Cognitive Psychology
What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?
Bottom up is driven by sensory info from the physical world. Top down actively seek and extract sensory info.
What are the differences between behaviorism and the cognitive approach?
Behaviorism focuses on the stimulus, response, and consequence which is all that is observable oustide. But the cognitive appraoch also focuse on the things within the internal events.
What roles are played by the major subcortical structures?
Functions are essential and fundamental to survival of the organism such as body regulation and homeostasis, memory,etc.
what principles are followed when the brain puts it all together?
Grouping Principles: proximity, commonality, continuity, colinearity, occlusion
Why is information about the brain important for theorizing about mental activity?
Facts about brain can help test the adequacy of the theories hypothesized. Understanding structure and function of the brain can help with the evaluation of the theories. Theories are limited by the facts of the brain.
What are some of the building blocks of visual perception?
Processing features, including spots and edges, colors and shapes, movements and textures.
Why is perception important for cognition?
Sensation and Perception provide the raw material for cognition. Our registration of sensory stimuli from the external world (perception) is analyzed and interpreted by the brain while being guided by existing knowledge(cognition).
What are the two main problems that make perception difficult?
Sensory stimuli are ambiguous and open to many interpretations and will not contain enough information to explain an individuals perception. There is too much sensory input to include into a coherent perception and an single given moment.
What are the four types of models of object recognition?
Template matching model; feature matching model; recognition by components model; configural models.
Does perception come from bottom-up or top-down processing?
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How can top-down processing change how features are percieved?
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Distinguish between "attention operating early" and "attention operating late" and provide examples of studies that support each of these two views.
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Do the ERP studies support and early or a late view of attentional selection? In principle, could ERP results provide support for both views? If so, how? If not, why not?
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What are the major methods used to study mental activity?
EEG ERP PET fMRI
Describe two different methods that have been used to study the brain basis of attention.
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Give an example of how a salient bottom-up signal might compete with and win over another simulus.
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How might an attentional blink resulf from competion between two stimuli?
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In what ways does context affect perception of objects?
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Selection of information can fail when too much information is present at any one time or when information comes in faster than we can process it. What are some examples of failures in space and time?
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What are the differences between the spotlight view of attention and a feature integration view of attention?
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What are the distinctions between exogenous and endogenous forms of attention?
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what are the "what" and "where" pathways?
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How does visual experience influence what we see?
Infants visual system fully developed before birth and the information they recieve via surroundings a day form their perceptual representations of the world and serves as their basis of recognition of objects lasting into adulthood.
In what ways is the brain structured like a hierarchy? In what ways is it not?
Initial signals of receptors in neurons are passed to higher processing levels (hierarchy). It is not a hierarchy by being a re-entrant (two way signal reciever.
Why did the cognitive revolution occur?
It occured in the late 1950 early 1960's; around the time frime that the computer was developed. Computer was used as a model to demonstrate that internal mechanism produced behavior.
What are the four lobes of each hemisphere of the brain?
Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, Frontal
What is the relationship between mental activity and brain activity?
The relationship between the two could be in the same representation as form and content brain activity would be the form and mental activity would be the content. Both process come together to accomplish the overall job.
What roles do studies of the brain play in revealing facts about mental activity?
The study of the brain helps support and prove theories of brain mental activity by showing where activity takes place. Helps with adequacy.
What is visual agnosia?
Visual agnosia is when sight is unimpaired but recognition of an object fails.
