Cognitive Psychology chapter 9

a presented stimulus is a word

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

truck

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

strong

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.

tree;oak

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

Examplers

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

A prototype

___________is a "typical" member of a category.

synapse activity

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

creates new links between associated concepts.

Spreading activation

typicality

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

subordinate level to basic level

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

artifact

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

node

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

connection weights

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

abstractions

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

family resemblance

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

connectionist networks

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

concepts

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

can fly; bird

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

family resemblance

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

guitar

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

cognitive economy

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

more exemplars than Bob's

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

back propogation

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

definitional

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

prototype

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

The definitional approach to categorization

distributed

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

the embodied approach

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

crowding

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.