Cognitive Test 3 Review Questions

Photographic lineup A has 6 members. Only 4 members closely match the description of the offender. Photographic lineup B has 9 members. 5 of the members closely resemble the description of the offender. Lineup A has a functional size of ________ while lineup B has a nominal size of ______

4;9

DRM Paradigm

A common procedure for studying memory, in which participants read and then immediately recall a list of related words, but the word providing the "theme" for the list is not included.

Which of the following is an example of the sin of suggestibility?

A friend convinces you that you went to Cedar Point when that never happened.

How does the working self play into AMs?

AMs remembered based on the working self Re-made from the "facts" Guided by CURRENT goals, beliefs, attitudes, etc

Bob studies the following list of words steal, robber, jail, villain, bandit, burglar, criminal, crook, bad, cop, rob crime He is later asked if he had studied the word "thief" He is likely to mistakenly believe he had the word "thief" because of the sin of suggestibility

False

Flashbulb memories do not show evidence of forgetting over time.

False

Phantom Flashbulb

Falsely remembering flashbulb event

What are the explanations for the reminiscence bump?

First experiences Cognitive Mechanisms Account Neurological View Life-Narrative Hypothesis (Self-image hypothesis) Cultural-Life script

explanations of reminiscence bump

First experiences Cognitive mechanisms Neurological view/account Life narrative hypothesis Cultural life script Recency/forgetting -decay, interference, lack of distinctiveness, lack of rehearsal

Functional size

How many people are likely to be selected Larger is better

General Event

Part of the self-memory system view Individual events in the period Tends to be default level

Lifetime Periods

Part of the self-memory system view Substantial parts of our life Thematic categories

Choose the answer that CANNOT be used to fill in the blank: To explain childhood amnesia, researchers point to ____ development that occurs prior to the age of five.

Perceptual

Travis is a witness to a crime. He is brought in and shown a photographic lineup. The culprit is not in the lineup and Travis correctly says that the culprit is not present. The police continue their investigation and bring Travis back in and show him a new lineup. One of the lineup members was in the lineup Travis was previously shown. Travis now selects that person despite him being innocent. This is likely due to ______ which is an example of ______

Persistence; unconscious transference

6 Characteristics of Flashbulb Memories

Place, Ongoing Activity, Informant, Own Affect, Other Affect, Aftermath

Photo bias

Previous photo exposure increases the chance of later misidentification

Time Slice Error

Recall a time you heard about the event, mistake that time for the first time

Which theory of object recognition suggests that we parse an observed object into "geons" and then match these "geons" with object representations stored in memory?

Recognition-by-components

Sins of Commission

Remember something wrong or unwanted

TV Priority

Report learning about it through TV when earlier they said they learned it elsewhere. Fits a schema for a tragic event. Reconstruct memory around the schema

Suggestibility

Sin of Commission False memory by suggestion

Persistence

Sin of Commission Involuntary memory (PTSD)

Misattribution

Sin of Commission Memory from the wrong source

Bias

Sin of Commission Subjective influence on memory

Abstentmindedness

Sin of Omission Attention and LTM disconnect

Transience

Sin of Omission Loss of information Passage of time

Blocking

Sin of Omission a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

According to the Proust Phenomenon ___ is a very strong cue to remember an autobiographical memory

Smell

Reminiscence bump

Spike in memory recall (from ages 10-30)

There are 3 levels of categorization. The concept "animal" is an example of the ___ level example, whereas "bird" is a ___ level example, and "robin" is a ___ level example

Superordinate; basic; subordinate

Proust phenomenon

The ability of odors to cue autobiographical memories which are highly vivid, effectively toned and very old

Bob is recalling the moment he learned about a plane crash that killed many of his friends. He can vividly remember the event because it was such a critical event in his life. Bob's memory and that of other's that were impacted by the crash is tested every few years. Bob mistakes when his mother had called to let him know about the crash as the first time he heard it, even though he had actually heard it from a breaking news alert on TV. Bob's mistake is an example of ____ and this is ____ for flashbulb memories

Time slice error;common

People generally agree that some fruit are more fruit-like than other fruit. For example, an apple is considered more fruit-like than a kiwi. This is an example of

Typicality effect

Which is an example of the contribution of top-down processing to object recognition?

We recognize objects easier when seen in their natural context.

Which of the following would be most consistent with the Cognitive Mechanisms Account?

We remember distinct experiences and events we regularly talk about

According to Prototype theory, how do you categorize your neighbor's new pet as a cat?

You compare the new cat to the most representative member of the "cat" category

According to Exemplar Theory, how do you categorize your neighbor's new pet as a dog?

You compare the new dog to all the dogs you have stored in memory

According to the Self-Memory Systems view, autobiographical memory is reconstructive. Which is the best example of how the working self can influence the reconstruction process?

You remember a friendship more negatively after you stop being friends?

In the Misinformation Paradigm some people were presented with a stop sign in the original story then asked about a yield sign during subsequent questioning. These people were more likely to remember ___ during a later test of the original event.

a yield sign

Bob is busy checking his phone and doesn't realize his wife Roberta told him to take out the trash. Bob's memory failure is the sin of ___ which is a sin of ___

absentmindedness; omission

According to _____ we recognize an object by creating templates of that object from previous experiences with the object

both template matching and multiple views

Asking a series of questions like "is a robin a bird" or "is a penguin a bird" is called a ____ task; the primary dependent measure of interest in this task is ____

category verification; speed

Bob is deciding whether bowling is a sport. He creates a list of the necessary features that something must have to be classified as a sport. Bob's decision is consistent with the _______ of object recognition

classical view

Which of these autobiographical memory research techniques allows a researcher to plot the autobiographical retention function?

cue word technique

Administrators of line-ups sometimes lead eyewitness to pick the person in the line-up that the police suspect. This demonstrates the importance of ___

double-blind administration

Autobiographical memory is to autobiographical face as ______ is to ______

episodic memory;semantic memory

Sins of Omission

leave something out or forget

A child imagined fighting a bully. Later he reports this imagined event as having actually occurred. This is best described as an example of what sin of commission?

misattribution

The reminiscence bump refers to the finding that ____ and seems to apply ____

people tend to recall a disproportionate number of memories from between ages 10 to 30; to both episodic and semantic memory

According to ____ infantile amnesia occurs because our brain is not fully developed during infancy, we didn't have language for coding during infancy, and we haven't developed a self concept

social-cognition theory

The previous question is an example of

the DRM paradigm

self-memory system view

the autobiographical memory "database"

event-specific knowledge

the event details that make up a single specific memory

childhood amnesia

the inability to remember things from the first years of life

An eyewitness sees a red SUV commit a hit-and-run. Another witness mentions that the vehicle was a green truck, and now both witnesses say the vehicle was a green truck. This is an example of ____

the misinformation effect

Deciding whose face is presented is different from deciding what type of animal is presented because deciding between faces involves second-order relational information and deciding the type of animal involves first-order information

true

At the ______ level of categorization, objects share similar shapes, are interacted with in similar ways, and produce similar mental images.

Basic

Explanations for childhood amnesia

Brain development: Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex underdeveloped Development of Language: AMs start around 3/4, language blooms around 3/4. Memories cannot be formed without language Development of Cognitive Self: AM is knowledge of the self, and you don't have a self-concept when you are little

What are the 3 characteristics of autobiographical memory across the lifespan? Describe how much we remember in each stage.

Childhood amnesia: Few early memories Reminiscence Bump: Spike in memory recall Period of Recency: Standard forgetting curve in the later years

unconscious transference

Confuse previously seen person with the culprit

Flashbulb memories

Detailed, vivid, "snapshot" of a highly emotional, probably surprising event

Which of these would be an example of reality monitoring?

Determining whether you imagined an event happening or witnessed the event.

Bob is interested in studying autobiographical memories. He asks participants to remember and attempt to date every memory that the words "cake", "donuts", and "pie" brings to mind. He then asks participants to write down any events that involved cake, donuts, or pie for the week. 2 weeks later he has them recall as many of the memories they had written down during that week. Bob is using these 2 techniques for studying autobiographical memory

Diary technique and cue word technique

You and your friend, Jane, go on some adventure vacation every summer. She is trying to get you to remember an episode when you went to Maine. What of the following will most likely serve as the best cue for memory retrieval?

Do you remember what happened when we went rock climbing? ?

Estimator variables such as weapon focus and the quality of the view the witness had are which type of variable?

Encoding

Marian and Neisser (2000) conducted a study in which Russian immigrants to the United States were given Russian or English cue words for autobiographical memories. The results of this study provided a conceptual replication of this classic memory phenomenon in the context of autobiographical memory:

Encoding specificity

Bob Bobinski is currently 25 and moved from Russia to America at the age of 20. His autobiographic memory is studied using the cue word technique. Half of the cues are in English "cake" and half of the cues are in Russian "kekc". What is the most likely finding of this research?

English cue words will produce more memories from America and Russian cue words will produce more memories from Russia

Faces seem to be processed as a whole. This means

It would be harder to recognize Larry's nose than Larry's chimney

Weapon focus

Memory for a face is worse when a weapon is present, you focus on the weapon

diary technique

Method to study AM - Keep track of daily events - use diary to assess memory accuracy - Both distinctive and mundane events can be investigated

Cue-word technique

Method to study AM recall detailed memory from a cue word, used in comparing AMs to lifetime memories

Target Event Recall

Method to study AM. Recall specific events then verify it with records or a family member

Infantile amnesia

No memories before age 3-5