College History 1
July 14, 1789
Date that the French stormed the Bastille
Queen Elizabeth I
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Made England into a great Protestant nation. Intelligent, cautious, and self-confident.
The key to the expansion of population was the_____________ throughout Europe
Decline in deathrates
Henry Cort
Developed the system called puddling; in which Coke, which was derived from coal, was used to burn away impurities in crude iron and produce a higher quality of iron
Robespierre
Dominated the committee of Public Safety
Baroque art movement
Dominated the western artistic world for a century and a half; began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe and Latin America. Harmonize classical ideals of Renaissance art with spiritual feelings.
Moscow
Where Napoleon abandoned his troops
William Shakespeare
"Complete man of theater"; best known for writing plays; actor and shareholder and Lord Chamberlain's company. He was a master of the English language
Conquistador
"Conquerors". Leaders in the Spanish conquest to the Americas. Especially in Mexico and Peru in the 16th century
Joint stock investment bank
Pulled savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could then be plowed back into the industry
In 1750, the total European population stood at an estimated___million; by 1850, it had almost doubled to___million
140, 266
By 1860, however, the population had sextuppled to____million people, larger than Great Britain
30
Soldiers marched out of Russia
40,000
In 1800, ____ out of every _____ American workers were __________ and there were no cities with more than __________ people.
6, 7, farmers, 100,000
Soldiers marched into Russia
600,000
_____ U.S. cities had populations over _________ and only___percent of American workers were______
9, 100,00, 50, farmers
Giuseppe Garibaldi
A dedicated Italian patriot; raised an army of 1000 volunteers called the red shirts because of the color of their uniforms. He turned over his conquests to Cavour's Piedmontese forces
Martin Luther
A monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg, where he lectured the Bible; he wrote the 95 thesis (simply responses to what he considered blatant abuses committed by sellers of indulgences). Through personal study, he came to believe that humans are not saved through their good works but through faith in the promises of God, made possible by the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. This doctrine of salvation or justification by grace through faith alone, became the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation. The Bible became luther's chief guide to religious truth.
Enlightenment
A movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the accomplishments of the scientific revolution
Nationalism
A nation that has caught institutions, traditions, languages, and customs; that becomes the focus of the individuals primary political loyalty
World - machine concept
A new cosmology in which the universe was seen as one huge, regulated machine that operated according to natural laws in absolute time, space, and motion. Dominated the modern world view until the 20th century.
Guillotine
A revolutionary device designed for the quick and efficient separation of heads from bodies
Cottage industry
A system of textile manufacturing in which spinners and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs
Cartesian dualism
Absolute dualism between mind and matter. Using mind or human reason and its best instrument, mathematics, humans can understand The material world because it is pure mechanism, a machine that is governed by its own physical laws because it was created by God - the great geometrician
Justification by faith
Act by which a person is made deserving of salvation
King Victor Emmanuel II
Also known as count Camillo di Cavor; prime Minister in 1852. Pursued a policy of economic expansion that increased government revenues and enabled Piedmont to equip a large Navy. Made an alliance with French emperor Louis Napoleon and provoked Austrians into invading Piedmont. His success caused some Italian states to overthrow their governments and join Piedmont.
Trade unions
An association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure a better wages, benefits, and working conditions
Two causes of the American Revolution
An attempt to levy new taxes by the stamp act of 1765 led to riots and the law's quick repeal. The Americans and the British had different conceptions of empire. The British invisioned a single empire with Parliament as the supreme authority throughout. The Americans, in contrast, had their own representative assemblies
Two motives for exploration
An economic motive - capitalism and religious zeal
Conservatism
An ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change
Socialism
An ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production in the distribution of goods; intellectuals who believed in equality of all people and wanted to replace a competition with cooperation in industry
Mercantilism
And economic theory that stated that a nations prosperity depended on it supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable
Peter the Great
And unusual character; he was a towering, strong man; had a low kind of humor. Wanted to westernize or Europeanize Russia. Wanted to borrow European technology to make the Navy and Army a great power
Count Otto Von Bismarck
Appointed by King William I as prime minister; Bismarck ignore the legislative opposition and collected the taxes, re-organize the army, and governed Prussia by ignoring Parliament. He portrayed as the ultimate realist, the foremost practitioner of the "politics of reality"
King William I
Attempted to enlarge and strength in the Prussian army; Germans want to pressure for leadership and the calls of German unification. Depression legislature refuse to live a new taxes for the military changes, he appointed a new prime minister
Continental system
Attempted to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically and destroy its capacity to wage war
New monarchies
Attempts had been made by the European states to reestablish the centralized power of the monarchial governments. These were those of France, England, and Spain at the end of the 15th century
Thanks to the increase in the____, more people were better______and more___to___.
Food supply, fed, resistant, disease
Legislative branch
Bicameral legislature composed of the Senate, elected by the state legislatures, and the House of Representatives, elected directly by the people
Second estate
Consisted of the nobility. Composed of about 350,000 people who owned about 25 to 30% of the land. The nobility held many of the leading positions in the government, including the military, law courts, and the higher church offices. The nobles were tax-exempt
Montesquieu
Came from French nobility; his most famous work was the spirit of the laws. He distinguish three basic kinds of government's: republic, monarchy, and despotism.created the thought of separation of powers
Natural rights
Certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled; includes the right to life, liberty, and property, freedom of speech and religion, and equality before the law
First estate
Consisted of the clergy and numbered about 130,000 people who owned approximately 10% of the land. The clergy were exempt from tax; the clergy was radically split. The higher clergy who stemmed from aristocratic families and shared the interests of the nobility. The parish priest were often poor and from the class of commoners
Third estate
Consisted of the commoners of society. The commoners constituted the overwhelming majority of the French population. The peasants constituted 75% to 80% of the total population, the largest segment of this estate. They owned about 35% to 40% of the land, though over half had little or no land on which to survive. The peasant still had obligations to their landlords although serfdom no longer existed
Patrician oligarchies
Controlled their communities by dominating town and city councils. Patricians stood an upper crust of the middle class; not noble officeholders, financiers, bankers, merchants, wealthy renters who live off of investment, and important professionals such as lawyers
Karl Marx
Created the ideology of Marxism (history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship in route to a classless society)
James Hargreaves
Created the spinning Jenny
James Watt
Created the steam engine; a rotary engine that could could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery
Edmond Cartwright
Created the water power loom
John Calvin
Educated in native France; after his conversion to Protestantism he fled to Switzerland for safety; he published the first edition of the institutes of the Christian religion, a masterful synthesis of protestant though that immediately secured Calvin's reputation as one of the new leaders of Protestantism. He adhered to the doctor and of justification by faith alone; placed much Infosys on the absolute sovereignty of God or the all powerful nature of God; what he called "power, grace, and the glory of God." Calvin believed in predestination
Judicial branch
Enforced the Constitution as the "supreme law of the land". A Supreme Court and other courts "as deemed necessary" by Congress provided the third branch
Adam Smith
Englishman; had the idea of laissez-faire which is French for "leave it alone". One of the founders of the modern discipline of economics. Believed individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self interest. Smith gave to government only three basic functions: it should protect society from invasion (army), defend its citizens from injustice (police), and keep up certain public work, such as roads and canals, that private individuals cannot afford
Napoleon's domestic policies
Establish peace with the oldest and most implacable enemy of the revolution, the Catholic Church. He arranged a concordat with the pope that recognize that Catholicism was the religion of a majority of the French people. The pope agreed not to raise questions of the churchlands confiscated in the revolution. Codification of the laws. There were previously 300 local legal systems . Efforts were made to prepare a single code of laws for the entire nation. This preserved most of the revolutionary games by recognizing the principle of a quality of all citizens before the law, the abolition of freedom and feudalism, and religious toleration. Property rights were also protected
Two means for exploration
European monarchies had increased their authority and resources. The Europeans had remarkably seaworthy ships as well as new navigational techniques.
Countries involved with Vienna
Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Voltaire
Greatest figure of the enlightenment; studied law; achieved his first success as a playwright; prolific author. Especially known for his criticism of traditional religion and his strong attachment to the ideal of religious toleration. Champion deism - A religious outlook shared by most other philosophes
Sir Isaac Newton
Greatest genius of the scientific revolution. He taught at Cambridge University where he wrote his major work, mathematical principles of natural philosophy, known simply as Principia. He defined the three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies, as well as objects on earth. Explained the force of gravity
Louis XIV
Had the best example of the practice of divine right monarchy. He was a Sun King.
George Stephenson
He and his son built engines. Stephenson's rocket was used on the first public railway line. It's been a long at 16 mph
Two reasons the Industrial Revolution happened
Improvements in agricultural practices in the 18th century lead to a significant increase in food production. British agriculture could now feed more people at lower prices with less labor. Britain had ample supplies of important mineral resources such as coal and iron ore, needed in the manufacturing process
Catholic reformation
Included three chief pillars, which were the Jesuits, a reformed papacy, and the Council of Trent
Utopian socialist
Intellectuals who favored equality and social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation. Deemed impractical and "utopian" by later socialists
Catherine the great
Intelligent woman was familiar with the work of the philosophes; seem to favor enlightened reforms; invited Diderot to Russia and urged to speak with him "man-to-man". Consider the idea a new law code that would recognize the principle of equality but ended up doing nothing, knowing that her success depended upon the nobility. In 1785, she gave the Nobles a charter that exempt them from taxes
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer from Genoa; reached Americas in 1492 and explored the coastline of Cuba and the island of Hispanyola. Convinced Queen Isabella to finance his explorations
Christian humanism or Northern Renaissance humanism
Major goal was the reform of Christendom. They believe in the ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves. They thought that through education in the sources of classical, and especially Christian, antiquity, they would instill an inward religious feeling that would bring about a reform of the church and society
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon met a combined British and Prussian army under the Duke of Wellington and suffered a bloody to feet. The Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
Principle of legitimacy
Necessary to restore a legitimate monarchs who would restore traditional institutions
Rococo art movement
New style that affected decoration and architecture; if it's not his grace, charm, and gentle action. Rejected strict geometrical patterns and had a fondness for curves; like natural objects such as seashells and flowers; interlaced designs colored and gold; delicate contours and graceful arcs; highly secular; lightens and charm spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love
Richard Trevithick
Pioneered the first steam powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales
Albuquerque
Portuguese Admiral; established headquarters at Goa; attacked Malacca
Executive branch
President would serve as chief with the power to execute laws, veto the legislatures ask, supervise foreign affairs, and direct military forces
Politics of reality
Seeing politics is the way they are instead of what you want to believe
Diderot
Son of a skilled craftsmen; became a writer so that he could be free to study and read in many subjects and languages. One of his favorite topics was Christianity. He states Christianity was "the most absurd and the most atrocious and it's dogma". Most famous contribution was the encyclopedia, or classify dictionary of the sciences, arts, and trades
Absolutism
Sovereign power or ultimate authority in the state rested in the hands of a king who claimed to rule by divine right
Encomienda system
System by which Spain first governed its American colonies. Holders of this were supposed to protect the Indians as well as using them as laborers and collecting tribute but in practice exploited them
Robert Owen
The British cotton manufacturer; or Utopian socialist; believe that if humans would show their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. He transformed a squalid factory town into a flourishing, healthy community at new Lanarc in Scotland. Try to create a cooperative society at new Harmony, Indiana but his dream was destroyed by fighting
The middle passage
The arduous voyage from Africa to the Americas. During the first shipments, up to one third of the human cargo may have died due to disease and malnourishment. Slaves were chained together in the holds of the ship wreaking with the stench of human waste and diseases carried by vermin. Only half as many women were enslaved as men. Birth rates were low and infant mortality was high.
Columbian exchange
The arrival of the Europeans. The huge impact on both the conquerors and the conquered.
Three branches of government
The executive branch, the legislative branch, the judicial branch
Philip II
The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism in the second half of the 16th century. He insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism and strong, monarchial authority. Son of Charles V.
Divine right
The idea that kings received their power from God and were responsible to no one but God
Political liberalism
The idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that the people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly
Finances
The immediate cause of the French revolution
Proletariat
The industrial working class. Lower-class labor force. (in Marxism, the class that will overthrow the bourgeoise)
Philosophes
The intellectuals of the enlightenment
High culture
The literary and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling classes
Mulattoes
The offspring of Africans and whites
Mestizos
The offspring of Europeans and Native Americans Indians
Marxism
The political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx; which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrew the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society
Geocentric theory
The universe was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center
Popular culture
The written an unwritten culture of the masses, most of which has traditionally been passed down orally
Heliocentric theory
Theory that states that the sun was motionless at the center of the universe and the planets revolve around the sun; the moon revolves around the earth
_________________, such as _____ and _________, became less frequent, which led to a drop in the number of deaths.
Wars and major epidemic diseases, plague, smallpox
Predestination
meant that God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)
