COM1700 Exam 1 Ch. 1-4

Differentiate among the different types of communication noise

-Audible noise. This is sound that makes your eardrums vibrate - our traditional idea of noise -Physiological noise. This refers to things that are happening inside your body that distract you - such as hunger, a headache, or needing to use the bathroom. -Psychological noise. This kind of communication noise is related to thoughts in your mind that are causing distractions for you.

Describe the barriers to effective listening

-Deciding a topic is "boring." When we decide up front that we're not going to be interested in a subject, it's more of a challenge to pay full attention. -Criticizing the speaker. We're not all articulate speakers, but that doesn't mean we don't have something important to say. -Fast thinking. We tend to think faster than we speak, and this affects our listening, too. Our minds tend to be a step ahead of the speaker, which can lead us to give in to the rebuttal tendency or competitive interrupting. -Information overload. With so many stimuli in our environments, we can't possibly attend to it all.

Name and explain gestures (such as emblems, illustrators, etc.) and give examples of when each might be used

-Emblems are gestures that have a specific meaning, which you could translate into words. (middle finger) -Illustrators are gestures that we add to a verbal message, in order to make it clearer. ("Meet me upstairs" and point up) -Affect displays are gestures that convey emotion. -Regulators are gestures that control the flow of conversation. (raise hand in class) -Adaptors are gestures that satisfy a personal need. (scratch an itch)

Explain ethos, logos, and pathos, and give examples of each persuasive appeal

-Ethos is a means of convincing another person of our credibility, our good character. "I have been working in this field for ten years" -Logos is a means of convincing another person through logic, facts, statistics, and reason. "Based on statistics from the Centers for Disease Control ..." -Pathos is a means of convincing another person by evoking emotions. "Imagine never knowing where your next meal is coming from"

Explain the difference between channel-rich and channel-lean communication

-Lean channel- pathway that limits the number of cues available to the receiver (texting) -Rich channel- pathway that makes a number of different cues available to a receiver (face-to-face)

Explain all three communication models

-Linear model- like the note on the refrigerator. When we want to convey a brief and quick message. Source-> receiver -Interaction model- the participants take turns sending and receiving messages. It's a back-and-forth kind of communication, where the sender encodes a message and transmits it to the receiver, who decodes it, then the receiver becomes a sender, encoding a response and sending it back. Source->receiver (becomes) source->receiver - Transaction model-both participants act as senders and receivers at the same time. While one person might be speaking, the other is making facial expressions, perhaps saying "uh huh" or nodding, or making a gesture to indicate that they want to interrupt. Both parties are simultaneously reacting to each other, which provides feedback to the conversational partner

List the ways a listener can give feedback to a speaker

-Nonverbal feedback. You could nod your head, raise an eyebrow, or make a gesture that encourages the person to continue. -Asking questions and paraphrasing. A useful way of showing that you are paying attention is to ask questions for clarification -Showing empathy and offering support. Showing empathy involves trying to put ourselves in the other person's situation, and imagining how it might feel. -Analyzing and giving advice. Sometimes we share personal information in the hope that our conversational partner will help us to make sense of it and assist us in deciding what to do

Explain the rules of language use

-Rules that govern how we pronounce words are called phonological rules -Rules that govern the meanings of words are called semantic rules -Rules that govern the way we use words to build sentences are called syntactic rules or syntax.Syntactic rules govern the order in which we put words together when forming sentences -Rules that govern our understanding of common phrases are called pragmatic rules

Name and explain the channels of nonverbal communication (haptics, oculesics, etc.)

1. Facial appearance- the way our face looks to others, which can be manipulated through expression, makeup, even plastic surgery 2. Emotional display- showing our emotions such as joy and anger, via nonverbal like facial expressions 3. Physical appearance-the way our body looks to others, in terms of how we dress and walk 4. Eye behavior- Oculesics is the study of eye behavior, eye contact, etc. 5. Gesture- movement of hands and arms to communicate 6. Touch- haptics. A caress, a slap, a handshake, or a shove. 7. Vocal behavior-Pitch and inflection, Volume, Rate, Articulation, Vocal fillers, Accents, Silence. 8. Smell-the study of how we use smell to communicate is called olfactics. Memories and associations or Sexual attraction (pheromones- substances in our body secretions, which carry a smell) 9. Space-The study of how we use space to communicate is called proxemics Intimate zone (0-18 inches) Personal zone (18 inches to 4 feet) Social zone (4-12 feet) Public zone (12 feet +) 10. Time- The study of how we communicate by the way we use time is called chronemics. 11. Artifacts- visual features of an environment

Explain the various functions of listening and the contexts in which each would be used

1. Listening to learn. As a college student, you engage in this type of listening (often called informational listening), quite frequently. When we listen in order to learn, we focus on parts of the message that are new to us, that seem important, that are interesting, or that we think we'll need to recall later. 2. Listening to evaluate/analyze. In this kind of listening, also called critical listening, you are listening for the purpose of gathering information that will help you make a decision. 3. Listening to connect. We often engage in active listening as a way of connecting with others.

List the steps in the listening process

1. Receive a message 2. Pay attention to the message 3. Comprehend the message 4. Respond to the message 5. Recall the message

Interpersonal Communication

A dyadic communication process, in which people create shared meaning through the exchange of messages.

Explain how social scripts affect interpersonal communication

A social script is a set of behaviors we expect to act out in a particular context, like we are actors in an imaginary play.

Differentiate between denotative and connotative meanings

A word's denotative meaning is its literal. D=dictionary A word's connotative meaning is a secondary meaning that is understood within a cultural group. Baggage= life issues not literal luggage

Explain the different types of touch and their uses

Affectionate touch is intended to convey a message of liking or love. Caregiving touch is task-oriented, scalp massage at hair salon Power/control touch is used to control or assert power over someone else, but not in a mean or negative way. Aggressive touch is touch that is intended to hurt someone. Ritual touch. We touch one another in many ritual ways, such as a handshake.

Define listening

An active process of making meaning from the messages we receive.

Explain the relationship between language and gender

Boys have been taught to speak and behave assertively, to express their opinions, ask for what they want, to embrace competition, and to have high aspirations in life. use "I" most often Girls have been encouraged to cultivate relationships through speaking kindly, being willing to negotiate with others, and to consider the feelings of friends and loved ones when making decisions. use "we" more often

Explain Expectancy Violation Theory

Expectancy violation theory is a communication theory that examines the ways people react to violations of social norms. When an expectancy violation occurs, we judge and react according to what the violation is, where it occurs, and how positive or negative it is.

Be able to explain abuses of language, and how they hinder effective communication

Hate speech is made up of words that attack a person or individual based upon the demographic groups they belong to Profanity is the use of vulgar or obscene language, that is "swear words," that many people choose to add power to their verbal expressions.

Differentiate between implicit and explicit social rules

Implicit rules are rules that we expect all members of a culture to already know. Explicit rules are rules that both conversational partners make specific, and agree upon, verbally or in writing

Differentiate between spatial zones, and give an example of a message related to each

Intimate zone (0-18 inches) Personal zone (18 inches to 4 feet)- talking to a friend Social zone (4-12 feet)- casual acquaintances or friendly strangers (ex. hotel maid in hallway) Public zone (12 feet +)- speaker and an audience

Explain how language is symbolic

Language uses conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having understood meanings. Words are symbols, and they symbolize objects, feelings, ideas.

Explain how cultural differences can create communication noise

Might cause you a lot of psychological noise, because you do not understand the words

Explain the various types of paralanguage, including silence and how it communicates

Pitch and inflection- You might speak in a higher pitch when you are excited, or a lower pitch when you are being very serious, or telling a secret. Inflection refers to the way we raise or lower our pitch to emphasize particular words. Volume-Loudness could be interpreted (decoded) in many ways: that the message is very important, the speaker is agitated, or perhaps the speaker does not know they are being inappropriate (as in when we tell someone to use their "indoor voice"). Softness could suggest that the speaker is shy, or is telling you something confidential. Rate- A fast rate of speaking may convey urgency or excitement, whereas speaking slowly might indicate that you want to deliver a message accurately, or that you are tired. Articulation- If you are telling someone your name, you might speak each syllable distinctly and carefully, to ensure that they spell it correctly. Vocal fillers- generally used to avoid moments of silence during conversation. Accents- Some regional or national accents might be considered "romantic" or "exotic," while others might imply that the speaker came from a low socioeconomic class. Silence- to ignore someone when you're angry

Explain Politeness Theory

Politeness Theory suggests that we try to save our own, and others' face through acts of politeness. Competence face: We want others to think we are able to complete our tasks with skill. We might save face by avoiding talking about our problems. Autonomy face: We want others to think we are independent and self-sufficient. To save face, we might avoid asking for help. Fellowship face: We want others to think we are worthy of friendship. To save face, we might take a friend to a party so we will not be seen standing alone.

Explain the traits of incompetent listeners

Selective listening. The selective listener tends to seek out information with which they already agree. Eavesdropping. The eavesdropper is someone who intentionally listens to others' private conversations. Pseudo-listening is pretending to listen. Aggressive listening. The aggressive listener is looking for an opportunity to disagree or attack your viewpoint. Narcissistic listening. People who engage in narcissistic listening are looking for an opening to redirect the conversation to themselves.

Explain the influence of standpoint, and how perception affects interpersonal communication

Standpoint Theory is a communication theory that explains how people each perceive the world a bit differently, because perceptions are filtered through knowledge and experience.

Explain the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and how language and culture are related

Suggests that our language affects how we think and what we do. Suggests that the structure and rules of our language affect our perception of the world around us. (linguistic relativity)

Describe listening styles, and identify contexts in which each one is appropriate

The action-oriented listener wants you to get to the point. Time-oriented listening. The time-oriented listener likes to do their listening on a schedule. People-oriented listening. When we engage in people-oriented listening, our goal is to make a personal connection with our conversational partner. Content—oriented listening. Content-oriented listeners enjoy engaging in intellectual conversation.

Differentiate between the literal and relational components of interpersonal communication

The literal component refers to the face value of the message. "You didn't do the dishes" The relational component refers to the meaning the message has within the context of the particular relationship. "I wish you'd call me more often".

Explain how we use time and artifacts to communicate

Time- Messages about value and power. how long are we willing to wait for someone, where do we prioritize our time Artifacts- office decor, color, seating arrangement

Describe how listening differs from hearing

When a sound makes your eardrums vibrate you may hear it Listening- an active process of making meaning from the messages we receive.

Differentiate between symmetry and proportionality, and know how these elements of facial appearance convey messages

symmetry (the right and left sides of the face match) and proportionality (the features are the proper size and distance apart).

Name some cultural differences in nonverbal communication

the same gesture or vocalic may mean something different across countries