COM 204 Midterm

A contemporary communication concept observes that organizations, and not just individuals, can "speak." What is that concept, and what is one of its major problems? a. Organizational communication/doesn't necessarily speak for everyone in the organization b. Organizational enthymeme/representation—not everyone has input into "official" statements c. Organizational rhetoric/just because you're part of the organization doesn't mean it speaks for you d. Organizational rhetoric/patriarchy means that men stay in charge e. Invitational rhetoric/empowers women

c. Organizational rhetoric/just because you're part of the organization doesn't mean it speaks for you

Tenor and vehicle

in a metaphor, the two things being compared; EX.) War is hell. TENOR: war VEHICLE: hell -We all know how to drive a vehicle; tenor we want to understand/weird word

Enthymeme

an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated EX.) Of course Jenny is rude- she's an American!

Syllogism

an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), • All Americans are rude. • Jenny is an American. • Jenny is rude.

Logos

argument/logic

Of the following options, which best describes what the term "rhetorical" can be applied to? a. Anything that uses symbols b. Anything that uses symbols for a particular purpose with a particular audience c. Anything that is a communication artifact that can be studied d. Anything that is able to be interpreted e. Anything that uses language to send a message

b. Anything that uses symbols for a particular purpose with a particular audience

Which of the following is the best critical claim about the text defined as Miller Park in Milwaukee (named by the Miller Brewing Company)? a. Miller Park opened in Milwaukee in 2001. b. Miller Park, in its very name, implies that the city of Milwaukee has a close and symbiotic relationship with beer brewing. c. Miller Park is the result of a $40 million deal between the Milwaukee Brewers and Miller Brewing Company. d. Though Miller Park today hosts the Milwaukee Brewers of baseball's American League, the Milwaukee Brewers used to be a National League team.

b. Miller Park, in its very name, implies that the city of Milwaukee has a close and symbiotic relationship with beer brewing.

Cicero argued that all of the following are necessary for a person to become a rhetorician EXCEPT: a. Practice b. Moral code c. Intelligence d. Training

b. Moral code

Imagine that you've just heard an argument that Purdue computer users shouldn't have to change their passwords so often. Which of the following fallacies is present in the statement in italics below? "Any argument that promotes LESS security isn't even worthy of a response." a. Selected instances b. Pooh-poohing c. Red herring d. Straw person e. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

b. Pooh-poohing

After the removal of Vioxx (a pain reliever linked to heart attacks) from the market, some people began wondering if any strange feeling after taking any other pain reliever might be a dangerous side effect of the pain reliever. Because other such drug side effects have not been supported by research, these attributions are probably committing which fallacy? a. Pooh-poohing b. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc c. Ad hoc d. Selected instances e. Red herring

b. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc

Plato's views on rhetoric are best expressed by which character in the Gorgias? a. Gorgias b. Socrates c. Aristotle d. Polus e. Plato

b. Socrates

13. Identify the correct analogy. a. rhetoric:deductive::dialectic:inductive b. Plato:dialogue::Aristotle:textbook c. Chiasmus:synecdoche::irony:metonymy d. Gorgias:Socrates::Aristotle:Alexander the Great

b.) Plato:dialogue::Aristotle:textbook

The goal of invitational rhetoric is to a. provide a forum for discussion of differing perspectives b. provide a balance to masculine, patriarchal rhetoric c. allow people to work in small groups toward consensus d. change and control audiences by altering their perspectives e. persuade your audience that you genuinely share the same interests

b.) provide a balance to masculine, patriarchal rhetoric

What fallacy generally features a phrase such as "some people may think," or, "a lot of people say that..."? a. red herring b. straw person c. post hoc, ergo propter hoc d. selected instances e. pooh-poohing

b.) straw person

For the next two questions, consider the following: All Kentuckians are brilliant. Jeff is a Kentuckian. Therefore Jeff is brilliant. 4. What term best describes what these statements are? a. An enthymeme b. A satire c. A syllogism d. A metonymy e. An ethos

c. A syllogism

Kenneth Burke

most important rhetorical theorist of 20th century, connected literary criticism with rhetorical, argued for balance between FORM and INFO; came up with IDENTIFICATION

Plato

philosopher, mathematician, Socrates' student; very critical of rhetoric; believed in understanding something through knowledge

Information:

relies on facts, once it's consumed you're done with it, not going to rewatch Bachelor b/c you know who is going to win

Could you explain how religion has an impact on rhetoric

religion places value on words because it usually has sacred texts that people are supposed to value. But the other big contribution is that religion is responsible for copying and preserving a lot of ancient texts (not just religious texts), especially during the Middle Ages.

Form

repeated enjoyment, reason you like the same song or same part of a movie

Gorgias

sophist; Plato manipulated; HELEN; trojan war Two forms of persuasion: - Belief without knowledge (rhetoric in general) -Knowledge -Gorgias was a famous Sophist. He was also the target of Plato's scorn of rhetoric in Plato's dialogue named for him.

What were the two things that Burke said could be sources of identification?

"interests" (more sophisticated) "ways" (less sophisticated) dating: Interest through values Less mature/sophisticated through ways

From the following list (and considering the painting Mona Lisa as a text), choose the answer that best illustrates a critical claim about a text: a. The Mona Lisa suggests that a little mystery surrounding a painting might contribute to its status and value. b. In addition to the Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci painted many other works, one of which hangs in the Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Russia. c. The identity of the model for the Mona Lisa is not known for sure. d. The Mona Lisa hangs in the Louvre, in Paris. e. The Mona Lisa is priceless.

A. The Mona Lisa suggests that a little mystery surrounding a painting might contribute to its status and value.

Rhetorical Situation

*there's a reason for it -Exigency: defect that rhetoric can respond to *post-conference talk after Purdue game; talking about problems that need to be fixed -Audience *people that care or want to know -Constraints *Time limits, how to respond, what language to use

Unifying

- American Flag, unifies the nation

Metonymy

- White House- government - Brown- UPS

Selected Instances

- fallacy - evidence that is not typical; something happens once or twice - Mariah falls down all the time. That was one time!!!! -

"Associational"

- find common ground on what you agree on

Invitational Rhetoric

- going to office hours for a paper: invite critique, change based on critique, invite critique again - feminist approach -A feminist response to critiques of rhetoric as masculine and violent; it attempts to give the audience more power and the rhetor less power by "inviting" responses after the rhetor/speaker presents an argument. The speaker is then supposed to adapt the original argument, "invite" further responses, and in this way produce a more collaborative result.

Dialogue

- literary genre that Plato uses - conversation to make a point

experience/knack/flattery

- making shadows in cave- COOL but no one cares - looks like you have a skill - Plato places rhetoric in one of these categories - you have a knack for that but eh who cares?

metaphor

- relationship NOT a comparison - blank is blank

identification (4 types)

-"we" transecendence - Assosiational -Dissosiational - Unifying Symbol

Red Herrings

-Fallacy -bringing up an emotional thing when it's not necessary -"What restaurant should we go to? "I can't go to a restaurant I'm a student at Purdue" IRRELEVANT

Chiasmus

-Figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a later point. -"Ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country"- John F. Kennedy

"Dissosiational"

-Find common ground on what you hate -You both hate a girl so you become best friends

Sound vs. Valid

-Sound=true + valid. If not true OR not valid, an argument must be unsound. -Validity=internal consistency.

Pooh-Poohing

-being dismissive of what other person is saying; it is what it is; whatever; blow off their argument

Species/Divisions of rhetoric (3)

-ceremonial: eulogy of justice, speaker must know deeds -forensic: past, facts, law and order, grade appeal - political: future, need to know resources, campaign speech

Principles of argument building

-decide what you have to say. -Acknowledge obvious disagreements. -Establish common ground.

Dialectic

-dialogue- Plato didn't think you could fully understand through dialogue (describing favorite, place in class) -the art of investigation or discussing the truth of opinions -way that Plato thought you could reach true knowledge -Dialectic is Plato's preferred way of finding truth, or at least of understanding things in the World of Forms. It's a sort of collaborative kind of reasoning where someone presents an idea, others respond, the first person changes the idea in response and presents it again, others respond, etc. Eventually you reach some sort of understanding.

organizational rhetoric

-giving messages to a big audience -Purdue sends out email -EX.) Walmart says blah blah blah. It's not really Walmart it's an organization. PRO: compartmentalization CON- groups when it's really an individual

Straw Person

-misrepresents the other person's side; makes it easier for you to attack what their argument is. -"Some might think"

Post Hoc, ergo propter hoc

-something happens and there is an outcome; multiple causes for something but you only choose one cause -EX.) I won soccer game because I wore blue socks; excluding fact that you stayed at soccer practice longer or you've been playing for 9 years

Selected instances

-support you are drawing from is really biased; you have support but they aren't very representative of what is going on; not accurate representation -The fallacy of selected instances means using unrepresentative or atypical examples (nothing bad ever happens when you speed; one time I went 100 mph and didn't have an accident or get pulled over). -Post hoc, ergo propter hoc ("after the fact, therefore because of the fact") assumes that one thing caused another just because one happened before the other (I walked under a ladder and a can of paint fell on me. So it must be bad luck to walk under ladders.)

Rhetoric

-the strategic use of language or other symbols -reflects a certain choice -gets you to think

Argument

A case in favor for or against something; includes a thesis

Artistic Proofs

Aristotle made: -Logos: argument/logic -Ethos: character/credibility -Pathos: emotions

Aristotle on what 4 things are needed in an epilouge

Aristotle says there are 4 pieces necessary 1. Make the audience like you and dislike your opponent 2. "magnify or minimize the leading facts" 3. "Excite the required state of emotion in your hearers" 4. "Refresh their memories"

What kind(s) of identification are at work in the following statement by Josh Boyd: "The review session is the night before the exam to help prevent any confusion or uncertainty heading into the midterm." a. Association b. Dissociation- confusion and uncertainty; prevent c. Transcendent "we" d. Dissociation AND transcendent "we" e. Association AND transcendent "we"

B. Dissociation- confusion and uncertainty; prevent

Purdue's new budget can't really be explored each year until Indianapolis (Indiana's capital and the home of the state legislature) lets the university know how much state money it can count on. What rhetorical figure is present in this sentence? a. Dialectic b. Metonymy (b/c it wouldn't be Indiapolis letting the people know, it's the the state government) c. Assonance d. Consubstantiality e. Metaphor

B. Metonymy (b/c it wouldn't be Indiapolis letting the people know, it's the the state government)

Imagine a feature film that promotes euthanasia as a viable, humane, and moral option for ending human suffering. The main character of the film (who will ultimately kill his terminally ill wife to end her suffering) is portrayed as a kind person who has done many good things for his neighbors and never speaks a harsh word to anyone. He stops to help injured animals, and one of the other characters in the movie says he "wouldn't hurt a flea." What sort of Aristotelian "proof" is the movie providing for its argument about euthanasia through this main character? A. pathos- appealing to audience emotion B. ethos- focuses on credibility of speaker C. logos- logic D. epideictic E. deliberative

B. ethos- focuses on credibility of speaker

Aristotle

Believes all peoples' concepts and knowledge was ultimately based on perception. Taught Alexander the Great. -likes enthymemes EX.) the office

Identify the option most appropriately labeled a "critical claim": A. The presidential dollar coin is gold in color. B. The presidential dollar coin is no longer made for circulation. C. The presidential dollar coin reinforces the idea that only men can be presidents. D. The presidential dollar coin is produced simultaneously with the Sacajawea dollar. E. The presidential dollar coin hasn't replaced the paper dollar in circulation.

C. The presidential dollar coin reinforces the idea that only men can be presidents.

Identify the opening underlined sentence. You should move to Alaska. Yes, it is far away, but that's just one more reason to love it. In fact, Alaska's population is different in makeup than that of the lower 48. Men outnumber women by a huge ratio. That doesn't necessarily make it a matchmaker haven, though. As an Alaskan proverb puts it, "The odds are good, but the goods are odd." (Identify this underlined part for number 26.) A. alliteration B. chiasmus C. thesis D. syllogism E. enthymeme

C. Thesis

Criticism

Careful attention to a text; not taking things at face value; could be positive

Augustine

Christian; need wisdom for good rhetoric

Orientational metaphors

Conservative is right. Liberal is left. Happy is up. Sad is down.

What did Burke argue about the places of form and information in argument? A. That form should be emphasized above information because of its ability to create true eloquence. B. That form and information are, paradoxically, unrelated. C. That form and information are part of a broader metaphor of rhetoric. D. That form is in danger of being overwhelmed by information. E. That information is a source of repeated enjoyment, while form brings only one-time enjoyment.

D. That form is in danger of being overwhelmed by information.

How does dialogue differ from dialectic?

Dialogue: literary genre (examples: The Republic and the Gorgias) Dialectic: Plato's preferred method of achieving/understanding truth (as opposed to rhetoric, which he didn't think could establish truth)

Pathos

Emotions/Period (emotional on period)

How is a metaphor partial and not total?

Even though the relationship between the tenor and vehicle might be very strong, the tenor and vehicle are still not synonymous. So while you CAN save time (similar to the way you can save money), you can't take out a time loan and then pay it back over the next several weeks. So while "time is money" is the governing metaphor, the relationship between the two is only partial.

Form vs. Information

Form: repeated enjoyment, reason you like the same song or same part of a movie Information: relies on facts, once it's consumed you're done with it, not going to rewatch Bachelor b/c you know who is going to win

How do you read an unconventional text?

Get an overall impression and then break it down into different pieces you can read. You were required to do this in the Critical Claims Major Paper; so for a music video, you might "read" the melody, the lyrics, the rhythm, the actors on screen, the costumes in the video, and the setting of the video (just as an example).

Complete the following actual chiasmus by Jimmy Carter (no multiple choice here—see if you can do it): "America did not invent human rights. In a very real sense..." __________________________________.

Human rights invented America

Could you please explain this concept?

If identification strategies work, then the speaker/writer has achieved "consubstantiality." It is the state of identifying with/accepting the identification efforts of a speaker/writer--feeling "consubstantial" with that person because of perceived shared interests.

Can you remind me what an Enthymeme is?

It's a rhetorical syllogism, or a form of reasoning in which part of the reasoning is left out but the audience is able to provide it to complete the argument. The cartoon assignment illustrated how enthymemes work.

conduit metaphor

It's actually a set of metaphors related to talking about talk--you can read up on this in more detail in the Lakoff and Johnson reading.-wrapping you head around something

Cicero

Roman philosopher with Greek ideas. Three things necessary to use rhetoric well... • Talent/intelligence • Training • Practice -TTP; volleyball Five canons of rhetoric • Invention • Arrangement • Style • Memory • Delivery -kind of like writing a speech

Can you clarify the different attitudes of Gorgias, Plato, and Aristotle?

Short version: Gorgias loved rhetoric but didn't have much of an ethical basis, Plato despised rhetoric and found it inferior to dialectic, and Aristotle taught rhetoric as a practical and useful skill, seeing it as the counterpart (equal) of dialectic.

Text

Some communication artifact or sample that we can study; has some motive

Inartistic

Statistics, facts, testimonies, you don't make up

Can you explain what the Cave says about knowledge and rhetoric

The Cave argues that rhetoric can't result in knowledge--the "rhetoric" in the Cave is the game of making out shadows on the wall, while it is dialectic that represents the journey of the soul from ignorance to knowledge (outside the cave).

What is the difference between Dialectic and Invitational Rhetoric, because they are both inviting people in for a response and changing it?

They are very similar; dialectic is the original classical concept, and invitational rhetoric is the contemporary feminist concept that is very similar. Invitational rhetoric acknowledges the presence and influence of a speaker, however, while dialectic (a little disingenuously) acts as if there isn't a leader within an argument/decision-making situation.

What's Plato's organizational structure relating rhetoric and cookery?

This is from the Gorgias--it's the chart I put on screen relating things related to the body and things related to the soul (establishing and correcting healthy conditions). In Plato's system, "rhetoric" is the sham/fake version of correcting unhealthy conditions of the soul in the same way that cookery is the sham/fake version of correcting unhealthy conditions of the body. The CORRECT ways of doing this are medicine (for the body) and justice (for the soul).

Which word best describes metaphor, based on what we read from Lakoff and Johnson? a. relationship b. analogy c. image d. accessory e. comparison

a. relationship

What influence have Aristotle's principles of epilogue had today? a. All four of them are still commonly taught and used. b. All three of them are still commonly taught and used. c. Like Cicero's characteristics of a good rhetorician, all but one are still relevant today. d. The term "presentational speaking" itself actually originated in those principles. e. They have lost out over time to Augustine's principles of epilogue.

a. All four of them are still commonly taught and used.

If these sentences were condensed to, "Jeff is brilliant because he's a Kentuckian," what would that be called? a. An enthymeme b. A satire c. A syllogism d. A metonymy e. An ethos

a. An enthymeme

What two concepts discussed in class seem like ideas that can be removed from the "substance" of a message, but actually can't be? a. Metaphor and rhetoric b. Argument and rhetoric c. Criticism and argument d. Metaphor and irony e. Metonymy and synecdoche

a. Metaphor and rhetoric

What concept is demonstrated best in the statement: "Donald Trump criticizes the politics of left-wing thinkers at the same time that Hillary Clinton blasts the politics of right-wingers?" a. orientational metaphor b. enthymeme c. identification d. chiasmus e. war metaphor

a. orientational metaphor

Imagine that a series of sniper attacks commences in Tippecanoe County—3 different people are shot in 3 days. Citizens of Tippecanoe County, including Purdue students and staff, want to know what is being done to stop it. They want to be reassured and not alarmed. People want to hear some official word because they are frightened. The police chiefs of the area departments hold a press conference to provide some answers—what are they responding to? a. universal audience b. form c. rhetorical situation (exigency, audience, constraints) d. invitational rhetoric e. identification

c.) rhetorical situation (exigency, audience, constraints)

Ethos

characters/credibility

Which of Aristotle's suggestions for epilogues/conclusions does not correspond directly to one of his artistic proofs? a. Make the audience like you and dislike your opponent. b. "Magnify or minimize the leading facts." c. "Excite the required state of emotion in your hearers." d. "Refresh their memories." e. All of the above correspond to artistic proofs

d. "Refresh their memories."

Whose voice(s) do(es) Plato control in the Gorgias? a. Gorgias b. Socrates c. Polus d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

What is the family of rhetorical figures used in #23? (#23-Imagine that a politician says in a debate, "I just can't wrap my mind around my opponent's plan. He seems to be bundling it with other ideas in a way that most Americans can't really grasp. But I have a plan that I think I can get through to anyone." What concept is best illustrated here? Answer: How metaphor influences everyday speech and thought) a. Orientational metaphors b. Chiasmus c. Metonymy d. Conduit metaphors e. Enthymemes

d. Conduit metaphors

Which of the following is an acceptable APA in-text citation? a. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 2003, p. 147). b. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 147). c. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 2003, 147). d. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 2003). (ONLY need pg. numbers for quotes in APA) e. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley).

d. Lincoln died on April 15, and the conspirators were executed July 9 (Buckley, 2003). (ONLY need pg. numbers for quotes in APA)

Which of the following technologies would be of most concern to Burke, given his worries about form and information? a. Microsoft Word, which allows people to compose original texts b. Cell phones, which allow people to be more accessible to communication c. The laptop computer, which makes information portable d. Microsoft PowerPoint, which presents ideas as short bullet points a. Because it's just information and not enough form e. Blogs, which allow many different perspectives to be shared online

d. Microsoft PowerPoint, which presents ideas as short bullet points -Because it's just information and not enough form

Imagine that you wanted to critique a "Purdue home basketball game" as a text. Based on our use of the word "text" in this class, what would be the best way (both specific and comprehensive) to define your text? a. All of the symbols involved in the game, for the time period from tipoff to 0:00 on the clock at the end. b. All of the words spoken or written in the official game and arena, including names on jerseys, words painted on the court, announcer commentaries, words on Paint Crew t-shirts, and scoreboard information. If something that is part of the game does not use words, however, it is outside the scope of what can be analyzed as text. c. The whole atmosphere of the game. d. The symbols that define the game, including but not limited to the arena itself, the variety of fans and their attire, uniforms, the court, public announcements, scoreboard words and symbols, and the actions in the game itself. e. Articles in the newspaper on game day and the day after.

d.) The symbols that define the game, including but not limited to the arena itself, the variety of fans and their attire, uniforms, the court, public announcements, scoreboard words and symbols, and the actions in the game itself.

Imagine that a politician says in a debate, "I just can't wrap my mind around my opponent's plan. He seems to be bundling it with other ideas in a way that most Americans can't really grasp. But I have a plan that I think I can get through to anyone." What concept is best illustrated here? a. Soundness of reasoning b. Straw person fallacy c. Gorgias's use of Sophistic techniques d. A balance between form and information in order to make a point e. How metaphor influences everyday speech and thought

e. How metaphor influences everyday speech and thought

"Invitational rhetoric" (Foss & Griffin) is most closely related to what classical concept? a. rhetoric b. enthymeme c. syllogism d. induction e. dialectic

e. dialectic

11. Choose the statement that correctly describes the relationships among Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. a. Chronologically speaking, Plato came first, followed by Socrates and then Aristotle. b. Aristotle was a student of Plato but had a much friendlier perspective toward rhetoric. Socrates taught the young Alexander the Great. c. Aristotle "spoke" through the character of Socrates in his writings; Plato disagreed with Aristotle about the nature and role of rhetoric. d. Aristotle wrote On Rhetoric as a response to Plato's Gorgias, in which Socrates defended rhetoric against the Sophists. e. Socrates came first and was the main character in Plato's Gorgias. Aristotle came later and wrote a textbook on how to be a good rhetorician.

e.) Socrates came first and was the main character in Plato's Gorgias. Aristotle came later and wrote a textbook on how to be a good rhetorician.

Plato places rhetoric in the category of _______________. (fill in the blank—one word, but there are a few acceptable options

flattery/experience/knack

Transcendent "We"

form of identification where everyone is included; -Trump; WE all want to make America great again -If you have a boyfriend: what are WE doing this weekend

Consubstantiality

leads to action;

"Argument is war."

metaphor; I win you lose like a war; relationship not comparison

"Time is money."

metaphor; spending time just like you SPEND money

Sophists

viewed rhetoric as a way to make money; Sophistry- manipulative, unfair use of language