Cognitive Psychology Test 2

According to Craik & Tulving (1975) who did the levels-of-processing experiment, people remembered target words best when the questions (that proceeded the target words) were about ______.

Meaning (e.g., fit into the blank?)

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the flashbulb memories?

Flashbulb memories were originally considered as photographic memories that do not alter. People often make source monitoring errors and believe that they learned about the flashbulb-memory-events from TV even though that was not how they had learnt the news. People show higher confidence in recalling flashbulb memories than the memories of everyday events. Flashbulb memories are not necessarily more accurate than the memories of everyday events. All of the above are correct.

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a large change in eyewitness reporting (especially the estimated speed of the cars). In this study, the critical words were _______________.

"hit vs. smashed."

In the experiment in which participants sat in a psychology-experiment office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory.

(scene) schemas

When someone (not just Dr. J's wife) is currently upset, she can easily recall some old events that had made her upset. This is an everyday example of the _______________.

Encoding specificity (especially, the state-dependent learning)

Which of the following is a correct description regarding spacing effect?

Even when subjects believe that cramming works for them, for the most of the cases, spacing effect occurs (i.e., when they space out study times, they perform better)

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory?

I remember not only when and where my last car accident happened but also remember that I was texting and my friends were in the same car talking about school and we were listening to our favorite music.

Which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear from the serial position curve?

Inserting the backward counting task for 30 seconds before recall

Your instructor introduced an example that was very similar to the above question. The example was about two boys playing ________.

A video game (Starcraft)

According to the cognitive interview technique, we should let eyewitness _____________.

Both A and B.

What is flashbulb memory?

Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking or highly charged important events.

According to the experiment that involves emotional and neutral picture surrounded by color frames, people are ______ confident to recognize emotional pictures than to recognize neutral pictures, but their memory for the frame color is ________ accurate for the emotional pictures.

More; less

In order to measure the capacity of working memory, _______ task is typically used.

N-back

__________ is the primary brain area of short-term memory.

Pre-frontal cortex

Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

Procedural memory Priming (e.g., the propaganda effect) Classical Conditioning All of the above

Wickens et al. (1976) observed that if the category of words suddenly changed, then the memory accuracy, which was decreasing as trial goes, suddenly increases. They called it _______.

Release from PI (proactive interference)

The claim in Q2 (primacy effect is associated with a certain specific kind of memory) was supported by the finding that __________.

Repeating-words-out-loud during intervals between words showed that the number of repetition of each word corresponded well to the memory performance for the first few words

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information on a mental work table rather than simply storing it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of ________________.

Short-term memory

The best way to prepare for Exam 2 of this course is to __________.

Test yourself by verbally answering the "test yourself" questions

Funahashi and colleagues (1989) claimed that some neurons in visual cortex are responsible for short-term memory based on the observation of the neurons are firing the most strongly during _____.

The absence of the visual stimulus

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, t-shirt, cherry, sofa, pants" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of __________________.

The spontaneous tendency of grouping items based on their categories.

In Peterson-Peterson task, subjects receive trigrams (e.g., JKH) followed by a number from which they need to do the backward counting. What is the purpose of the backward counting?

To prevent subjects from rehearsing the trigram

Graf and colleagues picked the 10 words for the likability rating so that they help the word-fragment task.

True

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was based on Canadian Indian culture demonstrated the constructive nature of memory. Specifically, it demonstrated that memory is altered based on one's ___________.

cultural background.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with memory.

long-term

What are the two major characteristics of sensory memory in terms of its capacity and duration?

(Almost) Unlimited capacity, very short duration

According to Peterson and Peterson, we lose the information in the short-term memory in about __________ second(s).

18-20

Bransford and Johnson'(1972) had participants hear a passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend who lived in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture about the story made it easier to understand and memories the contents. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

An organizational context (i.e., big picture/framework)

Travis got a locker in gym class with the combination of 19-5-4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering best illustrates:

Chunking

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have an administrator of the lineup procedure who _________ know whether or not the lineup has a real suspect/perpetrator while letting the eyewitness know that there _________ be the suspect.

Does not; may not

According to the transfer appropriate theory, processing the auditory aspect of stimuli during encoding can cause a better memory at later test than processing the meaning of stimuli during encoding, if _____________ (Make sure to read all alternatives).

Levels of processing theory is not always correct. & The test is made using the rhyming-questions (Does any word learnt rhymes with another word XXX?).

The Graf et al. experiment with Korsakoff syndrome patients and two control groups had two phases where the patients first performed the _________ and then _________ later.

Likability rating of 10 words; either surprise free-recall of the 10 words or word-fragment task.

Neural mind reading involves _________________.

Measuring brain activation patterns while showing various stimuli to participant and identifying specific brain activation pattern associated with each stimulus. Asking the participant imagine one of the stimuli she had seen while measuring her brain activation pattern. Comparing the brain activation pattern during the imagination to the pre-identified brain patterns associated with each stimulus in order to guess what the participant is imagining. All of the above.

Peterson and Peterson observed that subjects' recall rate of the trigrams decreases as the delay increases (i.e., the longer the subjects count backwards). Based on this observation, Peterson and Peterson concluded that __________.

Memory decays as time goes

When sentence A, The flimsy shelf weakened under the weight of the books. is followed by sentence B, The flimsy shelf ________ under the weight of the books. People often fill in the blank with "collapsed". This demonstrates that ____________.

Memory is reconstructed based on previous / typical language usage

In Mantyla's experiment, participants saw many target words and generated three words related to each target word. Then, those three words were presented as a retrieval cue in later recall. Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the result?

Neither self-generated nor others-generated cues were helpful for participants remembering the target words.

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the experiment with which the testing effect was proposed?

Participants read target passages (about which they will be tested) followed by math problems. Then, as a prep, they either reread the passages (rereading group) or recalled what they have learned (testing group). Finally, they were tested through a recall test after a varying delay of 5 minutes, 2 days, or 1 week. Testing oneself is better than rereading especially when the delay between learning and testing is relatively long. Testing effect was replicated with young subjects (e.g., 8th grades) and with other materials (e.g., history). All of the above are correct description of the testing effect experiment

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the effect of emotion on memory?

People are less confident with remembering emotional events.

As a supporting evidence of the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump, researchers found that people who immigrated at the age of 34-35 show a reminiscence bump that is ______.

Postponed comparing to those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24

Jill's friends tell her she has a really good memory. Therefore, she decides to test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of forgetting known as ____________________.

Proactive interference.

Unlike the conclusion of Peterson and Peterson, Keppel and Underwood proposed _________ as an alternative explanation of forgetting. This account was proposed based on the observation that ____________.

Proactive interference; subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the first trial

__________ interference refers to that old information learnt previously interferes with learning/remembering new information, while __________ interference refers to that newly learned information interferes with remembering old information.

Proactive; Retroactive

Which of the following is NOT a good study strategy for a better recall of course materials in test?

Putting all study hours in one day immediately before the exam instead of spreading them across days.

Which of the following is NOT a correct description of the results from eyewitness-testimony experiments?

Question options: More than half of the time, viewers of a crime scene tend to pick someone from a line-up as a perpetrator even when the line-up does not include the real perpetrator. Eyewitness tends to pick a familiar face from the line-up as a perpetrator. Eyewitness' confidence on their own testimony is affected by the type of feedback they received from the investigator. All of the above are correct.

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading the words on this test

H.M. underwent brain surgery (lobotomy) to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that __________________, which is similar to Clive Wearing's (an old pianist) symptoms.

STM can operate (relatively) normally while LTM is impaired due to the damage of hippocampus.

Which of the following memory effect was introduced in Chapter 7?

Self-reference effect Generation effect Testing effect Spacing effect All of the above

The above finding in Q5 indicates _______ coding in the short-term memory.

Semantic

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have ________ lineup and ________ in the lineup.

Serial; fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator)

Encoding specificity suggests that _______________.

The context of learning is encoded along with the material being learnt, and can facilitate retrieval of the material if one has the same context as the encoding at retrieval.

The reason you see a trail of sparkler or smooth movement from a fast sequence of static images is because ___________.

The iconic memory keeps old visual information temporarily until new visual information comes

Which of the following is a correct description of the coding in short term memory (STM) and long term memory (LTM)?

Visual coding is for image, auditory coding is for sound, and the semantic coding is for category or meaning. Both STM and LTM use visual, auditory, and semantic coding. Auditory coding is more dominant in short term memory and semantic coding is more dominant in long term memory. All of the above.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that ______________.

We are not consciously aware of the fact we have them and under the influence of them.

According to the encoding specificity, background noise during test (i.e., retrieval) can improve your memory if ______________.

You had had the same noise during encoding.

Graf and colleagues used Korsakoff syndrome patients so that ___________.

although the patients cannot explicitly remember the 10 words from the likability rating task, they can perform well in the word-fragment test with the help of the implicit memory of the 10 words that are related to the word-fragment task.

Sperling devised the partial report condition for measuring the ________, while devised the delayed partial report condition for measuring the _________ of the ________ memory.

capacity, duration, sensory

Murdoch's experiment from which the serial position curve was reported showed that memory is best for the ______ of a list.

first few and the last few words

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects ____________________.

intact episodic memory but impaired semantic memory.