Cognitive Psychology Exam 2

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye"

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption

consolidation

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process

constructive

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the __________ of retrieved memories

fragility

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale

systems

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory

the central executive

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________

autobiographical

Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________

aware; unaware

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproduction contained inaccuracies based on

cultural expectations

___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts

episodic; semantic

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ____________

facts

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

form

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________

future

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

multidimensional

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories

organizational context

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run?" You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ______________ error.

phonological

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory

prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

semantic memory

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

sensory, short-term, long-term

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory

short-term

Digit span is one measure of capacity of

short-term memory

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short-term memory

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short-term memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories

skill

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?

smell perfume

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

strong encoding

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

survival

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________

"know"

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15-20 seconds

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 First Dates

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?

Machines would shut down for material resupply

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

a lion's roar at the zoo

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

accurate

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list

both the first and last words

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?

central executive

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of

constructive memory processes

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in short-term memory.

control

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

cortisol

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ____________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

decay; interference

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

distraction

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory

emotional

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of __________ memory

episodic

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

episodic memory

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material

highlighting

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

identifying a photograph of his childhood home

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

illusory truth effect

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

______________ memories are those that we are not aware of

implicit

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated

less efficiently than normal

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

location

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with _____________ memory

long-term

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory

procedural

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect

propaganda

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

reading a sentence in a book

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long-term memory

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of __________ memories

recent and remote episodic

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on

reconsolidation

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

rehearsal in short-term memory

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it

reliving

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for __________ memories

remote

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

repetition

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________

repressed

_____________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

retrieval

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

scale

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory

schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____

script

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.

semantic

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

semantic

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

testing

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory

the central executive and long-term memory

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories

the hippocampus

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

the visuospatial sketch pad

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?

time

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called _________ processing

transfer-appropriate

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________

two

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

visual, semantic, episodic

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?

winning the first grade spelling bee

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information