Cognitive Psychology Exam 2
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?
"I can see it in my mind's eye"
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
consolidation
According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
constructive
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process
constructive
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the __________ of retrieved memories
fragility
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale
systems
One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory
the central executive
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had
attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________
autobiographical
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________
aware; unaware
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
cryptoamnesia
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproduction contained inaccuracies based on
cultural expectations
___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts
episodic; semantic
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information
even if they are told to ignore the post-event information
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate
As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ____________
facts
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear
The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?
form
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________
future
After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?
multidimensional
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories
organizational context
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
people are not conscious they are using it
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying
perseveration
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run?" You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ______________ error.
phonological
Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?
prefrontal cortex
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory
prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
semantic memory
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?
sensory, short-term, long-term
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory
short-term
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short-term memory
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
short-term memory
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
short-term memory
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
short-term memory to long-term memory
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
simply because we have been exposed to them before
Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories
skill
The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?
smell perfume
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
source monitoring
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding
specificity
According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?
strong encoding
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated
James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?
survival
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is
semantic
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"
In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________
"know"
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?
1492 911 1776
What is the typical duration of short-term memory?
15-20 seconds
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?
50 First Dates
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?
Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?
Machines would shut down for material resupply
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
articulatory suppression
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
a build-up and release of proactive interference
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect
a failure of memory consolidation
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?
a lion's roar at the zoo
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
a sequence of actions
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
a smaller response set
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?
accurate
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
adolescence and young adulthood
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
after the event
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list
both the first and last words
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
by the person whose memory will be tested
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder
can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?
central executive
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
cognitive hypothesis
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
complexity
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
constructive memory processes
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
constructive nature of memory
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in short-term memory.
control
Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?
cortisol
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ____________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.
decay; interference
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
decreases the recency effect
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
delay
Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?
distraction
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
elaborative is more effective than maintenance
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal
Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory
emotional
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
encoding
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of __________ memory
episodic
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
episodic memory
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
generation effect
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list
Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material
highlighting
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?
illusory truth effect
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
______________ memories are those that we are not aware of
implicit
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
increased firing in the neurons
Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup
increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that
it involves mental time travel
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated
less efficiently than normal
The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?
location
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with _____________ memory
long-term
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
make more errors in their recollections
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory
procedural
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect
propaganda
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
reading a sentence in a book
The primacy effect is attributed to
recall of information stored in long-term memory
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of __________ memories
recent and remote episodic
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
reconsolidation
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
rehearsal in short-term memory
According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it
reliving
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for __________ memories
remote
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over
Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?
repetition
Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________
repressed
_____________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory
retrieval
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in long-term memory.
retrieval cues
What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?
scale
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
schema
In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory
schemas
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____
script
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.
semantic
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
semantic
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?
testing
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory
the central executive and long-term memory
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories
the hippocampus
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being
the same as or resembling the priming stimulus
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves
the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
the self-reference effect
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because
the stimulus category remained the same
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
the visuospatial sketch pad
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
time
When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called _________ processing
transfer-appropriate
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
transition points
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________
two
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?
visual, semantic, episodic
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed
Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?
winning the first grade spelling bee
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is engaged in processing information