Combined Chapter 13

"I am nice and I have close friend named Tom"

A 10-year-old is most likely to describe himself by saying,

Social contract or utility and individual rights

A person evaluates the degree to which actual laws preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

Objective ideas of fairness

According to William Damon, sharing in early elementary school years is characterized by

Decreased life satisfaction

According to recent research, which of the following is a long-term consequence of low self-esteem?

Social systems morality

Adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members. This is an example of a moral judgment based on Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning

Think in critical and creative ways

Advocates of the constructivist approach to teaching believe that students need to

Children who smoke and drink alcohol

Bullies are MOST likely to be

Become bullies

Children of mothers with suboptimal mental health are more likely to

Engage in cyberbullying

Children who are lonely and have fewer mutual friendships and lower peer popularity are more likely to

Constructivist

Clarice teaches math to fourth- and fifth-graders. She does not believe in rote learning. She first teaches her class the basic principles and then helps children apply those to real-life scenarios. For instance, when teaching her students about the unitary method, she uses examples like packaged food to show them how to determine the price of a unit from the price of the whole package of items. Clarice is using the ________ approach to teaching.

Heteronomous morality

Cynthia, a fourth grader, detests having to eat vegetables; and recently, her mother caught her throwing away her lunch in the trash. Since this incident, Cynthia has been forcing herself to eat whatever food she is given, not because she understands that it is healthy for her, but because she is scared that her mother will announce another time out. This is an example of Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

Postconventional

Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents, and he responded by saying that "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the government was engaging in a cover-up and I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using ________ morality in this situation.

Social aspects of the self

During the elementary school years, children become more likely to recognize

Develop the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

During their elementary school years, children

Housewife

Elana is a married woman in a Middle Eastern country. Compared with married women in Western countries, Elana is more likely to be a

Greater sense of inferiority

Evan is a slow learner who is in the fifth grade. He has been attending remedial classes where he receives training to retain and recall information better. His teachers have reassured his parents that the cumulative effect of these remedial classes take some time and is not visible instantly. Despite this knowledge, Evan's father often chastises him for his mediocre marks and compares him unfavorably to his peers. Evan's father's approach to his academic performance is likely to lead to a ________ in Evan.

One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in men than in women

Female brains differ from male brains in that

By teaching the children to more accurately assess when the intentions of their peers are negative

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

External rewards and punishments

In Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning stage, good and bad are interpreted in terms of

Direct instruction

In Tina's classroom there is little or no collaboration with her fellow students and each day is highly structured and organized. Tina is likely being educated with the ________ approach.

Become more skeptical of others' claims

In middle and late childhood, children tend to

Increase in coregulation of the child's activities

In middle and late childhood, control of children is characterized by a(n

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

In which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning do trust, caring, and loyalty serve as bases of moral judgments?

Self-disclosure and sharing private thoughts

Intimacy in friendships is characterized by

Intimacy

Jane and Cara often speak to each other about happenings at school, their weekend plans, or even something new they learned. Their friendship grew even more when Jane's parents separated and Cara was there to listen to Jane's fears about her parents' impending divorce. Cara then told her how her parents fought very often too and that she was fearful that her parents may opt for a divorce as well. The communication in their friendship is characterized by

Industry

Joanna, a fourth grader, loves to go to school. Joanna's parents are amazed at how quickly she understands concepts, internalizes skills, and makes friends at school. Yesterday, Joanna came home and told her parents that the working model of a windmill that she had made with her friends was put on display in class and applauded widely by everyone. Joanna is likely to develop a sense of ________ from her adjustments and accomplishments at this stage, according to Erikson's psychosocial theory.

Inferiority

Julie planned a surprise birthday party for her mother with the help of her friends and father. Before her mother got back from work, they put up streamers and other decorative items around the living room and waited for her mother to return and cut the cake. When Julie's mother returned, she got angry at the house being filled with children and the mess they had made decorating for her birthday party and stormed out of the house. This incident is likely to enhance Julie's sense of

Likely to engage in criminal behavior

Kevin is a middle-school boy who routinely makes fun of other students and often uses physical aggression against other students. Compared to students who don't engage in this behavior, when Kevin reaches adolescence he is

Direct instruction

Ms. Johanssen likes to develop her lesson plans carefully and deviates from them as little as possible to ensure that all the material is covered. She insists that the class adhere to all the classroom rules and that students maximize their learning time. Ms. Johanssen is using the ________ approach to teaching.

Infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

Neglected children are

Popular with his peers

Paulo is outgoing and self-confident. He seems to be happy and in a good mood most of the time. Paulo is good at talking with other children and seems to care about their interests and problems. He is likely to be

Collaboration-children working together in efforts to understand- should receive more emphasis in schools

Proponents of the constructivist approach believe that

Report

Public speaking is an example of ________ talk.

No significant benefits for low-income children of color who participated in single sex-education

Researchers investigating the benefits of single-sex education have found

Domain-specific

Self-concept refers to ________ evaluations of the self.

Being bullied

Suicidal ideation, depression, and suicide attempts are all associated with

Susan evaluated each student's sociometric status in her study

Susan Jones, a group counselor, came to Amelie's class and gave the students a questionnaire for which students had to fill in the names of classmates, one whom they liked the most, one whom they disliked the most, and one whom they considered to be a best friend. Susan cumulated all the results to give a score for each child. From the scenario, we can infer that

Improve relations among ethnically diverse students

The "jigsaw classroom" was developed by Elliot Aronson to

100 percent

The Urban Prep Academy for Young Men was established to provide single-sex education for African American males. What percentage of its first graduates enrolled in college?

Carol Gilligan

The care perspective of moral development was proposed by

The No Child Left Behind Act

The identification of objectives for students and the creation of tests to measure whether students were meeting those objectives at the national level was the basis for creation of

Fourth

The industry versus inferiority stage is the ________ stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

Fails to account for relationships and concern for other as moral behavior and thus reflects a gender bias

The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan, who believes that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development

Social and emotional functioning

What aspect of development has been virtually ignored when focusing on the lives of children living in poverty?

They will attempt to avoid tasks that are too challenging

What is a possible unintended outcome, noted by researchers, of providing inflated praise to children for mediocre work?

Constructivist approach

Which approach is criticized (by adherents of a rival approach) for not giving enough attention to the content of a discipline?

Direct instruction approach

Which approach is criticized (by adherents of a rival approach) for turning children into passive learners?

Teaching children real skills that they can master and apply

Which of the following actions is desirable when attempting to raise children's self-esteem?

Coregulation

Which of the following is NOT one of the six major functions of friendship?

Female brains are smaller but have more surface brain tissue than males

Which of the following is TRUE regarding gender differences in brain structure and function?

Three common types of stepfamily structure are (1) stepfather, (2) stepmother, and (3) blended or complex

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to stepfamilies?

Conventional rules of an arbitrary nature

Which of the following is a feature of social conventional reasoning?

Universal human rights

Which of the following represents the determinant(s) of morality in the sixth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Imitation or social play

Which of the following represents the primary reason for sharing among toddlers and preschoolers, according to William Damon?

Girls have slightly better reading and writing skills when compared to boys

Which of the following statements about gender differences in cognitive development is TRUE?

Girls are more likely to be able to decode others' emotions than boys

Which of the following statements about gender differences in emotions is accurate?

Perspective taking improves children's ability to sympathize with those in distress

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to children's ability to understand others in middle and late childhood?

Moral stages suggested by his theory appear somewhat later in age than he suggested

Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Progression through the levels occurs as morality becomes more internal or mature

Which of the followings statements is TRUE with regard to Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Relational

________ aggression includes behaviors such as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

Neglected

________ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Relational aggression

________ includes such behaviors as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

Rapport

________ talk is the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.