that are consistent across different stimuli.

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object? a. Change blindness b. Change detection c. Illusory conjunctions d. Binding

d. Binding

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Task b. Structure c. Mood d. Location

d. Location

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness. a. covert b. exogenous c. endogenous d. change

d. change

The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________. a. process b. dialogue c. cognition d. system

d. system

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. b. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. c. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. d. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

d. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Mental imagery involves a. sensory representations of a stimulus. b. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus.

48. Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. the pegword technique. b. a propositional representation. c. paired-associate learning. d. method of loci.

method of loci

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of loci.

Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called ________ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.

mirror

27. Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

multiple meanings of an ambiguous word.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

20. The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more A. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. B. slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. C. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. D. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

32. Syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

truck

As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade? a. 1950s b. 1930s c. 1940s d. 1920s

a. 1950s

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following? a. A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages b. A computer program for solving logic problems c. An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information d. The first textbook of cognitive psychology

a. A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain? a. Broca's area b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Wernicke's area

a. Broca's area

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they a. described complex decision making. b. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind. c. were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations. d. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.

b. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year? a. 1975 b. 1984 c. 1992 d. 2000

c. 1992

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"? a. Touch receptor b. Receptor c. Axons d. Dendrites

c. Axons

According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of a. word familiarity. b. sensory modality. c. elapsed time. d. reaction time.

c. elapsed time.

You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed a. in one localized area of the brain. b. by a specific object neuron. c. in different parts of the brain. d. through fMRI potentials.

c. in different parts of the brain.

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of a. cortical association. b. dissociation. c. localization of function. d. the information processing approach.

c. localization of function.

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as a. myelin sheaths. b. potentiated somas. c. neural circuits. d. spreading activations.

c. neural circuits.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following? a. People can focus on one message and ignore the other one. b. People can focus on the message they were repeating. c. People take in very little information about the ignored message. d. People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.

d. People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment? a. Dendrites b. Axons c. Synapses d. Receptors

d. Receptors

Who developed the concept of the cognitive map? a. Raynor b. Sanders c. James d. Tolman

d. Tolman

With which of the following sentences would the author disagree? a. The mind creates and controls mental processes such as language and emotions. b. The mind can create representations of the world. c. The mind is a problem solver. d. We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.

d. We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.

Action potentials occur in the a. cell body. b. synapse. c. neurotransmitters. d. axon.

d. axon.

The relationship between the ____________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists. a. physiological response and the behavioral outcome b. cognitive task and the behavioral outcome c. cognitive task and the physiological response d. cognitive task and the mental response

d. cognitive task and the mental response

Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons? a. Dendrites b. Axons c. Cell body d. Nerve net

b. Axons

Which memory is used for physical actions? a. Long-term memory b. Procedural memory c. Episodic memory d. Semantic memory

b. Procedural memory

Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context? a. Behaviorism b. Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes c. It produced same results from person to person d. Results were easy to verify

b. Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory? a. Long-term memory b. Sensory memory c. Episodic memory d. Semantic memory

b. Sensory memory

Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology? a. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior c. Development of the technique of analytic introspection d. Tolman's proposal of cognitive maps

b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as? a. Doctrine b. Synapse c. Axon d. Dendrite

b. Synapse

Which book was written by Thomas Kuhn? a. Verbal Behavior b. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions c. Cognitive Psychology d. Sensory Memory

b. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments. a. nomothetic; idiographic b. behavioral; physiological c. brain; body d. observational; correlational

b. behavioral; physiological

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called__________. a. synaptic vesicles b. neuronal bridges c. neural networks d. fused conduits

c. neural networks

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the a. size of the action potentials. b. size of the synapse. c. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. d. firing rate of the action potentials.

d. firing rate of the action potentials.

Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it. a. sensation b. transduction c. change in intensity d. presentation

d. presentation

It's often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning. a. nerves b. receptors c. dendrites d. synapses

d. synapses

In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity? a. 1969 b. 1984 c. 1991 d. 1976

d. 1976

Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of a. cognitive psychology textbooks. b. analytic introspection. c. Skinner boxes. d. computers.

d. computers.

2. Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? A. Hierarchical structure B. Communication C. Governed by rules D. all of these make human language unique

According to the situation model of text processing...

People create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events

47. Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

46. Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) anaphoric inference.

anaphoric inference.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. right at the front door. b. one mile away from the house. c. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. d. two feet from the front door.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a. the availability heuristic. b. illusory correlations. c. selective attention. d. the falsification principle.

d. the falsification principle.

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

family resemblance

3. Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property? A. Lexicon B. Coding C. Discriminability D. Rules

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "Art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately____ seconds.

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds. a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 6

The representativeness heuristic

A phoneme refers to...

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

The tacit-knowledge explanation

Utility refers to a. outcomes that achieve a person's goals. b. how useful a reasoning process is. c. the validity of a syllogism. d. degree of risk aversion one has.

a. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

43. Your research advisor asks you to create stimuli for a discourse processing experiment to be run in the lab. Most likely, you would create stimuli where each trial you present a(n) A. word. B. word or non-word letter string. C. ambiguous sentence. D. paragraph of text.

Mental imagery involves...

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

An advantage of the prototype approach over the exemplar approach is that the prototype ap-proach provides a better explanation of the typicality effect.

False

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?

30 degrees

30º

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40%

50% of the words spoken by their own voices

50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrate the typicality effect for the bird cate-gory, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583: 653: 518 msec

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?

583: 653: 518 msec

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.

583: 653: 518 msec

1. Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as A. hierarchical structure. B. relational organization. C. parallel organization. D. propositional representation.

11. Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's A. lexicon. B. parser. C. syntactical capacity. D. mental set.

15. An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include A. an extraneous cough. B. two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C"). C. a categorical perception task. D. a garden-path sentence.

25. Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to A. the meaning of a conversation. B. the rules for combining spoken words into sentences. C. the tendency to respond in a certain manner based on past experience. D. the mental process of grouping words together that occurs as a person creates speech appropriate for the conversation.

30. Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? A. Word frequency effect B. Word superiority effect C. Phonemic restoration effect D. The lexical decision task

31. Swinney's research measuring response time to different words with either similar or different meanings is an example of which research methodology? A. Lexical priming B. Word superiority C. Syntactic priming D. Brain imaging

32. Syntax is A. the rules for combining words into sentences. B. the meanings of words. C. the way people pronounce words in conversational speech. D. the mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

37. Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? A. Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night. B. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. C. The cats won't bake. D. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

45. Most of the coherence in text is created by A. inference. B. syntax. C. parsing. D. phoneme restoration.

5. In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that A. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. B. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. C. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. D. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

52. The given-new contract is a method for creating A. coherence in people's conversations. B. children's mastery of syntax. C. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. D. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

41. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. A. the cooperative principle B. local connections C. environmental context D. instrumental inferences

55. A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results A. support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. B. contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. C. support the word frequency effect. D. contradict the word frequency effect.

7. Noam Chomsky proposed that A. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. B. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. C. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. D. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

8. One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children A. produce sentences they have never heard. B. show similar language development across cultures. C. are rewarded for using correct language. D. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so.

A bumblebee

The given-new contract is a method for creating...

A comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using...

A dedicative representation

Mental-scanning experiments found...

A direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT...

A mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A pig is an animal.

______ is an average representation of a category.

A prototype

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT...

A spatial layout

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

30. A heuristic is a A. "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem. B. procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem. C. series of rules that specify how we organize parts into wholes. D. short algorithm.

A. "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem.

25. "Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law? A. Good figure B. Similarity C. Familiarity D. Common fate

A. Good figure

6. Which of the following statements is most consistent with recognition-by-components theory? A. Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features. B. Activation of letter units provides the information needed to determine which letter is present. C. Top-down processing influences perception. D. The focusing of attention eliminates illusory conjunctions.

A. Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features.

28. In the text's "animal lurking behind a tree / two oddly shaped tree stumps" example, which Gestalt law did NOT contribute to the incorrect perception? A. Simplicity B. Similarity C. Familiarity D. Good continuation

A. Simplicity

13. Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing? A. Speech segmentation B. Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm C. The response of a feature detector D. Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together

A. Speech segmentation

2. The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing. A. bottom-up B. top-down

A. bottom-up

40. The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as A. brain ablation. B. dissociation. C. fMRI. D. EEG.

A. brain ablation.

19. Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify A. 100% of the words spoken by their own voices. B. 50% of the words spoken by their own voices. C. 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. D. none of the words spoken by others.

11. When people look at a tree, they receive information about the geons of that object through stimulation of receptors. But they are also aided in identifying the object as a tree by knowledge that a tree often has the sky as a background and sits on grass. This prior knowledge travels down from higher centers to influence the incoming signals. The latter information from the higher centers illustrates A. feedback signals. B. principles of componential recovery. C. the law of good figure. D. the oblique effect.

A. feedback signals.

22. You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of A. good continuation. B. simplicity. C. familiarity. D. good figure.

A. good continuation.

49. Some neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as A. mirror neurons. B. afferent neurons. C. feature detectors. D. receptors.

A. mirror neurons.

46. The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called A. neuropsychology. B. functional localization. C. positron emission tomography. D. the subtraction technique.

A. neuropsychology.

15. When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos is not capable of ____ in English. A. speech segmentation B. the likelihood principle C. bottom-up processing D. algorithms

A. speech segmentation

19. The likelihood principle states that A. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. B. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances. C. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations. D. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.

A. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

44. The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the A. what pathway. B. where pathway. C. landmark pathway. D. action pathway.

A. what pathway.

Imagery neurons respond to...

An actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include...

An extraneous cough

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day, he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "luxury jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of...

An illusory correlation

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then, of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) inference.

Anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)..."

Anaphoric inference

At the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)...

Availability heuristic

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the...

Availability heuristic

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat."

Availability heuristic

10. Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying A. language comprehension. B. language acquisition. C. speech production. D. speech parsing.

17. You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? A. The group with one year of English instruction B. The group with 10 years of English instruction C. The two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects D. Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers

Most of the coherence in text is created by...

Inference

23. A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect. A. trial 2; word frequency B. trial 1; word frequency C. trial 2; word superiority D. trial 1; word superiority

26. Swinney did an experiment in which he presented participants with the sentence, "The man was not surprised to find several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room." He found that immediately after hearing the word "bug," the participants accessed A. only the "insect" meaning of the word. B. both the "insect" and the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word. C. only the "hidden listening device" meaning of the word. D. neither the "insect" nor the "hidden listening device" meanings of the word.

27. Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access A. only the meaning of an ambiguous word that is consistent with the context. B. multiple meanings of an ambiguous word. C. the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on syntax. D. the appropriate meaning of an ambiguous word based on the principle of late closure.

33. Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with ____ brain mechanisms. A. the same B. different

36. Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases? A. "Because he always jogs" B. "Because he always jogs a mile" C. "he always jogs" D. "a mile seems"

39. The interactionist approach to parsing states that A. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence. B. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. C. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. D. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.

4. Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills. A. True B. False

42. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support A. the syntax-first approach to parsing. B. the interactionist approach to parsing. C. the garden-path model to parsing. D. both syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing.

50. According to the situation model of text processing, A. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. B. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. C. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. D. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

51. According to the idea of _____, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a map of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. A. global connections B. situation models C. causal inference D. speech continuity

54. The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think. A. interactionist approach B. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis C. given-new contract D. cooperative principle

7. Which of the following is NOT associated with recognition-by-components theory? A. Objects are analyzed into parts early in the perceptual process B. Attention is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects C. Basic shapes are combined to form objects D. Bottom-up processing

B. Attention is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects

20. Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists? A. We must understand the basic components of perception. B. We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition. C. We want to understand how elements are grouped together to create larger objects. D. We need to identify the neurons that create perception.

B. We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition.

51. Neurons that respond to sounds associated with actions are called A. mirror neurons. B. audiovisual mirror neurons. C. audio mirror neurons. D. visual mirror neurons.

B. audiovisual mirror neurons.

37. Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception. A. illusory conjunctions B. context C. naming association D. attention

B. context

39. Gauthier and coworkers' experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) _______ response to faces and an _________ response to Greebles. A. unvaried; unvaried B. decreased; increased C. unvaried; increased D. increased; increased

B. decreased; increased

26. When you listen to someone speaking a foreign language, the words seem to speed by in an unbroken string of sound. To a speaker of that language, the words seem separated. The Gestalt law that is operating here is the law of A. similarity. B. familiarity. C. nearness. D. good continuation.

B. familiarity.

18. The theory of unconscious inference includes the A. oblique effect. B. likelihood principle. C. principle of componential recovery. D. principle of speech segmentation.

B. likelihood principle.

21. The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is A. conjunction. B. perceptual organization. C. perceptual discriminability. D. perceptual fusion.

B. perceptual organization.

3. Generally, if we can see an object's geons, we are able to identify the object. This is known as the A. principle of size constancy. B. principles of componential recovery. C. perceptual organization. D. feedback signal.

B. principles of componential recovery.

36. The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes. A. physical regularities B. semantic regularities C. pragnanz D. double dissociation

B. semantic regularities

23. You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of A. simplicity. B. similarity. C. pragnanz. D. familiarity.

B. similarity.

31. A heuristic for finding a cat that is hiding somewhere in the house is A. to systematically search every room in the house. B. to first look in the places where the cat likes to hide. C. systematically searching every room and looking first where the cat likes to hide are equally fine heuristics D. none of these

B. to first look in the places where the cat likes to hide.

10. "Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of A. bottom-up processing. B. top-down processing. C. their in-depth understanding of principles of perception. D. repeated practice at the task.

B. top-down processing.

48. The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway. A. where; what B. what where C. size; distance D. distance; size

B. what where

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning had occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

37. Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _______ processing and imagery starts as a ______ process.

Bottom-up; top-down

13. The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). A. one B. two C. three D. four

21. Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? A. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" B. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" C. Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk" D. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

24. In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word _____. A. eye movement; pretty B. eye movement; demure C. fixation; pretty D. fixation; demure

28. In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. Results showed that the participants responded most slowly to the test stimulus A. ANT. B. SPY. C. SKY. D. All of these would have similar response times.

29. Swinney's lexical priming studies using ambiguous words as stimuli show that context A. immediately affects the activation of word meanings so that only the meaning fitting the sentence is ever activated. B. causes the meaning fitting the sentence to be activated first, followed by later activation of the other meaning. C. exerts its influence after all meanings of the word have been briefly accessed. D. has no effect on the activation of the word meanings.

34. When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of A. parsing. B. temporary ambiguity. C. speech segmentation. D. lexical priming.

35. The idea that the grammatical structure of a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing. A. semantic B. temporary ambiguity C. syntax-first D. interactionist

38. The principle of late closure can be described as a(n) _____ since it provides a best guess about the unfolding meaning of a sentence. A. analogy B. algorithm C. heuristic D. insight

40. The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved. A. whether semantics B. whether syntax C. when semantics D. when syntax

33. Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text? A. Vertical orientation B. Horizontal orientation C. Angled orientation D. Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"

C. Angled orientation

50. In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder? A. Alzheimer's disease B. Parkinson's disease C. Autism D. Anorexia nervosa

C. Autism

38. The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate A. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born. B. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects. C. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity. D. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.

C. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

32. A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is A. heuristics usually take longer to carry out than algorithms. B. algorithms are usually less systematic than heuristics. C. heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do. D. algorithms provide "best-guess" solutions to problems more so than heuristics.

C. heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do.

14. Speech segmentation is defined as A. creating a sentence from a series of spoken words. B. ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence. C. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words. D. recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.

C. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

43. The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe. A. frontal B. temporal C. parietal D. occipital

C. parietal

5. The recognition-by-components approach proposes that there are a number of basic features such as A. movement and brightness. B. curvature and tilt. C. rectangular solids and cubes. D. horizontal lines and vertical lines.

C. rectangular solids and cubes.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely to be a(n) ______ inference.

Causal

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

2. Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

12. A phoneme refers to A. the property of combining words into unique sentences. B. the first word produced by infants, usually during their second year. C. a mental grouping of words being heard during "inner audition." D. the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

16. In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT A. the context produced by the sentence. B. the portion of the word that was presented. C. the meaning of the words that follow the missing phoneme. D. a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words.

18. When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal A. has breaks between phonemes. B. has breaks between morphemes. C. has breaks between words. D. is continuous.

22. In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to A. separate a sentence into individual words. B. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. C. identify words that are contained in sentences. D. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

Which of the following is most closely modeled on the way the nervous system operates?

Parallel distributed processing theory

44. Coherence refers to the A. mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. B. principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. C. mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. D. representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

53. When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as A. anaphoric inferencing. B. phonemic restoration. C. garden-pathing. D. syntactic priming.

6. B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through A. parsing. B. genetic coding. C. syntactic framing. D. reinforcement.

9. Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on A. sensation. B. psychoacoustics. C. neuropsychology. D. psycholinguistics.

4. Which of the following is not a geon? A. Cylinder B. Pyramid C. Cone D. Circle

D. Circle

41. Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing? A. Landmark discrimination problem B. Dissociation task C. Greeble recognition task D. Object discrimination problem

D. Object discrimination problem

16. Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples? A. When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters B. When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence C. When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator) D. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

D. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

29. The example of how we might perceive something that looks like an animal hiding behind a tree in the woods was used to illustrate the operation of A. heuristics. B. the Gestalt law of organization. C. an algorithm. D. both heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization.

D. both heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization.

12. Charlene sees her boyfriend across campus and waves. Even though the image he projects on her retina from that distance is quite small, Charlene does not perceive him to have shrunk at all. Instead, she perceives him as far away because of A. the light-from-above heuristic. B. algorithmic thinking. C. experience-dependent plasticity. D. size constancy.

D. size constancy.

35. The "indentations in the sand / bumps in the sand" example from your text illustrates A. semantic regularities. B. the oblique effect. C. size constancy. D. the light-from-above heuristic.

D. the light-from-above heuristic.

27. In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to A. the inverse projection problem. B. a shift in your attentional focus. C. a recency effect. D. your prior knowledge.

D. your prior knowledge.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to...

Decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and...

Dreams.

Environmental context

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes an...

Epiphenomenon

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Exemplar & Prototype - WRONG

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

Family resemblance

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' _____ was shorter for the target word ______.

Fixation; pretty

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

Paivio proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that...

Had a large number of sophisticated language systems

Language consists of smaller components, like words that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ______ property of language.

Hierarchical

To explain the fact that some neurophysical studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies to do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at ______ visual centers.

Higher; both lower and higher

Noam Chomsky proposed that...

Humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that...

Imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated...

Imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideals EXCEPT...

Imagery requires a special mechanism.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics"

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?

Indicate whether the following statement is true: An apple is a fruit. YES NO

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves ________ reasoning.

Inductive

Bonnie has ordered her mostly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using...

Inductive reasoning

45. Most of the coherence in text is created by

Inference

Ira nd his sister are playing "Name That Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" Her sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's Winter Wonderland!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.

Inner Audition

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz to use a(n)...

Instrument inference

Invent a sign language themselves

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery...

Is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech in a person's native language, we see that the speech signal...

Is continuous.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that...

It is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lil's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying...

Language acquisition

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, 'Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's...

Lexicon

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using...

Mental Chronometry

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and the two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendent told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection into the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendent's suggestion suggestion involved...

Mental scanning

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as...

Method of loci

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories.

Method of loci

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows...

Neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their...

Order

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen.

People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex...

Plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children...

Produce sentences they have never heard.

3x + 9 = 16 is a _________ representation.

Propositional

As described in your text, the pegboard technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT...

Propositions

Which approach to categorization involves forming a representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on...

Psycholinguistics

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through...

Reinforcement

Coherence refers to the...

Representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

3. Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which English language property?

Rules

SKY

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. Was participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

The _______ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is when _____ is involved.

Semantics

The interactionist approach to parsing states that...

Semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

According to the idea of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

Situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more...

Slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

Sparrow

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ______ representation.

Spatial

People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?

Superordinate

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results...

Support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as...

Syntatic priming

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words into a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ______ approach to parsing.

Syntax-first

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the _____ explanation of imagery.

Tacit-knowledge

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of...

Temporary ambiguity

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support...

The interactionist approach to parsing

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on...

The meaning dominance of each definition of the word

The people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to...

The previously understood information that we bring into the conversation

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? a. Depictive representations b. The distinction between propositional and spatial representations c. The tacit-knowledge explanation d. The results of scanning experiments

The tacit-knowledge explanation

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because...

They showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. Imagery is closely related to language. b. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. c. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. d. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

Typicality

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were _______, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ________.

Using visual images; deactivated

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Valley girl

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question.

Visual Imagery

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because...

Visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Word frequency effect

21. Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe. a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. temporal

a. parietal

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________________ chance that Sarah is a science major. a. 40 percent b. 50 percent c. 60 percent d d. 100 percent

a. 40 percent

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt? a. Analytic introspection b. Measuring reaction times c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning

a. Analytic introspection

Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists? a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes b. Because of his focus on measuring behavior c. Because he focused on the stimulus-response connections in the rat's mind during his maze experiment d. Because of his interest in operant conditioning

a. Because he used behavior to infer mental processes

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night. b. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the room. c. The cats won't bake. d. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

a. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night.

What does the field of neuropsychology study? a. Behavior of people with brain damage b. Electrical responses of the nervous system c. Higher mental processes d. Sequences of mental operations involved in cognition

a. Behavior of people with brain damage

_________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. a. Binding b. Integration c. Assimilation d. Equilibration

a. Binding

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a. Close attention b. Ease in performing parallel tasks c. Tasks that are well-practiced d. The use of few cognitive resources

a. Close attention

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"? a. Cognitive mapping b. Paradigm shift c. Classical conditioning d. Behaviorism

a. Cognitive mapping

Who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind? a. Donald Broadbent b. Colin Cherry c. Newell and Simon d. Wilhelm Wundt

a. Donald Broadbent

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story? a. Dynamic b. Rigid c. Sequential d. Conscious

a. Dynamic

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. c. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.

a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize? a. Functioning and survival b. Attention c. Routine d. Cognition

a. Functioning and survival

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. Implicit b. Explicit c. Declarative d. All of these are correct

a. Implicit

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? a. Inattentional blindness b. Change blindness c. Binding d. Illusory conjunctions

a. Inattentional blindness

In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers? a. Information processing model b. Genetic processing model c. Data processing model d. Signal processing model

a. Information processing model

Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)? a. It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive. b. It shows which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity. c. It provides a lower-resolution image than fMRI. d. It involved injecting radioactive tracers into a person's bloodstream.

a. It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive.

What is a scene schema? a. Knowledge of what a scene typically contains b. Knowledge of the meaning of a scene c. Knowledge of the events leading to a scene d. Knowledge of why a scene should be visualized

a. Knowledge of what a scene typically contains

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. b. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. c. Lydia is a state governor. d. Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement.

a. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Deciding how many vowels each word has c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d. Repeating the words over and over in your mind

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference? a. Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover b. Perceiving the transitional probability of a language c. Perceiving the ringing of an alarm clock while sleeping d. Perceiving the length of an unfamiliar object by using a familiar object

a. Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Prefrontal cortex b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Occipital lobe

a. Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing? a. Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence b. Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm c. Walking all around a car and always knowing it's a car d. Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together

a. Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT a. Short-term memory. b. Procedural memory. c. Episodic memory. d. Semantic memory.

a. Short-term memory.

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments? a. Simplicity b. Contiguity c. Figure-ground d. Common fate

a. Simplicity

Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults? a. The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain. b. The density of cells in a newborn brain is higher compared with the density in an adult brain. c. The nerve net system in newborn animals is less developed. d. The nerve net system in newborn animals is more developed.

a. The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work? a. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images. b. The perceptual system detects stationary images more slowly than motion is perceived. c. The retina sends overlapping electrical signals to the brain when motion is perceived. d. The perceptual system slows when flashing objects are introduced.

a. The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

When does bottom-up processing start? a. When environmental energy stimulates the receptors b. When an electrical signal is passed to the brain c. When motor neurons at the extremities are activated d. When the brain encodes information received by the receptors

a. When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory? a. Winning the first grade spelling bee b. Going to her high school prom c. Moving into her first apartment d. Getting her driver's license

a. Winning the first grade spelling bee

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. disrupted long-term potentiation. c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

a. a failure of memory consolidation.

Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities? a. a forest b. a skyscraper c. a shopping mall d. a toll booth

a. a forest

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of a. a sequence of actions. b. what is involved in a particular experience. c. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. d. items appropriate to a particular setting.

a. a sequence of actions.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by a. an inborn biological program. b. cultural influences. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning.

a. an inborn biological program.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. b. occur for details but not for entire events. c. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. d. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.

a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. articulatory suppression. b. the visuospatial sketch pad. c. echoic memory. d. the central executive.

a. articulatory suppression.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. articulatory suppression. b. an overload of sensory memory. c. rehearsal interference. d. an LTM recency effect.

a. articulatory suppression.

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) a. availability heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. conjunction rule. d. permission schema.

a. availability heuristic.

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________. a. aware; unaware b. self; others c. primacy; recency d. episodic; semantic

a. aware; unaware

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing. a. bottom-up b. top-down c. Gestalt d. serial

a. bottom-up

a. causal

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the a. cognitive hypothesis. b. self-image hypothesis. c. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. d. autobiographical hypothesis.

a. cognitive hypothesis.

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n) a. cognitive map. b. mental model. c. artificial intelligence. d. memory consolidation.

a. cognitive map.

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called a. cognitive psychology. b. introspection. c. behaviorism. d. memory consolidation.

a. cognitive psychology.

The given-new contract is a method for creating a. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation. b. children's mastery of syntax. c. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. d. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

a. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of a. constructive memory processes. b. verbatim recall. c. the effect of scripts. d. cryptoamnesia

a. constructive memory processes.

Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. continuous. b. composed of discrete individual units. c. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. d. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.

a. continuous.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory. a. control b. automatic c. coding d. iconic

a. control

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning. a. deductive b. intuitive c. falsification d. inductive

a. deductive

Brain imaging has made it possible to a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes. b. view individual neurons in the brain. c. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy. d. view propagation of action potentials.

a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. encoded. b. stored. c. retrieved. d. consolidated.

a. encoded.

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. a. episodic b. implicit c. semantic d. procedural

a. episodic

Josiah is trying to decide whether to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of a. expected emotion. b. immediate emotion. c. integral immediate emotion. d. incidental immediate emotion.

a. expected emotion.

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an a. expected emotion. b. immediate emotion. c. integral immediate emotion. d. incidental immediate emotion.

a. expected emotion.

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________. a. facts b. feelings c. episodes d. procedures

a. facts

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. b. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. c. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. d. increased confidence due to post-event questioning.

a. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________. a. fixation b. saccadic eye movement c. overt attention d. stimulus salience

a. fixation

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of a. good continuation. b. simplicity. c. familiarity. d. good figure.

a. good continuation.

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they a. had a large number of sophisticated language systems. b. had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. c. communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. d. had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

a. had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a. has high stimulus salience. b. fits with the observer's interests. c. is familiar. d. carries meaning for the observer.

a. has high stimulus salience.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language. a. hierarchical b. relational c. parallel d. propositional

a. hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that a. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. b. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. c. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. d. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

a. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they a. ignore the falsification principle. b. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. c. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. d. incorrectly apply the permission schema.

a. ignore the falsification principle.

Most of the coherence in text is created by a. inference. b. syntax. c. parsing. d. phoneme restoration.

a. inference.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that a. it involves mental time travel. b. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. c. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. d. it involves both explicit and implicit memories.

a. it involves mental time travel.

n Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus. a. less than one second b. between one and two seconds c. two to five seconds d. more than five seconds

a. less than one second

a. lexicon.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. long-term b. short-term c. sensory d. implicit

a. long-term

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words. a. meaning b. color c. size d. font

a. meaning

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the a. meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene. b. regularly occurring physical properties of an environment. c. inferences made based on the likelihood of a particular stimulus. d. statistical probabilities of one particular sound following another in language.

a. meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. b. cognitive hypothesis. c. life-narrative hypothesis. d. reminiscence hypothesis.

a. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of a. observable behavior. b. mental processes. c. consciousness. d. attention.

a. observable behavior.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. once processing had become automatic. b. when processing was done verbally. c. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. d. when processing was more controlled.

a. once processing had become automatic.

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b. both are handled by the visuospatial sketch pad. c. both are handled by the phonological loop. d. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period.

a. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), a. performance is better for the concrete task. b. performance is better for the abstract task. c. performance is the same for both tasks. d. performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

a. performance is better for the concrete task.

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ____________ increases the frequency of behavior. a. positive reinforcers b. discriminative stimuli c. backward conditioning d. inhibitory neurotransmitters

a. positive reinforcers

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children a. produce sentences they have never heard. b. show similar language development across cultures. c. are rewarded for using correct language. d. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so.

a. produce sentences they have never heard.

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon. a. rate of nerve firing b. size of the nerve impulses c. speed of nerve conduction d. All of these are correct.

a. rate of nerve firing

The primacy effect is attributed to a. recall of information stored in long-term memory. b. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c. recall of information still active in short-term memory. d. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

a. recall of information stored in long-term memory.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. recent and remote episodic b. recent and remote semantic c. recent episodic d. remote semantic

a. recent and remote episodic

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. remote b. recent c. anterograde d. emotional

a. remote

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. repeating it over and over. b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c. using it in a sentence. d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

a. repeating it over and over.

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________. a. repressed b. false c. illusory d. flashbulbs

a. repressed

Syntax is the a. rules for combining words into sentences. b. meanings of words. c. way people pronounce words in conversational speech. d. mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

a. rules for combining words into sentences.

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? a. schema b. precueing c. salience d. binding

a. schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory. a. schemas b. scripts c. confabulation d. bias

a. schemas

Information remains in sensory memory for a. seconds or a fraction of a second. b. 15-30 seconds. c. one to three minutes. d. as long as it is rehearsed.

a. seconds or a fraction of a second.

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory. a. semantic b. acoustic c. visual d. iconic

a. semantic

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes? a. sensory b. conscious c. proactive d. variable

a. sensory

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory. a. short-term b. long-term c. sensory d. autobiographical

a. short-term

Digit span is one measure of capacity of a. short-term memory. b. long-term memory .c. sensory memory. d. long-term semantic memory.

a. short-term memory.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more a. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. b. slowly to letters appearing in nonwords than letters appearing in words. c. quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. d. quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

a. slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time. b. quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously. c. equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time. d. larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people.

a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English. a. speech segmentation b. the likelihood principle c. bottom-up processing d. algorithms

a. speech segmentation

Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as a. structuralism. b. analytic introspection. c. sensations. d. cognitive psychology.

a. structuralism.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. c. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. b. effect of proactive interference. c. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. d. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.

a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

The cocktail party effect is a. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli. b. the inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli. c. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d. the equal division of attention between competing stimuli.

a. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

A syllogism is valid if a. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. b. the two premises and the conclusion are true. c. there is evidence to support the two premises. d. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.

a. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because a. the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow. b. the filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory memory. c. only a select set of environmental information enters the system. d. incoming information is selected by the detector.

a. the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. the hippocampus b. synaptic consolidation c. vitamin B1 d. deep processing

a. the hippocampus

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the availability heuristic. c. framing. d. the law of small numbers.

a. the representativeness heuristic.

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus. b. different from the priming stimulus.c. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus.d. different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

a. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. b. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. d. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

a. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the self-reference effect. b. a mass practice effect. c. the integrative experience effect. d. semantic memory.

a. the self-reference effect.

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing. a. top-down b. bottom-up c. serial d. sequential

a. top-down

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. episodic-based processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. personal semantic memory.

a. transfer-appropriate processing.

Consider the following syllogism:All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is a. valid. b. invalid. c. true. d. both valid and true.

a. valid.

The likelihood principle states that a. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. b. we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances. c. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations. d. feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.

a. we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a. one week. b. 24 hours. c. one hour. d. one month.

b. 24 hours.

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify a. 100 percent of the words spoken by their own voices. b. 50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices. c. 50 percent of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. d. none of the words spoken by others.

b. 50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? a. Dendrites make direct contact with each other. b. A chemical process takes place in the synapse. c. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. d. Action potentials travel across the synapse.

b. A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory? a. A red bird in the snow b. A lion's roar at the zoo c. An infant's first smile d. A striped top on a mannequin

b. A lion's roar at the zoo

Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties? a. A tree b. A web c. A pipe d. A river

b. A web

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories? a. Circumstantial b. Accurate c. Intense d. Malleable

b. Accurate

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content. b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. c. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age. d. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content.

b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue? a. Heart b. Brain c. Lungs d. Kidney

b. Brain

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing? a. Zipping your jacket when it's cold b. Choosing an entree from a menu c. Making a left turn on a green light d. Turning the lights off at bedtime

b. Choosing an entree from a menu

What is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates? a. Psychology b. Cognitive psychology c. Sociology d. Psychopathology

b. Cognitive psychology

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique? a. Hierarchical structure b. Communication c. Governed by rules d. It involves arrangement of a sequence of symbols

b. Communication

Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"? a. Temporal lobe b. Default mode network c. Broca's area d. Neural networks

b. Default mode network

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman? a. Passive b. Deliberate c. Rapid d. Automatic

b. Deliberate

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated? a. Attenuator b. Dictionary unit c. Detector d. Filter

b. Dictionary unit

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? a. The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect b. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur. c. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. d. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect

b. Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter? a. Solving problems b. Experiencing neuromodulation c. Communicating with other people d. Answering questions

b. Experiencing neuromodulation

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion? a. Encoding b. Highlighting c. Spacing d. Sleeping

b. Highlighting

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages. b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes. c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition. d. IP traces the sequence of mental operations involved in cognition.

b. IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. b. Kim performs better because of consolidation. c. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. d. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.

b. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. Observer perspective b. Pragmatic inference c. Prospective memory d. Automatic narrative

b. Pragmatic inference

The expected utility theory of decision making is grounded in which of the following? a. Emotion b. Rationality c. Context d. Evidence

b. Rationality

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. Content b. Scale c. State d. Consciousness

b. Scale

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Procedural d. Implicit

b. Semantic

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody? a. Rhythm b. Semantics c. Sound d. Structure

b. Semantics

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores? a. Short-term, long-term, episodic b. Sensory, short-term, long-term c. Episodic, short-term, sensory d. Sensory, episodic, long-term

b. Sensory, short-term, long-term

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment? a. Isolation b. Similarity c. Cooperation d. Understanding

b. Similarity

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following? a. Rehearsal b. Survival c. Specificity d. Mood

b. Survival

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The central executive and the phonological loop d. The phonological loop and long-term memory

b. The central executive and long-term memory

Consider the following syllogism:Premise 1: All dogs are cats.Premise 2: All cats say "meow."Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism? a. Both premises are valid. b. The conclusion is valid. c. The conclusion is not valid. d. The conclusion is true.

b. The conclusion is valid.

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component? a. The attenuator b. The dictionary unit c. The filter d. The "leaky" filter

b. The dictionary unit

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? a. The parietal and occipital lobes b. The frontal and temporal lobes c. The temporal and parietal lobes d. The frontal and parietal lobes

b. The frontal and temporal lobes

How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem"? a. The mind as involved in memory b. The mind as problem solver c. The mind as used to make decisions or consider possibilities d. The mind as valuable, something that should be used

b. The mind as problem solver

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. The self-reference effect b. The propaganda effect c. Release from proactive inhibition d. Encoding specificity

b. The propaganda effect

Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E? a. Prosody b. Tonic c. Heuristics d. Entrainment

b. Tonic

Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output? a. Treisman's filter b. Treisman's attenuator c. MacKay's dictionary unit d. Broadbent's detector

b. Treisman's attenuator

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops? a. Semantic regularity b. Viewpoint invariance c. Bottom-up processing d. Principle of similarity

b. Viewpoint invariance

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex? a. Semantic, episodic, visual b. Visual, semantic, episodic c. Episodic, visual, semantic d. Semantic, visual, episodic

b. Visual, semantic, episodic

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a. the phonological similarity effect. b. a build-up and release of proactive interference. c. the cocktail party phenomenon. d. a partial-report procedure.

b. a build-up and release of proactive interference.

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves a. a smaller stimulus set. b. a smaller response set. c. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. d. a shorter rehearsal period.

b. a smaller response set.

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ? a. velocity b. activity c. location d. stimuli

b. activity

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. childhood and adolescence. b. adolescence and young adulthood. c. young adulthood and middle age. d. childhood and middle age.

b. adolescence and young adulthood.

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. a. a buffering process followed by an activity process b. an activity state followed by a synaptic state c. a buffering process followed by an executive process d. a synaptic state followed by a buffering state

b. an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of a. the availability heuristic. b. an illusory correlation. c. selective attention. d. the falsification principle.

b. an illusory correlation.

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as a. structuralism. b. analytic introspection. c. sensations. d. cognitive psychology.

b. analytic introspection.

Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as a. information processing. b. analytic introspection. c. functional analysis. d. behavioral analysis.

b. analytic introspection.

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language. a. cultural b. anticipatory c. reductive d. intellectual

b. anticipatory

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) a. representativeness heuristic. b. availability heuristic. c. illusory correlation. d. permission schema.

b. availability heuristic.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the a. representativeness heuristic. b. availability heuristic. c. falsification principle. d. belief bias.

b. availability heuristic.

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following? a. episodic buffer b. central executive c. working memory d. articulatory rehearsal

b. central executive

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called a. sensory memory. b. cocktail party effect. c. detection. d. filtering.

b. cocktail party effect.

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of a. models. b. cognition. c. reaction times. d. savings.

b. cognition.

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism. a. categorical b. conditional c. irrational d. invalid

b. conditional

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the a. permission schema. b. confirmation bias. c. falsification principle. d. typicality principle.

b. confirmation bias.

Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception? a. interactive b. conscious c. supportive d. complex

b. conscious

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program a. simulated human attention. b. created proofs for problems in logic. c. controlled presentation of visual stimuli. d. produced the first flow diagram.

b. created proofs for problems in logic.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as a. narrative rehearsal. b. cryptoamnesia. c. repeated reproduction. d. repeated recall.

b. cryptoamnesia.

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _________________ reasoning. a. inductive b. deductive c. conjunctive d. descriptive

b. deductive

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. stimulus presentation. b. delay. c. response. d. encoding.

b. delay.

The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as a. localization of function. b. distributed representation. c. modularity. d. aphasia.

b. distributed representation.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. state-dependent learning. b. encoding. c. memory consolidation. d. transfer-appropriate processing.

b. encoding.

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception? a. warping b. enhancement c. accuracy d. filtration

b. enhancement

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called a. retinal cells. b. feature detectors. c. dendrites. d. receptors.

b. feature detectors.

The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving. a. subcortical b. frontal c. occipital d. parietal

b. frontal

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a. spacing effect. b. generation effect. c. cued recall effect. d. multiple trace hypothesis.

b. generation effect.

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. do not require attention. b. may differ from one task to another. c. are performed without conscious awareness. d. are difficult to modify.

b. may differ from one task to another.

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin, a. he should use his coin in the large machine. b. he should use his coin in the small machine. c. it doesn't make a difference which machine he uses. d. he should wait for other people to use the machines and see what they get.

b. he should use his coin in the small machine.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. highlighting c. making up questions about the material d. feedback

b. highlighting

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. increased firing in the neurons. c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

b. increased firing in the neurons.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, a. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. b. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. c. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. d. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications.

b. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using a. an omission bias. b. inductive reasoning. c. the conjunction rule. d. the similarity-coverage model.

b. inductive reasoning.

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be a. measured directly. b. inferred from the participant's behavior. c. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response. d. measured by comparing responses among different participants.

b. inferred from the participant's behavior.

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory. b. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds. c. information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory. d. short-term memory has a limited capacity.

b. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

Consider the following conditional syllogism:Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today.Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight.This syllogism is a. valid. b. invalid. c. biased. d. abstract.

b. invalid.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they a. lose the ability to communicate in any way. b. invent a sign language themselves. c. start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves. d. demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways.

b. invent a sign language themselves.

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the a. radiated wavelength paradox. b. inverse projection problem. c. serial location task. d. fusiform face role.

b. inverse projection problem.

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of _____________. a. irrational; accepting any offer b. irrational; accepting only high offers c. rational; accepting any offer d. rational; accepting only high offers

b. irrational; accepting only high offers

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a. weak signals can cause activation. b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation. c. all signals cause activation. d. no signals cause activation.

b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying a. language comprehension. b. language acquisition. c. speech production. d. speech parsing.

b. language acquisition.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated a. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." b. less efficiently than normal. c. using more visual encoding than normal. d. using stronger semantic connections than normal.

b. less efficiently than normal.

The theory of unconscious inference includes the a. oblique effect. b. likelihood principle. c. principle of componential recovery. d. principle of speech segmentation.

b. likelihood principle.

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for a. distributed processing. b. localization of function. c. prosopagnosia. d. neural net theory.

b. localization of function.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. remember more details about the event. b. make more errors in their recollections. c. report less confidence about their recollections. d. report less vivid recollections of the event.

b. make more errors in their recollections.

The main point of the Donders's reaction time experiments was to a. show that reaction times can be measured accurately. b. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision. c. determine differences in the way people react to stimuli. d. show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.

b. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that a. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. b. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. c. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. d. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

b. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the a. principle of size constancy. b. oblique effect. c. law of pragnanz. d. law of good continuation.

b. oblique effect.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. rehearsal b. organization c. depth of processing d. forming connections with other information

b. organization

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual a. conjunction. b. organization. c. discriminability. d. fusion.

b. organization.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. implicit memory b. organizational context c. reconsolidation d. imagery

b. organizational context

According to the situation model of text processing, a. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. b. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. c. it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. d. people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

b. people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____. a. we use data about the environment to determine what is out there b. perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience c. top-down processing is central to perception d. experience has no effect on perception, only sensation

b. perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a. conjunction rule b. permission schema c. atmosphere effect d. availability heuristic

b. permission schema

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____. a. semantic regularity b. physical regularity c. perceptual regularity d. orientation regularity

b. physical regularity

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a. nucleus accumbens. b. prefrontal cortex. c. diencephalon. d. cingulate gyrus.

b. prefrontal cortex.

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to a. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. c. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. d. lead to effective autobiographical memories.

b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test. a. recall b. recognition c. word-completion d. personal semantic memory

b. recognition

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. a. excited b. relaxed c. nervous d. neutral

b. relaxed

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a. long-term potentiation b. retrieval cues c. elaborative rehearsal d. mass practice

b. retrieval cues

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________. a. phrases b. rules c. meanings d. turns

b. rules

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. misattribution b. script c. narrative d. schema

b. script

The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes. a. physical regularities b. semantic regularities c. pragnanz d. double dissociation

b. semantic regularities

Which of the following is true about perception? a. It occurs separately from action. b. It is mostly automatic. c. It involves rapid processes. d. It is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems.

c. It involves rapid processes.

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that a. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence. b. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. c. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. d. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.

b. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. the phonological similarity effect. b. short-term memory. c. the persistence of vision. d. the physiological approach to coding.

b. short-term memory.

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. episodic memory.

b. short-term memory.

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of a. simplicity. b. similarity. c. pragnanz. d. familiarity.

b. similarity.

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a a. sensory memory task. b. simple reaction time task. c. choice reaction time task. d. classical conditioning task.

b. simple reaction time task.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true a. only when we are aware we've seen them before. b. simply because we have been exposed to them before. c. only when we agree with them. d. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

b. simply because we have been exposed to them before.

According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. a. global connections b. situation models c. causal inference d. speech continuity

b. situation models

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories. a. static b. skill c. explicit d. task

b. skill

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory. a. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names b. source misattributions c. encoding specificity d. schemas

b. source misattributions

If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on? a. the oven b. the cake c. the flour d. the flavor

b. the cake

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a. the color and the name matched. b. the color and the name differed. c. the shape and the name matched. d. the shape and the name differed.

b. the color and the name differed.

Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following? a. the detector of Broadbent's filter model b. the focused attention stage of feature integration theory c. the dictionary unit of Treisman's attenuation model d. the synchronization stage of the executive attention network

b. the focused attention stage of feature integration theory

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, ea. pisodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. c. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. d. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.

b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a. the identification of a single meaning for that word. b. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. c. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. d. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension.

b. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

The conjunction rule states that a. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. b. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. c. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. d. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively.

b. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the stimulus category changed. b. the stimulus category remained the same. c. the response task changed. d. the response task remained the same.

b. the stimulus category remained the same.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory.

b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following? a. Narrative rehearsing b. Cultural scripts c. Strong encoding d. Youth bias

c. Strong encoding

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that a. the human ability to process information is unlimited. b. there are limits to the human ability to process information. c. intelligent machines can be successfully created. d. memory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep.

b. there are limits to the human ability to process information.

Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of a. bottom-up processing. b. top-down processing. c. their in-depth understanding of principles of perception. d. repeated practice at the task.

b. top-down processing.

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture.Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard.The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect. a. trial 2; word frequency b. trial 1; word frequency c. trial 2; word superiority d. trial 1; word superiority

b. trial 1; word frequency

The Stroop effect occurs when participants a. are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. b. try to name colors and ignore words. c. try to select some incoming information based on meaning. d. are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.

b. try to name colors and ignore words.

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ . a. one b. two c. four d. six

b. two

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway. a. where; what b. what; where c. size; distance d. distance; size

b. what; where

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted from output units towards the input units.

back propagation

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing a. 8 and M. b. A and M. c. A and 13. d. 8 and 13.

c. A and 13.

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. Remote b. Standard c. Systems d. Synaptic

c. Systems

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? a. Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. b. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. c. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. d. Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony.

c. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text? a. The oblique effect b. The light-from-above assumption c. Angled orientation d. Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"

c. Angled orientation

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a. Because learning the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus requires effort. b. Because it is based on motor skills similar to procedural memory. c. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. d. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

c. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? a. Reaction time b. Unconscious inference c. Classical conditioning d. Operant conditioning

c. Classical conditioning

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"? a. Cognitive mapping b. Paradigm shift c. Classical conditioning d. Behaviorism

c. Classical conditioning

Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following? a. Salience b. Voxel c. Connectome d. Aphasia

c. Connectome

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain? a. Responsive b. Conditional c. Consistent d. Variable

c. Consistent

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal? a. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall b. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace c. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall d. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

c. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? a. Classification b. Elaboration c. Distraction d. Reconsolidation

c. Distraction

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts. a. Semantic; implicit b. Implicit; episodic c. Episodic; semantic d. Procedural; episodic

c. Episodic; semantic

Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

c. Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Retiring from work at age 40 b. Marrying at age 60 c. Graduating from college at age 22 d. Having a child at age 45

c. Graduating from college at age 22

Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts? a. Specificity coding b. Localization of function c. Hierarchical processing d. Distributed representation

c. Hierarchical processing

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing? a. Pragmatic inference b. Misinformation effect c. Illusory truth effect d. Source monitoring error

c. Illusory truth effect

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a. It is vivid memory for emotional events. b. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. c. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. d. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.

c. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding? a. It is probably accurate, which explains why the human nervous system contains over one hundred billion neurons. b. Research has found that specificity encoding does occur for lower animals, such as dogs and cats, but has not found this phenomenon to exist in human beings. c. It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each. d. Specificity coding is one of the areas that is only theoretical and not applied, and thus there is no way to know if it truly exists in human beings.

c. It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection? a. It infers mental processes based on objective data. b. It produces results that are too easy to verify. c. It produces variable results from person to person. d. It requires no training.

c. It produces variable results from person to person.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). b. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one- hour class period.

c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept? a. The factory machines would consume electricity. b. The factory machines would produce electricity. c. Machines would shut down for material resupply. d. An alarm would sound signaling system overload.

c. Machines would shut down for material resupply.

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect? a. Lexical priming b. Object-relative construction c. Meaning dominance d. Positional inference

c. Meaning dominance

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts? a. Belief bias b. Expected emotion c. Myside bias d. Availability heuristic

c. Myside bias

Which of the following statements is correct? a. Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. b. Central vision is everything off to the side. c. Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea. d. Everything to the right is outside your vision.

c. Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea.

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons? a. One is internally activated and the other is externally activated. b. One has physical form and the other lacks physical form. c. One sends information and the other receives information. d. One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge.

c. One sends information and the other receives information.

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? a. Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections. b. Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. c. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. d. Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable.

c. Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car? a. Chunking in sensory memory b. Buffering in the central executive c. Rehearsal in short-term memory d. Rotation in the phonological loop

c. Rehearsal in short-term memory

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect? a. Culture b. Source c. Repetition d. Stress

c. Repetition

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrograde b. Encoding c. Retrieval d. Processing

c. Retrieval

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording:Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room.As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? a. ANT b. SPY c. SKY d. ROACH

c. SKY

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? a. Short-term memory has a relatively small capacity for information. b. Retention of information in short-term memory is brief. c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli. d. Short-term memory provides meaning to information.

c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

How is the term mind used in this statement: "When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind"? a. The mind as involved in memory b. The mind as problem solver c. The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning. d. The mind as valuable, something that should be used

c. The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference? a. The probability of an outcome is determined by chance. b. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by the likelihood of the outcome. c. The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome. d. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by our initial belief about the probability of an outcome.

c. The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication? a. Anaphoric inference b. Causal inference c. Theory of mind d. Syntactic priming

c. Theory of mind

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. d. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.

c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. d. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to remember a map of the area c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina? a. We infer it. b. We confirm it. c. We interpret it. d. We reverse it.

c. We interpret it.

What is the process of unconscious inference? a. When our subconscious mind interferes with our conscience b. When our unconscious perceptions align with our conscious perceptions c. When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment d. When our subconscious interferes with what we perceive from our retinas

c. When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany? a. Erik Erikson b. Sigmund Freud c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Ivan Pavlov

c. Wilhelm Wundt

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? a. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" b. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy" c. Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk" d. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe"

c. Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk"

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of a. inductive reasoning. b. a self-serving bias. c. a permission schema. d. the illusory correlation.

c. a permission schema.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a. before the event. b. during the event. c. after the event. d. all of the above

c. after the event.

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate a. that neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born. b. that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neurons fire to these objects. c. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity. d. that our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.

c. an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using a. the law of large numbers. b. an atmosphere effect. c. an illusory correlation. d. the falsification principle.

c. an illusory correlation.

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a. usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second. b. are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. c. are determined primarily by the task. d. continually scan all objects and areas of the scene.

c. are determined primarily by the task.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was a. visual. b. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. c. auditory from a female speaker. d. auditory from a male speaker.

c. auditory from a female speaker.

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________. a. availability heuristic b. confirmatory bias c. belief bias d. mental set

c. belief bias

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to a. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend. b. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. c. buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. d. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course.

c. buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

The key structural components of neurons are the a. cell body, cellular membrane, and transmitters. b. axon, dendrites, and glands. c. cell body, dendrites, and axons. d. transmitters, dendrites, and nodes of Ranvier.

c. cell body, dendrites, and axons.

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a a. memory recall task. b. simple reaction time task. c. choice reaction time task. d. operant conditioning task.

c. choice reaction time task.

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as a. cognitive psychology. b. neuroscience. c. cognitive neuroscience. d. neuropsychology.

c. cognitive neuroscience.

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory? a. frequency b. color c. complexity d. source

c. complexity

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. a. event-specific b. source c. constructive d. misinformation

c. constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a. misinformation effect. b. familiarity effect. c. constructive nature of memory. d. reminiscence bump.

c. constructive nature of memory.

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. b. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. c. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. d. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear.

c. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. omissions of information that was presented. b. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. c. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. d. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

c. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on a. narrative rehearsal. b. source misattributions. c. cultural expectations. d. shallow processing.

c. cultural expectations.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. interference; decay b. priming; interference c. decay; interference d. decay; lack of rehearsal

c. decay; interference

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study a. sensation. b. childhood attachment styles. c. decision making. d. personality development.

c. decision making.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. has no effect on the curve. b. increases the primacy effect. c. decreases the recency effect. d. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

c. decreases the recency effect.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as a. filter model attention. b. shadowing. c. dichotic listening. d. detector listening.

c. dichotic listening.

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective. a. selective attention; divided attention b. distraction; selective attention c. divided attention; distraction d. attentional capture; divided attention

c. divided attention; distraction

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. iconic memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. echoic memory. d. pre-perceptual auditory memory.

c. echoic memory.

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. episodic b. visual c. emotional d. systemic

c. emotional

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. the cooperative principle b. local connections c. environmental context d. instrumental inferences

c. environmental context

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information a. if they believe the post-event information is correct. b. only if the misleading post-event information is presented immediately after viewing the event. c. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information. d. if the misleading post-event information is consistent with social stereotypes.

c. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that a. rehearsal cannot account for them. b. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). c. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. d. they are permanent and resist forgetting.

c. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. a. knowledge b. emotions c. future d. neural networks

c. future

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ____________________ approach to parsing. a. semantic b. temporary ambiguity c. garden path d. interactionist

c. garden path

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to a. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. b. present the list more slowly. c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. d. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.

c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas. a. high-load b. low-load c. high-saliency d. low-saliency

c. high-saliency

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. d. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning. a. deductive b. syllogistic c. inductive d. connective

c. inductive

c. instrument inference.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade.Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is a. valid. b. skewed. c. invalid. d. robust.

c. invalid.

The validity of a syllogism depends on a. the truth of its premises. b. the truth of its conclusion. c. its form. d. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion.

c. its form.

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. images; sounds b. implicit; explicit c. knowing; remembering d. fragile; permanent

c. knowing; remembering

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task. a. attenuated b. high-load c. low-load d. filtered

c. low-load

emantic regularity refers to the _____. a. regularity between locations b. idea that regularities in the environment provide information we can use to resolve ambiguities c. meaning between properties of an object d. consistency between situations

c. meaning between properties of an object

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. physical characteristics. b. language. c. meaning. d. direction.

c. meaning.

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of a. the late-selection model of attention. b. an object-based attentional failure. c. mind wandering. d. the cocktail party phenomenon.

c. mind wandering.

Speech segmentation is defined as a. creating a sentence from a series of spoken words. b. ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence. c. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words. d. recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.

c. organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe. a. frontal b. temporal c. parietal d. occipital

c. parietal

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. it always leads to episodic memory for events. b. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c. people are not conscious they are using it. d. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

c. people are not conscious they are using it.

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying a. sensory memory. b. decay. c. perseveration. d. agnosia.

c. perseveration.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. a visual delay effect. b. echoic memory. c. persistence of vision. d. top-down processing.

c. persistence of vision.

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on a. meaning. b. modality. c. physical characteristics. d. higher order characteristics.

c. physical characteristics.

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of a. common fate. b. similarity. c. pragnanz. d. continuity.

c. pragnanz.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage. a. feature analysis b. focused attention c. preattentive d. letter analysis

c. preattentive

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the _________________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the _________________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome. a. basal ganglia; corpus callosum b. striate nucleus; locus coeruleus c. prefrontal cortex; insula d. diencephalon; putamen

c. prefrontal cortex; insula

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. a. working b. semantic c. procedural d. autobiographical

c. procedural

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with a. Broca's aphasia. b. Wernicke's aphasia. c. prosopagnosia. d. Alzheimer's disease.

c. prosopagnosia.

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________. a. rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next b. shifting of attention from one place to another by moving the eyes c. reaction to physical properties of stimulus d. brief pause on another person's face

c. reaction to physical properties of stimulus

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it. a. semanticizing b. knowing c. reliving d. coding

c. reliving

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves a. framing. b. the conjunction rule. c. sample size. d. none of these

c. sample size.

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of a. mirror neurons. b. natural selection. c. scene schema. d. pragnanz.

c. scene schema.

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen a. source memory. b. script. c. schema. d. scan technique.

c. schema.

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is a. phonological. b. concrete. c. semantic. d. visual.

c. semantic.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a. short but all on a single day. b. long and all on a single day. c. short and across several days. d. long and across several days.

c. short and across several days.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and a. retroactive interference. b. consequentiality. c. source misattribution. d. confabulation.

c. source misattribution.

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding. a. specificity b. distributed c. sparse d. divergence

c. sparse

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. consolidation. b. priming. c. specificity. d. transcription.

c. specificity.

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of a. parsing. b. temporary ambiguity. c. speech segmentation. d. lexical priming.

c. speech segmentation.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________. a. neurons b. source c. task d. stimulus

c. task

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by a. the principle of diversity. b. confirmation bias. c. the framing effect. d. the law of large numbers.

c. the framing effect.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because a. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. b. longer light wavelengths from the sparkler produce a visual echoic effect. c. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second. d. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

c. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that a. the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. b. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. c. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. d. the public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect.

c. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because a. the participants were only asked one question for this poll. b. the participants were not sufficiently geographically diverse. c. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population. d. everyone in America was not asked their opinion.

c. the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a. the person has seen before. b. of familiar places. c. the person took himself or herself. d. the person has never seen before.

c. the person took himself or herself.

dgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that a. the shape and height of the action potential increased as he increased the pressure. b. the shape and height of the action potential decreased as he increased the pressure. c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure. d. the rate of nerve firing decreased as he increased the pressure.

c. the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was a. greatest for accepted offers. b. greatest for rejected offers. c. the same for accepted and rejected offers. d. dependent on how much money the responder was offered.

c. the same for accepted and rejected offers.

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by a. reception of the stimulus. b. bottom-up processing. c. top-down processing. d. focused attention.

c. top-down processing.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. state-dependent b. stimulus-fluency c. transfer-appropriate d. recall-potentiation

c. transfer-appropriate

The "cognitive revolution" 'a. occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers. b. extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt's introspection experiments. c. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades. d. was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.

c. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ____________________ is involved. a. whether semantics b. whether syntax c. when semantics d. when syntax

c. when semantics

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. b. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. c. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong. d. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.

c. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. short-term memory consists of a number of components. b. short-term memory has a central executive function. c. working memory is engaged in processing information. d. working memory has unlimited capacity.

c. working memory is engaged in processing information.

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.

can fly; bird

car.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

causalon

52. The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation

A(n) ____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.

concept

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? a. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. b. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. c. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. d. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

d. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. b. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. c. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. d. All of these are correct.

d. All of these are correct.

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? a. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d. B. F. Skinner

d. B. F. Skinner

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? a. Noam Chomsky b. John Watson c. Keller Breland d. B. F. Skinner

d. B. F. Skinner

Verbal Behavior was written by a. Noam Chomsky. b. Watson. c. Tolman. d. B. F. Skinner.

d. B. F. Skinner.

In an effort to get his sister Sharon to vaccinate her young children, Frank compiled the results from many scientific research studies that show the long-term health benefits of childhood vaccines. Yet when Frank presented the information to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous. What occurred in the conversation between Frank and Sharon? a. Falsification principle b. Belief bias c. Mental modeling d. Backfire effect

d. Backfire effect

What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron? a. Nerve b. Connectome c. Axon d. Cell body

d. Cell body

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power? a. Hyphen b. Exclamation point c. Period d. Comma

d. Comma

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Amnesia b. Encoding specificity c. Cued-recall d. Consolidation

d. Consolidation

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? a. Androgen b. Cholesterol c. Acetylcholine d. Cortisol

d. Cortisol

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Early selection b. Filtering c. Channeling d. Dichotic listening

d. Dichotic listening

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a. Late selection b. Stroop experiments c. Precueing d. Dictionary unit

d. Dictionary unit

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)? a. Repression b. Trauma c. Culture d. Emotion

d. Emotion

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Classification b. Elaboration c. Rehearsal d. Engagement

d. Engagement

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Sensory memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. Episodic memory

d. Episodic memory

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following? a. Consciousness b. Location c. Process d. Form

d. Form

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Following a story in a book b. Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store c. Recognizing people he has recently met d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? a. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. b. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. c. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night; therefore, I missed an important call today. d. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night.

d. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night.

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory? a. It mixes the taffy ingredients. b. It adds flavors to the taffy. c. It puts the taffy in packages. d. It cuts the taffy into pieces.

d. It cuts the taffy into pieces.

The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by a. B. F. Skinner. b. Colin Cherry. c. Edward Tolman. d. John McCarthy.

d. John McCarthy.

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a. Object-based b. Early selection c. Spotlight d. Late selection

d. Late selection

family resemblance.

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories. b. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. c. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. d. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

d. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience? a. Structured b. Autobiographical c. Suggestible d. Multidimensional

d. Multidimensional

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing? a. Landmark discrimination problem b. Dissociation task c. Greeble recognition task d. Object discrimination problem

d. Object discrimination problem

How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity? a. Perceptual load is static and processing capacity is variable. b. Perceptual load is genetic and processing capacity is learned. c. Perceptual load is sensory and processing capacity is cognitive. d. Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.

d. Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory? a. Amygdala b. Parietal cortex c. Hippocampus d. Prefrontal cortex

d. Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing how it feels to be scared b. Recalling a childhood memory c. Knowing how an automobile engine works d. Reading a sentence in a book

d. Reading a sentence in a book

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a. Classical conditioning b. Repetition priming c. Procedural memory d. Semantic memory

d. Semantic memory

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. Lexicon is smaller in scope than semantics. b. Semantics are multidimensional in scope. c. The scope of lexical semantics is variable. d. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

d. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. B. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience? a. Recall abuse b. Hear a song c. See a weapon d. Smell perfume

d. Smell perfume

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? a. MPI b. Recovered memory c. Schema confusion d. Source monitoring

d. Source monitoring

Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance.This system is similar to which of the following? a. Sparse coding b. Localization coding c. Population coding d. Specificity coding

d. Specificity coding

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Sleeping b. Elaborating c. Organizing d. Testing

d. Testing

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. a. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. b. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence. c. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. d. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

d. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. The STM recency effect b. Delayed response coding c. The phonological loop d. The visuospatial sketch pad

d. The visuospatial sketch pad

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology? a. Many parts make up a whole. b. Truth is relative. c. Apparent motion is due to sensation. d. The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

d. The whole is different from the sum of its parts.

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. The word "money" b. Their child's first name c. The word "home" d. The word "platypus"

d. The word "platypus"

From a thinking perspective, when faced with making a decision, the suggestion to "Go with your gut" would emphasize ________, while the suggestion "Take your time" would place emphasis on ________. a. System 2; System 1 b. Type 2; Type 1 c. System 1; Type 1 d. Type 1; System 2

d. Type 1; System 2

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples? a. When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters b. When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence c. When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator) d. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

d. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road? a. When the person has to drive to work early in the morning. b. When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic. c. When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage. d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

d. When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed. a. tonics b. heuristics c. entrainment d. ambiguity

d. ambiguity

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference. a. narrative b. instrument c. analogic d. anaphoric

d. anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) a. instrument inference. b. garden path sequence. c. global connection. d. anaphoric inference.

d. anaphoric inference.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably a. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. b. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. c. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. d. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

d. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had a. just read about the singer in a magazine. b. just seen the singer on TV. c. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. reflective b. subjective c. personal d. autobiographical

d. autobiographical

A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence. a. principles b. eyesight c. sensation d. beliefs

d. beliefs

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________. a. contiguity b. proximity c. accommodation d. binding

d. binding

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following? a. sampling b. scanning c. synchronizing d. binding

d. binding

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list. a. the first words b. the middle words c. the last words d. both the first and last words

d. both the first and last words

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c. using visual images. d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people a. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome. b. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80 percent fat free than 20 percent fat. c. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. d. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

d. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. b. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. c. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. d. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

d. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. b. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. c. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

18. When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal

is continuous.

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird.It is a bird.Therefore, it is a robin.In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a _________________ of a _________________ syllogism. a. premise; categorical b. conclusion; categorical c. premise; conditional d. conclusion; conditional

d. conclusion; conditional

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process. a. life-narrative b. narrative-rehearsal c. consequentiality based d. constructive

d. constructive

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a. separate a sentence into individual words. b. decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. c. identify words that are contained in sentences. d. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

d. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. a self-reference effect. b. repetition priming. c. implicit memory. d. elaborative rehearsal.

d. elaborative rehearsal.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. the self-reference effect. b. maintenance rehearsal. c. levels of processing theory. d. encoding specificity.

d. encoding specificity.

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. a. classification b. emotionality c. potentiation d. fragility

d. fragility

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy. a. losses; risk-taking b. gains; risk-taking c. losses; risk-aversion d. gains; risk-aversion

d. gains; risk-aversion

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. declarative and non-declarative b. personal semantic and remote c. semantic and episodic d. implicit and procedural

d. implicit and procedural

Perception is NOT essential for a. creating memories. b. acquiring knowledge. c. solving problems. d. improving empathy.

d. improving empathy.

Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an __________ emotion. a. expected b. immediate c. integral d. incidental

d. incidental

The primary effect of chunking is to a. maximize the recency effect. b. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives. a. consistency b. resistance c. constancy d. invariance

d. invariance

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a. is better for vivid descriptions. b. is like a tape recording. c. depends on the participant's mood. d. involves making inferences.

d. involves making inferences.

Scene schema is a. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook. a. the dynamics of cognition b. idiographic evaluation c. nomothetic examination d. levels of analysis

d. levels of analysis

The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen 'em all" best reflects which of the following? a. principle of similarity b. law of pragnanz c. semantic regularities d. likelihood principle

d. likelihood principle

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to a. perceive the stimulus. b. process the stimulus. c. attend to the stimulus. d. make a decision about the stimulus.

d. make a decision about the stimulus.

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as a. classical conditioning. b. the method of savings. c. choice reaction time. d. operant conditioning.

d. operant conditioning.

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error. a. visuospatial b. control c. suppressive d. phonological

d. phonological

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a a. brick wall. b. chain link fence. c. solid wall. d. picket fence.

d. picket fence.

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the a. meaning of a conversation. b. rules for combining spoken words into sentences. c. tendency to see relationships between spoken concepts even when those relationships do not exist. d. previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

d. previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect. a. conditioning b. primacy c. recency d. propaganda

d. propaganda

d. psycholinguistics.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. levels of processing. b. depth of processing. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. reconsolidation.

d. reconsolidation.

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through a. parsing. b. genetic coding. c. syntactic framing. d. reinforcement.

d. reinforcement.

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in a. recognizing famous people. b. remembering the meaning of some words. c. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. d. remembering graduating from college.

d. remembering graduating from college.

Coherence refers to the a. mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. b. principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. c. mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. d. representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

d. representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________. a. sampling; warping; decrease b. warping; salience; decrease c. schema; sampling; increase d. salience; fixation; increase

d. salience; fixation; increase

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called a. high-load detraction. b. divided attention. c. location-based potentiation. d. same-object advantage.

d. same-object advantage.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention. a. low load b. divided c. cocktail party d. selective

d. selective

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that a. long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired. b. impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. c. a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. d. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

d. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from a. sensory memory to long-term memory. b. sensory memory to short-term memory. c. long-term memory to sensory memory. d. short-term memory to long-term memory.

d. short-term memory to long-term memory.

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _________________ bias. a. actor-observer b. dual systems c. self-serving d. status quo

d. status quo

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as a. anaphoric inferencing. b. phonemic restoration. c. garden pathing. d. syntactic priming.

d. syntactic priming.

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT a. practice. b. the type of processing being used. c. the difficulty of the tasks. d. task cueing.

d. task cueing.

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's a. innate language abilities. b. ability to work well with a group of others. c. innate reasoning abilities. d. tendency to detect when others are cheating.

d. tendency to detect when others are cheating.

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. sensory memory b. the phonological loop c. articulatory suppression d. the central executive

d. the central executive

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a. a mental model. b. a categorical syllogism. c. the law of large numbers. d. the falsification principle.

d. the falsification principle.

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because a. sensory memory holds all of the information for fraction of second and then transfers all of it to filter. b. the output is sent to short-term memory, which holds the information for 10-15 seconds and also transfer the information to long-term memory. c. the attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all information that enters it. d. the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

d. the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

A synapse is a. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. b. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. c. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. d. the gap that separates two different neurons.

d. the gap that separates two different neurons.

When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as a. the neuron's receptor continues to be stimulated. b. the impulse is past the recording electrode. c. signals remain in the neuron. d. the neuron is at rest.

d. the neuron is at rest.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a. confirmation bias. b. utility. c. the falsification principle. d. the representativeness heuristic.

d. the representativeness heuristic.

Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception? a. feeling b. hearing c. seeing d. thinking

d. thinking

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory? a. repetition b. buffer c. access d. time

d. time

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. trauma-based experiences b. family-centered challenges c. the freshman year d. transition points

d. transition points

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model? a. independent consultants b. equal team members c. competing employees d. workers and manager

d. workers and manager

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

If a system has the property of graceful degradation, this means that

damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation.

22. In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

distributed.

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and

dreams.

environmental context

epiphenomenon.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).

exemplar

_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

exemplars

fixation; pretty

Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being

graded - WRONG (distributed)

5. In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

hierarchical structure.

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.

higher; both lower and higher

7. Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a. imagery and perception can interact with one another. b. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. c. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task. d. imagery and perception are two different phenomena.

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms. b. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. c. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. d. how easy mental rotation is for humans.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of be-haviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

imagery requires a special mechanism.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonder-land'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.

inner audition

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game. a. mental chronometry b. inner audition c. mental synthesis d. visual imagery

inner audition

invent a sign language themselves

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has expe-rienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a dog that does not bark.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a small poodle and the other a large German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a dog that does not bark.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on mechanisms related to language.

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. However, their revised model was not im-mune to criticism. One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it

is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable dif-ference between them is that

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

language acquisition.

lexicon.

mental chronometry.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). The-se researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. mental images. b. echoic schemas c. visual icons. d. perceptual images.

mental images

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

mental scanning

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure. a. priming b. categorization c. mental scanning d. mental walk

mental scanning

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved

mental scanning.

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

mental walk

method of loci

Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's

more exemplars than Bob's.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself walking in a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His beha-vior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was walking.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

In the semantic network model, a specific category is represented at a

node.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. order. b. bizarreness. c. concreteness. d. importance.

order

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order.

50. According to the situation model of text processing,

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

Perky's imagery study from the early 1900s had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

people were unconsciously influenced by the projected images when forming their mental im-ages.

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

priming - WRONG (Typicality)

8. One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

OVER (MOON, MIAMI) is a _____ representation.

propositional

The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.

propositional

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

propositions.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

psycholinguistics.

6. B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

44. Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

According to the ________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading acti-vation.

semantic network

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

39. The interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

According to the S-F hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ________ and one that distinguishes ________.

sensory attributes; function

situation models

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view.

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. ability to visually recognize objects. b. ability to draw objects from memory. c. recognition of objects in the left side of space. d. size of the field of view.

size of the field of view.

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

sparrow

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

spatial

The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations.

spatial

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. abstract symbols. b. an equation. c. a statement. d. a spatial layout.

spatial layout

The propositional approach uses all of the following to describe the mechanism responsible for mental imagery EXCEPT

spatial layouts.

34. When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

According to the text, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _______ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

53. When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the _____ approach to parsing.

syntax-first

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. Af-ter a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery.

tacit-knowledge

The water-pouring problem, in particular, shows that its solution using imagery cannot depend on

tacit-knowledge.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to

temporarily disrupt the functioning of a brain area.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the back propagated error signal is zero.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network - WRONG the typicality of the information contained in each concept. - 2nd option

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

the group with 10 years of English instruction

42. Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results support

the interactionist approach to parsing.

25. Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to

the meaning of a conversation.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as, faster than, interfered with by - WRONG slower than - wrong *okay so I'm confused b/c I got it wrong and picked all answer choices*

12. A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perse-verance.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. c. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. d. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

13. The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).

three

14. "Kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes.

three

Good psychological theories must have all of the following properties EXCEPT being

too powerful to be refuted by empirical evidence.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ____ and Itzaj participants would answer ____.

tree; oak

trial 1; word frequency

Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model. In their modification, Collins and Loftus ac-count for the typicality effect by

using shorter links to connect more closely related concepts.

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____. a. using visual images; activated b. perceiving stimuli; activated c. using visual images; deactivated d. perceiving stimuli; deactivated

using visual images; deactivated

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in an-swering the question.

visual imagery

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. b. the imageless thought debate was unresolved. c. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. d. visual images vary in detail.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Imagery neurons respond to

visual images as well as objects in a specific category.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

weights

40. The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is ____ is involved.

when semantics

33. Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex, respectively?

with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex, respectively?

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

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