Cognitive Quizes Exam 4

the falsification principle.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the rules for combining words into sentences

Syntax is

environmental context

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations

analogical transfer.

The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

The conjunction rule states that

operators.

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

search

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

pragmatic reasoning schema.

The permission schema is an example of a(n)

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

A phoneme refers to

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

According to the situation model of text processing,

inductive reasoning.

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Coherence refers to the

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow

valid.

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

ill-defined

Divergent thinking is most closely associated with ____ problems.

the representativeness heuristic.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

restructuring.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

deductive

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _____ reasoning.

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

the solution is immediately obvious

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

hierarchical structure

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

multiple meanings of an ambiguous word.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people initially access

an illusory correlation

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using

produce sentences they have never heard

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

structural features.

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

People tend to overestimate

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?