Combo with "COM1000 Exam #2" and 1 other
STAGES OF RELATIONSHIPS
MARK KNAPP, a researcher in our field has often described the engagement, maintenance, and disengagement phases of relationships
What is therapeutic listening?
Provides "help to a person who needs to talk through a concern"
Expert testimony (ch11)
Statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea.
What is quid pro quo sexual harassment?
A situation in which an employee is offered a reward or is threatened with punishment based on his or her participation in a sexual activity.
Memorized Delivery (ch13)
A speech is written as a manuscript and then delivered from memory.
Diversity
A term used to describe the unique differences in people
Reward
Anything that increases a specific behavior.
Ethos
Appeal to beliefs or character
Pathos
Appeal to emotion
Logos
Appeal to logic
What are the characteristics of effective Visual Aids?
Are visible, non-distracting, simple and clear, and are functional.
What is the difference between hearing and listening?
Hearing is Involuntary and Listening is a voluntary process.
HURIER
Hearing, Understanding Remembering, Interpreting, Evaluating, Responding
Organizational Pattern
Helps you define the important points of your presentation and keep the audience on track.
RESEARCHERS FOCUS ON THAT FEW SECONDS ON SPEECH ACT FROM INITIAL STIMULUS AND RESPOND TO INITIAL FEEDBACK
IN DYADIC INTERACTION, then count the times that type of interaction occurs and make our conclusions
What is appreciative listening?
It serves "to obtain sensory stimulation or enjoyment through the works and experiences of others"
Personal Experience (ch11)
Use of your own life as a source of information.
What is supportiveness?
Listening with empathy, acknowledging others' feelings, and engaging in dialogue to help others maintain a sense of personal control.
One might think of eye contact between audience and speaker as...
Looking each other in the mind
What factors determine the amount of personal space you use?
Your size, your gender, and how much space you claim as your own.
Chronemics
Effect of time on communication
What results in a higher credibility?
Effective delivery skills
Eye behavior
Eyes are window of soul. --Deception cues: hints that a person is being less than forthright.
Trustworthiness (ch11)
The degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind. An aspect of credibility.
Competence (ch11)
The degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, and informed.
Competence
The degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, authoritative, and informed; an aspect of credibility.
Learning styles
The different ways individuals like to obtain and process information
Chronemics
The study of the ways in which tie is used to structure interactions
non Sequitur Argument
This Latin phrase means "does not follow." This is the argument with a conclusion that does not follow from the premise.
short term memory (ch 5)
a temporary storage place for information
outline (ch 12)
a written plan that uses symbols, margins, and content to reveal the order, importance, and substance of a presentation
THEORIES OF SELF
1950s, IRVING GOFFMAN wrote several books, one entitled "THE PRESENTATION OF SELF IN EVERYDAY LIFE". in it, he discussed how we present oursleves, how we chose the symbols that represent us, and how those symbols construct meaning or clash with how others react to our symbols
Ethnocentrism
the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures
self esteem (ch 2)
the feeling you have about your self concept, how well you like and evaluate yourself
rate (ch 4)
the pace of your speech
wear out point (ch 14)
the point at which a repeated persuasive message loses its effectiveness
nonverbal communication (ch 4)
the process of using messages that are not words to generate meaning
inclusion (ch 9)
the state of being involved with others, a human need.
diversity
the unique differences in people
Identify and explain recent research findings regarding listening.
24% of the day is used listening, 20% writing emails, 13% on the internet, 9% writing, 8% reading, 8% watching television, 7% on the telephone, and 5% writing emails.
What is the rate of thinking?
400-500 words a minute.
What are some design rules for text visuals?
6X6 24 Font Phrases not sentences Upper and Lower cases Simple typefaces High contrast color Simple effects
Hyperpersonal Communication
A certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationships with others.
Sleeper Effect (ch11)
A change of audience opinion caused by the separation of the message content from its source over a period of time.
What is a wiki?
A cheap webpage where people can edit information.
Explanation (ch11)
A clarification of what something is or how it works.
Analogy (ch11)
A comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function, that are otherwise dissimilar.
Information Overload
A condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity
Role (ch9)
A consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time.
What is a role?
A consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time.
Individualistic Culture
A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.
Invasion
A direct wrong of a personal nature, it injures the feelings of the person and does not take into account the effect of revealed information on the standing of the person in the community.
Referent
A form of power that derives from attraction to the leader
Which of the following cannot be effectively utilized when gathering evidence for your speeches?
A friend's speech
What is stereotyping?
A generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture.
Race
A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, blood types, genetic code patterns or genetically inherited characteristics.
Reference Librarian (ch11)
A librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information.
Identify and explain the "listening tree."
A method of listening developed by Wolvyn and Coakley which illustrates the interdependence of different ways to listen. Discriminative listening is the root of the tree; Comprehensive listening is the trunk of the tree; and appreciative, critical, and therapeutic listening are the branches of the tree.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
What is prejudice?
A negative attitude toward a group of people just because they are who they are.
Bias
A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.
Communication Apprehension
A person's level of fear or anxiety associated with a communication situation; can be either real or anticipated communication
Nonverbal Communication
All the ways we communicate without using words. Nonverbal communication can include clothing, physical appearance, gestures, facial and eye expressions.
Building blank slides into powerpoint presentations...
Allows you to reconnect with your audience
Informal Role (ch9)
Also called behavioral role, a role that is developed spontaneously within a group.
Formal Role (ch9)
Also called positional role, and assigned role based on an individuals position or title within a group.
in terms of relational convergence and metacommunication, sensitive communicators use
ACTIVE LISTENING (suspending judgment, paraphrasing for clarification) & EMPATHY (viewing it from another person's perspective)
Relationship Oriented Groups (ch9)
Also called primary groups, groups that are usually long term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection.
Task Oriented Groups (ch9)
Also called secondary groups, groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions.
Common Ground (ch11)
Also known as co orientation, the degree tow which the speakers values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience. An aspect of credibility.
Models of Interaction stages
An account that explains the typical pattern of how communication progresses relationships through five stages of coming together and five stages of coming apart
Which of the following is a true statement regarding credentials?
An effective resume contains good style, content, and format.
What is group conflict?
An expressed struggle between two or more members of a group.
Episode
An incident in a person's life or in a story or play
Territoriality
An individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory.
Connotative Meaning
An individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden.
What is groupthink?
An unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion.
Groupthink (ch9)
An unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedent over critical analysis and discussion.
Critical Thinking (ch5)
Analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speakers ideas to make critical judgements about the message being presented.
Symbols
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
When preparing for and taking part in an interview, you should...
Ask and answer questions effectively and ethically.
How can you improve your own listening skills?
Ask pre-questions, consider your interest level, use elaboration strategies, take 51% of the responsibility for the communication transaction, choose to focus, be aware of logical fallacies, source credibility, & appeals, keep a listening journal, and be willing to listen.
Masculinity
Behaviors associated with being more assertive or aggressive (what it means to be a man)
What are task functions?
Behaviors that are directly relevant to the group's task and that affect the group's productivity.
Task Functions (ch9)
Behaviors that are directly relevant to the groups task and that affect the groups productivity.
Maintenance Functions (ch9)
Behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members.
What are maintenance functions?
Behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members.
Self-Centered functions (ch9)
Behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group.
What are self-centered functions?
Behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group.
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
Credibility
Believability, trustworthiness
how do we reduce uncertainty?
Berger and Calabrese and others say people try to spend more time in positive and mutual interaction, asking questions, showing nonverbal IMMEDIACY & expressing AFFILIATION (the desire to associate further)
Non Verbal Communication
Body Language, messages sent without words
Internal References (ch11)
Brief notations indicating a bibliographic reference that contains the details you are using in your speech.
Weber also noted that bureaucracies have a
CLEAR AND GRADED HIERARCHY OF POWER AND AUTHORITY. each member has a rank within that hierarchy. that rank PRESCRIBES (ALLOWS) & PROSCRIBES (PROHIBITS) tasks and communication activities. lower level subordinates do not burst in on executive meetings just as top level mangers do not enter the assembly line except in times of crisis
a bureaucracy alos has a
COMMUNICATION CLIMATE- the emotional tone of those who do not conform to the being used in conversations from the corporate level to the staff line. the types of climates can be from open and friendly to hostile and close-minded
signs of poor self image and self concept is called
CONDUCT DISORDER and it is characterized by ANTI-SOCIAL behavior that the rest of society would deem outside of even the extremes of normative behavior
the way people react to you either
CONFIRMS OR DISCONFIRMS your view of yourself
Vocalics
Characteristics of the voice that communicate meaning
Schultz created the
Fundamental Interpersonal Relational Orientation profile (FIRO), a measure of the usual and typical way we communicate with our relational partners
Group Decision support System (ch9)
GDSS, an interactive network of computers with specialized software allowing users to generate solutions for unstructured problems.
What is passing?
How one conceals normal info about oneself to preserve, sustain, and encourage others' predisposed assumptions about one's identity.
High-context cultures
Cultures that place emphasis on the total environment or context where interactions occur
What are uncertainty-accepting cultures?
Cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
What are individualistic cultures?
Cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence.
What are collectivist cultures?
Cultures that value the group over the individual.
What are sometime cultures?
Cultures that view time as "contextually based and relationally oriented"
Individualistic cultures
Cultures where more emphasis is places on individuals rather than groups
Collectivist cultures
Cultures where more emphasis is places on the group rather than the individual to promote group cohesion and loyalty
Short-term Time Orientation
Cultures with short term orientation towards changing events have an expectation of quick results following one's actions. Europeans time in month-long intervals (Aries, Gemini, Pisces)
when you begin to notice significant difference either in practical matters or incompatible communication styles, you are in the
DIFFERENTIATION STAGE. not all differentiation is bad. many of us recognize that our partner have their own friends and family - people they need to communicate with.
just as the bonding stage is characterized by a symbolic commitment of wanting to be together, terminating a relationship involves expressions of
DISENGAGEMENT- some official act of dissolution. it could be as subtle as not returning phone calls or a as big as an all out public divorce spectabcle
in problematic relationships, we see inordinate amounts of control and sometimes this causes a
DOUBLE BIND situation. the child who never gets recognition and admiration for success yet receives only negative reinforcement for failure will develop an unhealthy self concept that would carry over to interpersonal relationship. damaging if no way to win in your most important interpersonal interactions. some research suggests a link b/w ppl put in double binds and schizophrenia
interpersonal communication is the exchange of messages in a
DYAD
Uncertainty Avoidance
Deals with the way that a culture handles change and accepts uncertainty within social or cultural contexts
Phonemes
Human speech can be divided into a set of discrete sounds known as:
Titles (ch13)
Describe the general focus of a graphic slide.
Conflict in the workplace can be...
Destructive and productive
Definitions (ch11)
Determinations of meaning.
Identify and explain how culture develops in small-groups.
Develops as a result of group norms, role structures enacted by group members, group cohesiveness, and diversity.
Proxemics
Different cultures maintain different standards of proximity/personal space.
Interpersonal Communication
Direct, face-to-face communication between two or more people.
What are the 5 ways of listening?
Discriminative, Comprehensive, Therapeutic, Critical, and Appreciative listening.
Identify and explain the five types of listening
Discriminative, Comprehensive, Therapeutic, Critical, and Appreciative.
Identify and explain the types of listening.
Discriminative, comprehensive, appreciative, critical, and therapeutic.
Identify and explain Spradlin's passing strategies.
Distancing, dissociating, dodging, distracting, denial, and deceiving.
What online tool did Dr. Hanlon recommend for scheduling groups? Explain how this tool is useful.
Doodle.com
Identify and explain the three ways that information typically flows in formal networks.
Downward, upward, and horizontal communication.
Deductive Reasoning
Drawing a conclusion from initial definitions and assumptions by means of logical reasoning.
Appopriateness of Touch
Duration, body position, hands, intensity of touch, power force or concentration
If a person speaks with vocal variety, movers toward the audience, or uses facial expressions and gestures, he or she is exhibiting which aspect of credibility?
Dynamism
you may know ppl who argue constantly, nag each other, and try to get your sympathies. it is complicated by
EGO DEFENSES, having to be right (esp to outsiders_, and lifelong habits like bullying. stay away from ppl in negative symmetrical relationships
RULES are
EXPLICIT GUIDELINES we are expected to follow based on norms, roles, ranks, and controls and how they change our perceptions and thus, our outward communication. we are rewarded for following rules and punished for breaking them
What are the 4 types of organizations?
Economic Orientation, Political Orientation, Integration Orientation, Pattern-Maintenance Orientation.
Identify and explain different types of organizations and communication networks within organizations.
Economic orientation, political orientation, integration orientation, and pattern-maintenance organizations.
Identify and explain the five types of kinesic behaviors discussed in class.
Emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors
What is the E-A-R method?
Empathize - Commit yourself to understanding Attend - Give full nonverbal attention to your partner Respond - Indicate that you're heard or understood your partner's message or feelings
What is interaction management?
Establishing a smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow between topics and ideas.
Identify and explain potential intercultural communication problems.
Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and prejudice.
Ethnocentrism
Evaluating another culture using the standards of one's own culture
What are the 5 communication networks?
Formal Communication, Downward Communication, Upward Communication, Horizontal Communication, and Informal Communication.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Indi cultures: there is more emphasis placed on individuals rather than groups. collect cultures: more emphasis placed on the group rather than individual to promote group cohesion and loyalty.
Identify and explain Hofstede's dimensions of cultural diversity.
Individualism vs. Collectivism; Masculinity vs. Femininity; Uncertainty Avoidance; and Power Distance.
Identify and explain broad cultural characteristics.
Individualistic versus collectivist cultures; uncertainty-accepting vs. Uncertainty-rejecting cultures; on-time vs. sometime cultures
Defensive Communication
Language that creates a climate of hostility and mistrust.
Inclusive Language
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.
Non-Verbal Communication
all ways we communicate without using words
Reflexivity
being self-aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions
Non verbal Transitions
body movement, vocal inflection, pauses, gestures
moving in together involved INTEGRATION of personalities and value systems
but also logistical and physical considerations. you begin to check with each other more frequently. your goals become your partner's goals and you communicate frequently to check on press.
Culture of Touch
contact cultures non-contact cultures
Relational Climate
defines the overall emotional feeling or temperature of the relationship
communication apprehension (ch 10)
fear and avoidance of communication with other people
disconfirmation (ch 2)
feedback in which others fail to respond to your notion of self by responding neutrally
conformation (ch 2)
feedback in which others treat you in a manner consistent with who you believe you are
COMMUNICATION CLIMATE includes
1. participative decision making (aka PDM) and how decisions are made and who makes them 2. mutual and reciprocal communication (the amount of responsiveness to you) 3. feedback activities (how aware your partners and leaders are to your feedback)
low self monitors (ch 2)
individuals who communicate with others with little attention to the responses to their messages
peripheral route processing (ch 14)
influence based upon the factors outside the quality of the message
norms (ch 9)
informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication
supporting materials (ch 11)
information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position
those who do not conform to the rules run the risk of disapproval,
lack of power and influence, and isolation from a group, even firing
sexist language (ch 3)
language that excludes individuals on the basis of gender
critical listening (ch 5)
listening that challenges the speaker's message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility
logos (ch 1)
logical appeals
Those who schedule their days, are early for appointments, and plan for the future are probably members of an
on-time Culture
Imagined Trajectories
personal understandings of various tracks in relationships
central route processing (ch 14)
persuasion achieved by the quality of the arguments in a message
descriptiveness (ch 3)
practice of describing observed behavior or phenomena instead of offering personal reactions or judgements
cultural rituals
practices, behaviors, celebrations, and traditions common to people, organizations, and insitutions
similarity (ch 2)
principle that elements are grouped together because they share attributes such as size, color, or shape
symbolic interactionism (ch 2)
process in which the self develops through the messages and feedback received from others
Nuetralization
process of numbing facial expressions to hide how you really feel.
mass media communication (ch 1)
process of using messages to generate meaning in a mediated system, between a source and a large number of unseen receivers
one sidedness (ch 14)
provide only the arguments that support your message
in these types of interactions, you continually validate views of each other through confirming and disconfirming behaviors which range from
quiet grunts and groans to loud public declarations
source expertise (ch 14)
receiver's perceptions of the persuader's knowledge, qualifications, and competence
Discrimination
referes to the verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors that foster prejudiced attitudes including the act of excluding or denying ppl of products, rights, and services based on their race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.
Physical Appearance
refers to observable traits of the body and its accessories and extensions.
social comparison is a powerful shaper of your
self concept
always being told to live up to an image of a more successful sibling can be a
significant demotivator and cause of resentment, low esteem, self worth & negative self concept
listening for enjoyment (ch 5)
situations involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating information
organizations (ch 8)
social collectives, or groups of people in which activities are coordinated to achieve both individual and collective goals
Altman and Taylor believe that relationships often
1. progress systemically and predictably 2. include DEPENETRATION & DISSOLUTION (breaking up, declining relationship) 3. self disclosure is the "CORE" OF relational development
What is the rate of speaking?
125 words a minute.
Personal Zone
18 inches to 4 feet
in a hierarchy, sometimes getting promoted to a higher rank involves demonstrating a higher capacity for good work.
sometimes it is becoming a follower and adhering to the "COMPANY LINE". this is called "SOLDIERING" & just as in the military, the follower "TOES THE COMPANY LINE" without question
social penetration and self works in 3 ways. onion metaphor
sometimes we know a little bit about a lot of things about our partners much like peeling a layer or two of an onion. sometimes we know a lot about one or two thing about a person much like taking a deep chunk out of one area of an onion. sometimes we know a lot about a lot of area of our partners much like peering the onion down layer by later until you reach the core. when you reach the core
In text citations
source information placed in parenthesis within the body of a research paper
examples (ch 11)
specific instances used to illustrate your point
dating (ch 3)
specifying when you made an observation, since everything changes over time
Memorized Presentation
speech
Manuscript Presentation
speeches that are read from a word for word
High-context Cultures
spoken words are less important than the rest of the context
high-context cultures
spoken words are less important than the rest of the context
NORMS
standards of behavior
celebrity testimony (ch 11)
statements made by a public figure who is known to an audience
lay testimony (ch 11)
statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say
expert testimony (ch 11)
statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea
Kinesthetic learning style
student actually carrying out a physical activity, rather than listening to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration
Visual learning style
students who learn most effectively when it is portrayed in illustrations
surveys (ch 11)
studies in which a limited number of questions are answered by a sample of the population to discover opinions on issues
RHETORICALLY SENSITIVE ppl use
supportive language & words free of negative connotations. they spend the time and energy to listen when you want them to listen, they sympathize with you when you are down, and they appreciate your emotional needs and triumphs. in convos, they generally don't hog the floor or put others down. plenty of equal turntaking, never top someone's stories or try to compete for attention or admiration. avoid interpositions and nullifications. sensitive communicators use feelings and emotional lang instead of cliches. avoid placing blame and using judgments and evaluations. ppl who use sensitivity and openness with a focus on the relationship while avoiding petty negative issues find tat their attitudes, philosophies, and relationships converge
on the other hand, just the fact that someone is listening to you, esp in a crisis situation, is a
symbolic indication of belonging in that dyad
jargon (ch 3)
technical language developed by a professional group
Oprah- teenagers in prison
teens lack a clear perception of self- works on remediating learning disabilities and repairing low self esteem
HIGH ESTEEMERS
tend to be more confident, more able to withstand criticism, and tend to work harder for demanding bosses. they are bothered less by little things and generally make an effort to maintain successful relationships, in the social circle and at work
Culture Relativism
the belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
cultural relativsim (ch 7)
the belief that another culture should be judged by its own context rather than measured against your culture
ethnocentrism (ch 7)
the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures
result of debilitating behavior is
the breaking of trust. once the trust is violated, the relationship will come that much closer to the breaking point. serious metacommunication must occur for repairs to be implemented if that trust is to be restored
when the REWARDS (stimulation, satisfaction, contentment, pleasures, or outright thrills) outweigh the COSTS (negative feelings, negative valence, poor quality of info),
the communication reflects a desire to keep the relationship going
parallel form (ch 12)
the consistent use of complete sentences, clauses, phrases, or words in an outline
indentity management (ch 2)
the control (or lack thereof) of the communication of information through a performance
elaboration (ch 1)
the degree to which a receiver scrutinizes a message
Physical Attraction
the degree to which one finds another person's physical self appealing
trustworthiness(ch 11)
the degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind. an aspect of credibility.
competence (ch 11)
the degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, authoritative, and informed. an aspect of credibility.
physical attraction
the degree to which you find the bodily traits of another person pleasing and desireable
in long term relationship, the maintenance stage is rarely a smooth road.
the maintenance stage is more like a roller coaster ride with high and low points. mature communicators try to maximize the highs and minimize the lows but as we know, some of us have higher highs and lower lows than others
assimilation goal (ch 7)
the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group
Assimilation Goal
the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominate group
accommodation goal (ch 7)
the marginalized group manages to keep co cultural indentity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture
Accommodation Goal
the marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with dominate culture
Separation Goal
the marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group
separation goal (ch 7)
the marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group, and as little as possible with the dominant group
channel (ch 1)
the means through which the message is sent
message (ch 1)
the message the speaker intends to send
customer service encounter (ch 8)
the moment of interaction between the customer and the firm
M time (ch 7)
the monochromic time schedule, which compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates tasks and social dimensions and points to the future
perception (ch 2)
the process of becoming aware of objects and events from the senses
amoral (ch 1)
the process of communication is ethically neutral
self disclosure (ch 6)
the process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitute private, sensitive, or confidential information
encode (ch 3)
the process of translating your thoughts into words
leadership (ch 9)
the process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals
interpersonal communication (ch 1)
the process of using messages to generate meaning between at least two people in a situation that allows mutual opportunities for both speaking and listening
proactive imagination (ch 10)
the process of visualizing yourself having a successful communication experience
strategic ambiguity (ch 8)
the purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages
as the relationship deteriorates,
the quality and quantity of self disclosure decreases correspondingly
argumentativeness (ch 6)
the quality or state of being argumentative, synonymous with contentiousness or combativeness
ethos (ch 1)
the receiver's perception of a sender's competence and trustworthiness; credibility
compliance resisting (ch 6)
the refusal of targets of influence messages to comply with requests
Cultural Rituals
the repetition of formulas that help coordinate our needs and desires.
Culture
the rules of living and functioning in a particular society
repetition (ch 4)
the same message is sent both verbally and non verbally
environment (ch 1)
the situation or context in which the transaction takes place
group culture (ch 9)
the socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior
criteria (ch 9)
the standards by which a group must judge potential solutions
communibiology (ch 10)
the study of biological bases of human communication
kinesics (ch 4)
the study of bodily movements, including posture, gestures, and facial expressions
kinesics (ch 10)
the study of body movement and facial expressions
kinesics
the study of body movement including both posture and gestures
Kinesics
the study of body movement including both posture and gestures.
pragmatics (ch 3)
the study of language as it is used in a social context, including its effect on the communicators
proxemics (ch 4)
the study of the human use of space and distance
Vocalics
the study of the use of voice to express self. Through tone, volume, articulation, pitch, rate of speech, and use of silence
semantics (ch 3)
the study of the way humans use language in order to evoke meaning in others
Chronemics
the study of the ways in which time is used to structure interactions
Enviroment
the surroundings that shape the communication context
selective attention (ch 5)
the sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important
selective exposure (ch 2)
the tendency to expose yourself to information that reinforces rather than contradicts your beliefs or opinions
Horns affect
the tendency to let our perceptions of one negative trait influence our perceptions of other negative traits
Halo affect
the tendency to let our perceptions of one positive trait influence our perceptions of other positive traits
selective exposure (ch 14)
the tendency to place ourselves in environments with others who think like we do
selective perception (ch 2)
the tendency to see, hear, and believe only what you want to see, hear, and believe.
selective attention (ch 2)
the tendency, when you expose yourself to information and ideas, to focus on certain cues and ignore others
dialectic (ch 6)
the tension that exists between two conflicting or interacting forces, elements, or ideas
On-Time
the time schedule that compartmentalizes time to meet personal needs, separates task and social dimensions, and points to the future
Sometime
the time schedule that views time as "contextually based and relationally oriented"
Femininity
the trait of behaving in ways considered typical for women
the type of person we are (or we think we are) often dictates
the type of person we will be in normal and crisis interactions
imagined trajectories
the understanding of various paths relationships can take and where those paths lead
positive self talk (ch 10)
the use of positive coping statements instead of negative self talk
tactile communication (ch 4)
the use of touch in communication
inflection (ch 4)
the variety or changes in pitch
Speech Act
the various actions we perform through speech ex: promises, threats, apologies, questions, ect.
syntax (ch 3)
the way in which words are arranged to form phrases and sentences
uncertainty avoidance
the way that a culture handles change and accepts uncertainty within social or cultural contexts
organizational communication (ch 8)
the ways in which groups of people both maintain structure and order through their symbolic interactions and allow individual actors the freedom to accomplish their goals
as we initiate relationships, we form strategies to find out about our partners. in Western culture, we generally use direct verbal strategies. our convos are very detail oriented and we are not offended by direct questions about our activities, beliefs, and social circumstances.
theorist Edwin Hall calls these "LOW CONTEXT" CULTURES
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis (ch 3)
theory that our perception of reality is determined by our thought processes, which are limited by our language and, therefore, that language shapes our reality
one of the central issues in social influence theory and research is how ppl influence and control each other
these activities are called COMPLIANCE GAINING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS and it turns out they we have many diff strategies and tactics to exert influence, power, and control
all these verbal and nonverbal cues are really indications whether your partner accepts or rejects your review of yourself.
they could be considered VALIDATIONS OR INVALIDATIONS of your worth to them.
Non-Dominant Culture
this term includes, people of color, women, gays/lesbians/bisexuals, people with disabilities, the lower/working class, the unemployed, the underemployed, the bankrupt, the young, and the elderly
compliance gaining (ch 6)
those attempts made by a source of messages to influence a target "to perform some behavior that the target otherwise might not perform"
the study of organizational communication begins with the study of a common type of organization called a BUREAUCRACY
though the term has a definite negative connotation, the term bureaucracy very adequately describes the process of ppl coming together to achieve goals, whether those goals are task or social
collaborative style (ch 8)
thoughtful negotiation and reasoned compromise
Masculinity
traits, including biological and social traits, associated with being male
ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION involves
transmitting messages to a deliberately structured group through CHANNELS (formal or informal or both). these messages hold meaning for and have influence on the individuals, subgroups, and members as a hwole.
Goffman's book cover is a great class of symbols
two wealthy, society women with diamond tiaras and fur coats emerge smugly from a limo while a common woman with a dowdy old cloth coat looks on enviously
we now recognize that in the interpersonal relationship,
we communicate our norms, leadership and follower rules, explicit rules and guidelines, and systems of controls.
RELATIONAL COMMUNICATION - how and why ppl relate to each other thru communication
we form relationships for a number of reasons. PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRACTION is at the top of the list. but how would that explain opposites like Marilyn Monroe and playwright Arthur Miller? perhaps they COMPLEMENT each other. one is beauty, the other is the brains. sometimes we form deep relationships based on PHYSICAL PROXIMITY. secretaries marry their bosses, teachers date students, and colleagues get together socially. however, few of those relationships would deepen without psychological proximity. in fact, as you converse, you find out info about each other, some of which you may find salient to your value system and personality.
in complementary relationships,
we see a SPLIT in control, responsibilities, & power. perhaps it is a 60-40 split, 70-30, or 80-20. rarely do we see a 100-0 split although it is not unknown. "I leave all decisions up to him, after he makes all the money." however, large differences in control are seldom mutually satisfying even if the physical results are impressive (large home, big bank accounts, adorable children yet unsatisfied and frustrated spouse)
one of the most important acts of a bureaucracy is to set up
NORMS AND STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR that members are expected to follow. some of the norms are EXPLICITLY STATED in a employee handbook and some are IMPLICIT (following your co-workers to the appropriate lunchroom at the appropriate time
False starts, mispronunciations and excessive um's and ah's are known as...
Non-fluencies
What are affect displays?
Nonverbal movements of the face and body used to show emotion.
What are illustrators?
Nonverbal movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages.
What are regulators?
Nonverbal movements that control the flow or pace of communication.
What are emblems?
Nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases.
What are adaptors?
Nonverbal movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public.
Statistics (ch11)
Numbers that summarize numerical information or compare quantities.
when people group themselves together for a specific purpose, they form an
ORGANIZATION. when they attempt to communicate to support the goals of the organization, it is called ORGANIZATION COMMUNICATION
Emoticons
Textual expression of emotions that show our feelings in the digital world
Identify and explain how technology can be used to facilitate small-group communication.
The GDSS, group decision support system, allows group members to anonymously communicate with one another.
What is an political orientation organization?
Organizations that generate and distribute power and control within society.
What is an integration orientation organization?
Organizations that help mediate and resolve discord among members of society.
What is an economic orientation organization?
Organizations that manufacture products and/or offer services for consumers.
What is a pattern-maintenance organization?
Organizations that promote cultural and educational regularity and development within society.
lastly, a bureaucracy has some sort of
PHYSICAL PRESENCE THAT REGULATES COMMUNICATION B/W ITS MEMBERS= communication infrastructure (telephone and computer lines, pagers) these serve as the internal and external communication needs. there is a body of research in nonverbal artifactual communication that shows what furniture arrangements promote or inhibit discussion in work groups - physical arrangements communicate to the members where they stand in the hierarchy
What are communication networks?
Patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization.
When is it NOT appropriate to wiki?
Peer reviews and expressing opinions.
Message Design Logics
People have different beliefs about the purpose of communication (3 beliefs)
Identify and explain the role of appearance in communication.
People who are physically attractive are more privileged. It generally leads to more social success in adulthood, they are seen as more sociable and sensitive, they have higher initial credibility, etc.
What are the 4 listening styles?
People-oriented, Action-oriented, Content-oriented, and Time-oriented.
Stereotypes
Perceptions that describe the way humans categorize or understand, which may cause one to perceive others as belonging to a particular ethnic or social group; can be positive, neutral, or negative
Long Term Memory (ch5)
Permanent storage place for information.
Hearing is _________ ?
Physical
Physical Attraction
Physical attraction refers to the degree to which you find the bodily traits of another person pleasing and desirable.
Social Attraction
The degree to which a person finds the actions and personality of another pleasing and desirable
Identify and explain the characteristics related to paralanguage.
Pitch, rate, volume, inflection, quality, nonword sounds, pronunciation, articulation, enunciation, and silence.
An organization with this orientation generates and distributes power and control within society.
Political Orientation
Stereotypes
Popular beliefs about groups of people
Cultural Rituals
Practices, behaviors, celebrations and traditions common to people, organizations and institutions
How do you make powerpoint fade to black during presentation?
Press "B"
Identify and explain the two types of listening models.
SIER Hierarchy of Active Listening Model and the CARESS Model.
when you first meet, you INITIATE communication through the use of
SMALL TALK & CLICHES. the initiation stage is almost always characterized by SURFACE LEVEL COMMUNICATION. how about this weather? did you watch the Gators yesterday? what's your major?
Information Overload
The negative feelings resulting from being given too much information to process a topic
Matching Hypothesis
The notion that people are most likely to form relationships with those who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness
Relational Climate
The overall emotional feelings, or temperature, of a relationship
Working Memory (ch5)
The part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli that we pay attention to.
Power Distance
The perceived equality or inequality felt between people in certain cultural or social contexts
Perception Checking
The practice of asking others to get a more informed sense of understanding
What is within-group diversity?
The presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members.
Within Group Diversity (ch9)
The presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members.
What is Listening?
The process of receiving, attending to, and assigning meaning to aural and visual stimuli.
Leadership (ch9)
The process of using communication to influence the behaviors and attitudes of others to meet group goals.
Gender
The psychological and emotional characteristics of individuals
What is strategic ambiguity?
The purposeful use of symbols to allow multiple interpretations of messages.
Culture
The rules of living and functioning in society
Group Culture (ch9)
The socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior.
What is group culture?
The socially negotiated system of rules that guide group behavior.
Criteria (ch9)
The standards by which a group must judge potential solutions.
Inclusion (ch9)
The state of being involved with others, a human need.
Kinesics
The study of body movement
Proxemics
The study of how we use space and distance to communicate
Environment
The study of our surroundings; the physical setting of a presentation
Vocalics
The study of the use of voice to express oneself
How are wikis used by corporations?
To see how their brand is being mentioned in social media and other websites. They use wikis to see how they can enhance their company brand and image.
When information is transferred formally between a worker and his or her boss, which type of communication takes place?
Upward Communication
What is comprehensive listening?
Used to "understand the message in order to retain, recall, and, possibly, use that information at a later time."
of course, this brings on conflict through defensiveness if the
VALENCE of the interpersonal communication is negative
Non Fluencies (ch13)
Verbal mistakes such as false starts, mispronunciations, or excessive ah's or um's.
Lecture Cues (ch5)
Verbal or nonverbal Signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture.
From class notes, visual aids should be?
Visible Non-distracting Simple and clear Functional In your possession "Profitable"
Visual Aids (ch13)
Visual Elements that help your audience receive your message.
Signposts
Ways in which a presenter signals to an audience where the presentation is going
Explain the culture of the continental United States in regards to the concepts of cultural diversity.
We are a short-term, flat hierarchy, accepting, more masculine, and individualistic nation.
How were handouts used to explain course concepts? Be specific.
We had to fold a paper multiple times in order to get two eye holes on the paper, and we had to listen to Dr. Hanlon give the instructions.
What is critical listening?
We use it to "evaluate the merits of the message"
Masculinity
What it means culturally to be a man. traits connected to assertivesness, competitive, and possibly aggressive
Chronemics
The study of the ways in which time is used to structure interactions. Being late a party, etc. 1)monochronic: being on time is very important 2)polychronic: less emphasis on keeping a tight schedule and values greater flexibility.
Haptics
The study of touch
Selective Attention (ch5)
The sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important.
Horn effect
The tendency to allow perceptions of one negative trait to influence perceptions of other negative traits
Halo effect
The tendency to allow perceptions of one positive trait to influence perceptions of other positive traits
Social Penetration Theory
The theory that relationships progress toward intimacy as a result of self-disclosure from both partners
Relational Culture
The unique private world relationship partners create and maintain through their communication
Nonverbal Immediacy
The use of closeness - inducing nonverbal behavioral cues
How are objects used in nonverbal communication?
They can communicate your age, gender, status, role, what your religion is, what the climate is, what time of day, etc. Communicates authority and people's roles.
Identify and explain the benefits of wikis.
They're cheap, don't require a specialized software, worldwide access, compatible with any computer.
Symbols
Things that represent or stand for something else
job description (ch 8)
a document that defines the job in terms of its content and scope
functional resume (ch 8)
a document that organizes your credentials by type of function performed
chronological resume (ch 8)
a document that organizes your credentials over time
brake light function (ch 12)
a forewarning to the audience that the end of the presentation is near
Stereotype
a generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture
Relational dialectics theory
a ground breaking analysis of interpersonal relationships that attributes the communication pattern between partners to the existence of dialectical.
an organization is
a group of people that come together, is designed, and structured in such a way to facilitate and achieve a desired objective. to do this, they share goals and a purpose.
co-culture (ch 7)
a group that exists within a larger, dominant culture but differs from the dominant culture in some significant way
co-culture (ch 2)
a group whose beliefs or behaviors distinguish it from the larger culture of which it is a part and with which it shares numerous similarities
reference librarian (ch 11)
a librarian specifically trained to help you find sources of information
bibliography (ch 12)
a list of sources used in a presentation
extemporaneous delivery (ch 13)
a speech is practiced throughly but not memorized, using speakers notes, not a manuscript
memorized delivery (ch 13)
a speech is written as a manuscript and then delivered from memory
impromptu delivery (ch 13)
a speech that has little or no preparation time and is made up along the way
manuscript delivery (ch 13)
a speech that is written word for word using a tone and language that is appropriate for speaking rather than reading
culture (ch 2)
a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, and artifacts that members of a society use to cope with one another and with their world
Diversity
a term used to describe the unique differences in people.
Emoticons
a textual expression of emotions, is how you show your feelings in the digital world.
Emoticons
a textual expression of emotions... How you show your feelings in the digital world.
Culture
a unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people
culture (ch 7)
a unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people
Relational Culture
a unique private world constructed and sustained by partners in a relationship
relational culture
a unique private world constructed and sustained by partners in a relationship
Matching hypothesis
according to it, we tend to form relationships with people who are comparable to us in terms of physical attractiveness
self actualization (ch 2)
according to maslow, the fulfillment of one's potential as a person
in the work dyad, the boss may give you a raise, a promotion, or simply pat you on the back. perhaps your boss will begin to include you on important decisions and more responsible tasks.
all of these indicate a higher level of trust, commitment, and dependability b/w your boss and you
if there is no implementation at all,
all the agreed upon changes would be worthless
vocal cues (ch 4)
all the oral aspects of sound except for words themselves
network (ch 8)
an intricate web of contacts and relationships designed to benefit the participants
Topical Pattern
an organizational pattern arranged by main points or topics and presented in the order that seems most suitable
sentence outline (ch 12)
an outline consisting entirely of complete sentences
key word outline (ch 12)
an outline consisting of important words or phrases to remind you of the content of the presentation
groupthink (ch 9)
an unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedent over critical analysis and discussion
critical thinking (ch 5)
analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speakers ideas to make critical judgements about the message being presented
informal communication (ch 8)
any interaction that generally does not follow the formal structure of organization but emerges out of a natural social interaction among organization members
doublespeak (ch 3)
any language that is purposefully constructed to disguise its actual meaning
Speech Act
any verbal or nonverbal message as part of an interaction
ROLES
appropriate stances or positions
message design logics
are distinct ways of thinking about communication situations, choosing which thoughts to express them in order to achieve goals i.e.: expressive, conventional, rhetorical
women, on the other hand,
are more private speakers, enjoying the camaraderie of sharing a private movement with family and friends. as a group, women tend to prefer long social conversations rather than quick solutions to problems and issues that are on their mind. women enjoy PCs :)
CONTROLS
are rewards for adherence and sanctions for violations
organizational patterns (ch 12)
arrangements of contents of a presentation
readjustments and recalibrations are difficult to manage and may require professional intervention. we all adjust and find a balance in our relationship
as a natural result of getting to know someone over the years. but once in a while something internal or external causes imbalances that must be addressed for the relationship to survive
the social exchange theory- rewards outweigh cost- is an economic model
as your interpersonal relationship deepens, you put more EQUITY into it. you really do INVEST in a relationship. you BANK "favors" and goodwill to DRAW UPON in times of crisis and conflict. and like a financial investment, you do communicate with symbols whose positive value you hope will grow over the years
aggressiveness (ch 6)
assertion of one's rights at the expense of others and care of one's own needs but no one else's
interpersonal relationships (ch 6)
associations between two people who are interdependent, who use some consistent patterns of interaction, and who have interacted for an extended period of time
self esteem exerts a large influence on your self concept in terms of
attitude toward your self and how certain you are of your self and your abilities
as you find out more about each other, you begin to notice similarities b/w you not just in surface-level facts and opinions but now in
attitudes, schemas, values, & central beliefs. should you both reveal that you are born-again Christians, or that you went to the sam high school and know the same friends, your relationship will INTENSITY
relational dialects
attributes the communication patterns between partners to the existence of dialectical tensions
Horn Effect
attributing a variety of negative qualities to those you dislike
Reference List
authors cited in reports are listed alphabetically by author surnames at the end of the report (often on a separate page) under the heading REFERENCES (or BIBLIOGRAPHY or WORKS CITED)
Autonomy and connectedness
autonomy is a basic human need, but connection with others is also necessary.
other debilitating factors in relationships include
backtalk (in fam and work dyads), snide comments, excessive teasing, and public ridicule. research shows almost every killer surveyed had suffered from public ridicule from their parents
good bureaucracies take stock of themselves regularly
bad bureaucracies continue to make the same mistakes over and over with false justifications
Cultural Imperatives
behavior patterns that everyone within a culture is expected to display.
task functions (ch 9)
behaviors that are directly relevant to the groups task and that affect the groups productivity
maintenance functions (ch 9)
behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group members
self centered functions (ch 9)
behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group
negative strategies
being right becomes more important than compromising and being sensitive to your partner
reflexivity (ch 7)
being self aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interaction
internal references (ch 11)
brief notations indicating a bibliographic reference that contains the details you are using in your speech
most of us feel aggressive from time to time, even curious about "bizarre" experiences
but something pulls us back. SIGMUND FREUD called it the SUPEREGO
self concept
central to the presentation of the self is SELF CONCEPT. as a person grows, we acquire info about how to act, communicate, and use appropriate behavior. through a succession of EXTERNAL FACTORS (culture, society, parents, role models, peer groups) and INTERNAL FACTORS (basic personality, tolerance for uncertainty, emotional makeup) we come to know who are are
in CONDUCT DISORDER,
children tease or torture animals cruelly (esp. when they are confined), humiliate their friends and classmates (esp. the weaker ones), and lie about it when confronted. if this behavior is not corrected, these children grow up to be cynical, uncaring, unfeeling, and aggressive adults. the underlying cause is believed to be poor self esteem, low tolerance for frustration, lack of empathy, risk taking behavior and a general impairment of daily functioning and interpersonal relationships
evaluations have
clear criteria and some sort of written form designed to explain how the employee measures up to that criteria. but some of the evaluations may be as informal as a chat in the boss office or a quick memo from the CEO
nonverbal codes (ch 4)
codes of communication consisting of symbols that are not words, including non word verbalizations
genetic contributors (ch 10)
combinations of inherited tendencies that may exert influences on our behavioral tendencies
Goffman brought up theories of self in the hopes that we would understand that our communication with others depends on
communication WITHIN OURSELVES
immediacy (ch 8)
communication behaviors intended to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others
journalism (ch 1)
communication of news, information about events in our communities, our nation, and our world; and commentary
pervasiveness (ch 1)
communication takes place wherever humans are together because people tend to look for meaning, even when a message is not deliberately sent.
organizational communication (ch 1)
communication that is necessary to form and maintain an organization
phatic communication (ch 3)
communication that is used to establish a mood of sociability rather than to communicate information or ideas
small group communication (ch 1)
communication that takes place between three or more individuals who are interdependent, share goals, identify with one another, and interact
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
communication with people from other cultures is becoming increasingly uncommon
bibliographic references (ch 11)
complete citations that appear in the references or works cited section of your speech or outline
Section Transitions
complete sentences that show relationship between major parts of speech
hostile work environment sexual harassment (ch 8)
conditions in the workplace that are sexually offensive, intimidating, or hostile and that affect an individuals ability to perform his or her job
If you are trying to improve your intercultural communication, you should do which of the following?
conduct a personal self-assesment
in PARALLEL RELATIONSHIPS,
control, responsibilities, and power are FLUID. although there may be clear divisions of work, there is nothing preventing one partner from assuming other roles and responsibilities
in SYMMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS,
control, responsibilities, and power behavior tend to MIRROR each other. soft voices and romantic convo are mutual. however, anger in one partner will bring out anger in the other. examining communication in symmetrical relationships shows that the behaviors presented will be MATCHED BY SIMILAR BEHAVIORS
lying
convinced themselves of an ALTERNATIVE SOCIAL REALITY (where their abnormal behaviors are acceptable) or that is more important to be right and in power than to respect the relationship
when bad differentiation reaches some sort of threshold, the
couple may refuse to address the problems constructively. maybe b/c they are getting nowhere and flat out tired. so they drift farther apart and the communication is characterized by low quantity and low quality such as lack of interest, distant nonverbal and touching behavior, and even a subtle hostility. regular activities become boring, unfulfilling, and repetitious
your co's structure, politics, and habitual communication behavior
create a communication climate that you have to master. in time, you will get to know the ropes, who has the real power, and who are influential but you will also participate actively in communication practices that tend to repeat and thus contribute to that climate
three types of persuasive effects (ch 14)
create a new attitude, reinforce an existing attitude or behavior, change an attitude or behavior
however, relational partners who always stick to fixed positions find that few relationships can withstand poorly negotiated or one-sided norms
cultural- many cultures prescribe submissive roles for women and children but in the U.S., creating an equitable individual identity within a relationship is normal and desirable
low context cultures (ch 7)
cultures like the united states and scandinavia, in which communication tends to be centered on the source, with intentions stated overtly and with a direct verbal style
high context cultures (ch 7)
cultures like those of the asian pacific rim and central and south america, in which much of the meaning is "preprogrammed information" understood by the receiver and transmitted also by the setting in which the transaction occurs
collectivistic cultures (ch 10)
cultures that discourage individual assertiveness and stress group harmony
Uncertainty-Rejecting Cultures
cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
uncertainty rejecting cultures (ch 7)
cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
Contact Cultures
cultures that promote interaction and encourage displays of warmth, closeness and availability
Uncertainty-Accepting Cultures
cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
uncertainty accepting cultures (ch 7)
cultures that tolerate ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity
Individualistic Cultures
cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence
individualistic cultures (ch 7)
cultures that value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence
Collectivist Cultures
cultures that value the group over the individual
collectivist cultures (ch 7)
cultures that value the group over the individual
SOCIAL INFLUENCE THEORY
deals with how people influence each other by defining yourself through the reactions of others. i.e. walk into a nightclub and no one acknowledges you
Nonverbal immediacy
defined as the use of closeness inducing nonverbal behavioral cues. these include touching someone in a nonviolent manner, smiling, orientating your body toward another person. Appearance, voice, facial/eye expression, gestures, touch.
a bureaucracy is a
deliberately structured group of people with a PHYSICAL PLACE OF OPERATION, DEFINED PLAN of operations, goals, norms, controls, and formal routing of messages. generally a bureaucracy has some sort of written statement of their mission and the way they operate. again some of the GOALS are TASK (making a product, achieve profitability, running a sports team) but some bureaucracies are SOCIAL (service club, support group, singles club, and reading clubs)
titles (ch 13)
describe the general focus of a graphic slide
negative self talk (ch 10)
destructive self criticism
definitions (ch 11)
determinations of meaning through description, simplification, examples, analysis, comparison, explanation, or illustration
Dominate Culture
determined by who has the power and influence in a group; in the US the dominant culture is white, male, able-bodied, straight, married, and employed
disjunctive tasks (ch 9)
group tasks that require little coordination and that can be completed by the most skilled working member alone
conjunctive tasks (ch 9)
groups for which no one member has all the necessary information but each member has some information to contribute
stakeholders (ch 9)
groups of people who have an interest in the actions of an organization
emergent groups (ch 9)
groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals
assigned groups (ch 9)
groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group
in Asian, African, and some Latin American countries, convos are held at SUPERFICIAL LEVELS and info in PERCEIVED FROM YOUR SOCIAL & FAMILY CIRCUMSTANCES. if your new friends know your family is from a certain town and holds a certain position in society, that is ENOUGH FOR THEM TO JUDGE YOU.
hall calls these "HIGH CONTEXT" CULTURES
openness and closedness
highlights relationship partners' simultaneous needs to share personal info and to have privacy. boundaries are necessary, but sharing private info fosters greater intimacy.
pitch (ch 4)
highness or lowness of speaker's voice
proxemics
how people use space and distance to communicate
coordinated management of meaning
how we coordinate our actions with others to make and manage meaning
ppl who nag usually think they have the right to correct the course of others and that their nagging advice will change their partner's behavior
however, most receivers question the legitimacy and intelligence of the nags. demonstrates vast difference b/w what sends think they are sending and what the receiver receives. research shows that ppl generally don't like being manipulated into changing their behavior and nagging is the primary form of manipulation
for some of us, the nonverbal symbols of success are irrelevant
i.e. a pair of old worn jeans is fancy enough
Cultures that are more concerned with individuality, competition, and private property are which type of culture?
individualistic
connotative meaning (ch 3)
individualized or personalized meaning of a word, which may be emotionally laden
high self monitors (ch 2)
individuals who are highly self aware of their identity management behavior
Peak Communication Experiences
individuals' greatest moments of mutual understanding, happiness, and fulfullment in interpersonal communication
through RELATIONAL CONVERGENCE
it is true that couples, romantic, work, or social, become one with other, finish each other's sentences, and find love and happiness even after 20 or 30 yrs of marriage, employment, or friendship
emotional labor (ch 8)
jobs in which employees are expected to display certain feelings in order to satisfy organizational role expectations
racist language (ch 3)
language that excludes people on the basis of race
heterosexist language (ch 3)
language that implies that everyone is heterosexual
profanity (ch 3)
language that is disrespectful of things sacred
democratic leaders (ch 9)
leaders who encourage members to participate in group discussions
autocratic leaders (ch 9)
leaders who maintain strict control over their group
laissez faire leaders (ch 9)
leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion
empathic listening (ch 5)
listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person
supportive communication (ch 8)
listening with empathy, acknowledging others feelings, and engaging in dialogue to help others maintain a sense of personal control
high levels of uncertainty tend to increase info seeking but also reduce intimacy
on the other hand, uncertainty tends to increase reciprocity in hopes of getting info partners can use to predict behavior
Low-Context Cultures
people separate their relationships from verbal communication and focus on the information conveyed and logical argumentation.
Interpersonal communication
refers to communication with or between persons who approach one another as individuals in a relationship
Narrative Fidelity
refers to how accurately a narrative represents accepted facts.
androgynous (ch 6)
refers to people who possess stereotypically female and male characteristics
Self disclosure
refers to the act of revealing info about one's self to others
Co-Cultural communication
refers to the communication among people from a variety of different cultures.
Cultural competence
refers to the level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self.
complementary relationships (ch 6)
relationships in which each person supplies something the other person or persons lack
symmetrical relationships (ch 6)
relationships in which participants mirror each other or are highly similar
paraphrasing (ch 3)
restating another persons message by rephrasing the content or intent of the message
Communication Apprehension
"an individual's level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication
pathos (ch 1)
emotional appeals
Femininity
Behaviors associated with being caring or compassionate (what is means to be a woman)
The mode of delivery that may be the most accurate is...
Manuscript
effects of control on communication in an interpersonal relationship-- in general, we we see 3 types of control in interactions:
1. control over decision making 2. control of conversation 3. control over your dyad's view of social reality
but the couple that can keep their cool when metacommunicating stands a good chance of coming to an aggrement on how the relationship will prosper through better interaction
"I don't like the way you pick on me in front of others", "You know you could share your frustrations with me instead of bottling them up inside" would be examples of assertive metacommunicating
the avoidance stage is not necessarily a bad idea
"give me some space". rather than risk further bas words or deeds, take a break, get involved in other activities, and meet new ppl.
Types of symbols
-- physical objects -- cultural artifacts -- places -- events/times -- behavioral actions
Facial expressions
--Sadness: eyes and eyelids -- Anger: forehead, mouth, brows, and cheeks -- Disgust: Multiple areas of face, bridge of nose -- Fear: Eyes and eyelids -- Happiness: Lower facial region; eyes and eyelids. -- Surprise: All facial regions (brows/forehead, eyes/eyelids, and lower face)
Social Penetration Theory
-illustrates how self disclosure over time is like peeling away layers of an onion (in breadth & depth
Coordinated Management of Meanings
..., Concerned with how individuals organize, manage, and coordinate their meanings and actions with one another
Model of Interaction Stages Coming apart
1) Differentiating: asserts separateness of partners 2) Circumscribing: from identifying differences to restricting the communication between 3) Stagnating: compares the relationship to a still lifeless pond 4) Avoiding: extend declining comm by physically steering clear 5) Termination: reversal of bonding stage
Types of Touch
1) Functional/Professional: serve a specific purpose. low intimacy. 2) Social/Polite: connected to cultural norms, such as handshakes. 3) Friendship/Warmth: people use to show platonic affection and support towards eachother. 4) Love/Intimacy: strong feelings of affection.
Polysemy
A word that has 2 or more related messages: bright-shining/intelligent; deposit-mineral/money in the bank.
Influences on communication
1) Gender Influences: sex is biological, gender is social, androgyny is having both male and female traits, rapport talk is cooperative messages used to establish connection. 2) Ethnicity and race: race is categorizing with physical raits. ethnicity is shared history and location. 3) Language differences 4) Religion and spirituality 5) ppl with disabilities 6) Sexual orientation
Models of Interaction Stages Bonding
1) Initating: partners first communicate 2) Experimenting: partenrs probe to see if there is common ground 3) Intensifying: develop greater intimacy and exchange a greater number and depth of self discolsure 4) Integrating: partners engage in communication that weaves their lives together and solidifies their status as a couple 5) bonding: involves a public and formal declaration that "two have become one"
Zones of Space
1) Intimate Zone: about 0-18 inches and is usually reserved for significant others. 2) Personal Zone: 18 inches- 4 feet. Reserved for personal relationships with acquaintances or friends. 3) Social Zone: 4-12 feet. distance at which you usually talk to strangers or conduct business. 4) Public Zone: over 12 feet. refers to distance typical of large, formal, public events.
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
1) Repeating: A nonverbal message may "repeat" the verbal message. For example, you may simultaneously say "Yes" and shake your head up and down. 2) Accenting: A non verbal message may highlight the verbal message by emphasizing or enhancing a certain point. You may stress the work despise in "I despise weather" to emphasize your strong negative feelings. 3) Conflicting: You may use a nonverbal message to contradict your verbal message. For example, you might say, "Im having a great time at this party." While shaking your head no with eyes open..... SARCASM 4) Complementing: A nonverbal message can reinforce a verbal message. Saying, "Im listening to you.", while showing that you are listening. 5) Regulating: Nonverbal messages often manage the flow of verbal conversation. Raising your hand in class to say something. 6) Substitution: The use of a nonverbal message can replace a verbal message. Example include pointing when you're asked where an item is located.
Reducing CA:
1) Systematic desesitization: practicing infront of others. you will become aware of the affects of CA without suffering too much from symptoms
in 1958, French and Raven's original research found that there are 3 levels of compliance:
1. COMPLIANCE (simply following a command or request 2. IDENTIFICATION (following an order or request to please the person of higher status) 3. INCORPORATION (following a request because you believe in acting consistently with the goals of the person or group, because you have adopted and internalized their values)
Social Judgment Theory
A persuasion theory that maintains that individuals can be persuaded on a topic by being convinced to accept changes that are close to their already held beliefs
Halo Effect
A predisposition to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people.
Proximity
A relationship to personal space
Second Person Observation (ch5)
A report of what another observed.
Ethnicity
A social group that may be joined together by facts such as shared history, shared identity, shared geography, or shared culture
Gender
A socially and culturally constructed set of distinctions between masculine and feminine sets of behaviors that is promoted and expected by society
Extemporaneous Delivery (ch13)
A speech is practiced thoroughly but not memorized, using speakers notes, not a manuscript.
Impromptu Delivery (ch13)
A speech that has little or no preparation time and is made up along the way.
Manuscript Delivery (ch13)
A speech that is written word for word using a tone and language that is appropriate for speaking rather than reading.
Internal Previews
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Language
A system of words represented by symbols
Short Term Memory (ch5)
A temporary storage place for information.
Inductive Reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
Persuasive Presentation
A type of presentation that seeks to change, alter, or modify an audience's attitudes, beliefs, values, or outlook about a topic
Informative Presentation
A type of presentation that seeks to convey new information and increase the audience's understanding about a topic
Nonverbal Communication
All the ways we communicate without using words.
the process of exerting a higher amount of influence and power is called a
AGENY. that person is called an AGENT of influence. term "agent provocateur" - a political term meaning a person who exerts much pressure on a group's ideology, activities, or philosophy. sometimes it is a direct order from your partner ("I hate when you cut me off in midsentence") but oftentimes it is just a subtle negotiation as to how you want to conduct yourselves in conversation (they don't laugh or pay attention to your dirty jokes)
What is an informal role?
AKA behavioral role; a role that is developed spontaneously within a group.
What is a formal role?
AKA positional role; an assigned role based on an individual's position or title within a group.
What are relationship-oriented groups?
AKA primary groups; groups that are usually long-term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection.
What are task-oriented groups?
AKA secondary groups; groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions.
Which type of source undergoes blind peer review to ensure high-quality information and contains specified studies?
Academic journal articles
Which technique of conflict management is used to maintain relationship harmony but to stifle creative dialogue and decision making?
Accomodation
Listening is __________ ?
Action and mental processing
What are the types and goals of listening?
Active, empathic, critical, and enjoyment.
Identify and explain how ethics impacts workplace communication.
Aggressive communication, honesty, and sexual harassment.
How can you improve your listening skills?
Ask pre-questions; consider you interest level; use elaboration strategies; as a listener, take 51% of the responsibility for the communication transaction; choose to focus; be aware of logical fallacies, source credibility, and appeals; keep a listening journal; and be willing to listen.
How can we improve listening?
Ask pre-questions; consider your interest level; use elaboration strategies; as a listener, take 51% of the responsibility for the communication transaction; choose to focus, be aware of logical fallacies, source credibility, and appeals; keep a listening journal; and be willing to listen.
Identify and explain different types of groups.
Assigned, emergent, task-oriented, and relationship-oriented groups.
Identify and explain the three possible goals that marginalized, non-dominant groups use to relate to dominant groups
Assimilation goal, accommodation goal, and separation goal.
What are the ways Visual Aids help us communicate more effectively?
Attract audience attention, emphasize key points, show relationship between points, simplify numerical information, make examples more specific, illustrate difficult to describe objects or scenes, and illustrate symbolic relationships.
What are some helpful powerpoint tips?
Avoid "stupid slides" Use the black screen feature Use pictures Customize builds (animations) Make text easy to read Avoid using more than one text per visual aid
What are ways to manage conflict productivity?
Avoidance, competition, compromise, accommodation, and collaboration.
Identify and explain the strategies for improving nonverbal communication
Be sensitive to context, audience, and feedback.
How can bumping your v-card be beneficial in the workplace? Identify why these are important workplace tools.
Because you have gained the contact information from someone who might be beneficial to the company.
What is immediacy?
Communication behaviors intended to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others.
Regulative Rules
Communication rules that regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things.
Interpersonal Communication
Communication with or between persons who approach one another as individuals in a relationship
Bibliographic References (ch11)
Complete citations that appear in the references or works cited section of your speech or outline.
Identify and explain strategies for improving communication with people from other cultures and co-cultures.
Conduct a personal self-assessment; practice supportive communication behaviors; develop sensitivity toward diversity; avoid stereotypes; avoid ethnocentrism; develop code sensitivity; seek shared codes; use and encourage descriptive feedback; open communication channels; and manage conflicting beliefs and practices.
Identify and explain strategies for preparing for the job market.
Conduct a self-inventory, create a personal network, search for a job prepare a cover letter, prepare a resume and other credentials.
What are the 3 empathetic responses?
Congruent Emotional Responses (friend feels sad, so you feel sad), Perspective Talking (walking in other person's shoes), and Sympathetic Responsiveness (feelings of sorrow for others).
How does empathy impact listening?
Congruent emotional responses, perspective taking, and sympathetic responsiveness.
How do people view time differently?
Contrast between monochronic and polychronic times.
Identify and explain effective strategies for employment interviews.
Create a first impression, speak with clarity, and demonstrate interest.
Low Context Culture
Cultures in which messages are direct, specific and detailed
High Context Culture
Cultures in which messages are indirect, general and ambiguous
What are on-time cultures?
Cultures that compartmentalize time to meet personal needs, to separate task and social dimensions, and to point to the future.
What are uncertainty-rejecting cultures?
Cultures that have difficulty with ambiguity, uncertainty, and diversity.
communication that lends harmony to relationships are called
FACILITATING BEHAVIORS and they are characterized by open and more honest communication. words of respect, terms of endearment, individuality, and inclusion have been cited by research as factors in a relationship that meets your needs and is very personally satisfying
above all, INTERPERSONAL communication has a
FAR HIGHER LEVEL AND RATE OF SELF DISCLOSURE. it is rare, though not unknown, that you would tell a stranger very confidential info about yourself.
lastly, Weber discussed the fact that a bureaucracy has
FIXED RULES- STABLE NORMS OF BEHAVIOR THAT APPLY TO EVERYONE. in a way, this is what is so frustrating about larger organizations- the fact that you are supposed to give up your individuality for the good of the group.
Vocalized Pauses (ch13)
Filler words such as um or ah.
How can you use Twitter to gain unique access to individuals and organizations?
Follow the organizations or brands you like and you might be selected to be in a tweet-up because you're one of their followers.
Identify and explain the issues related to effective and ethical group communication.
Group members must be honest and truthful; group members must be thorough and unbiased when they evaluate information; group members must behave with integrity; and group conflict.
Disjunctive Tasks (ch9)
Group tasks that require little coordination and that can be completed by the most skilled working member alone.
Conjunctive Tasks (ch9)
Groups for which no one member has all the necessary information but each member has some information to contribute.
Stakeholders (ch9)
Groups of people who have an interest in the actions of an organization.
Emergent Groups (ch9)
Groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals.
What are emergent groups?
Groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals.
Assigned Groups (ch9)
Groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group.
What are assigned groups?
Groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group.
interpersonal communication is marked by
HIGHLY STYLIZED COMMUNICATION as opposed to standard and commonly used speech. calling your spouse a pet name, or the way you greet each other ("wassup dog?") would be more stylized than the standard greeting for an impersonal relationship ("hello there")
Hearing, Understanding, Remembering, Interpreting, Evaluating, Responding
HURIER
How can you facilitate increased listening in the audience?
Have a strong message that is relevant to your audience, use confident language, define any unfamiliar terms and use standard english, offer opportunities for clarification, and assume that your audience may not have the same listening style as you.
How can a source improve their receivers' listening skills?
Have a strong message that is relevant to your audience; use confident language; define any unfamiliar terms and use standard English; offer opportunities for clarification; assume that your audience may not have the same listening style as you.
Auditory learning style
Having to do with the sense of hearing, learner is one who retains information better by hearing lectures or listening to music and tapes
How did Dr. Hanlon explain artifacts? Be specific.
Her ankh necklace.
Information flows in an organization through patterns of relationships known as...
Horizontal Communication
Audience Relevance
How and why speech relates to them
another feature of organizational life are
INITIATION RITES- in an effort to educate members about norms and practices of the co and to get members to incorporate their values, most bureaucracies have found a formal training period (perhaps a PROBATIONARY PERIOD) and certain activities designed to evaluate whether a new member has passed preliminary tests for inclusion. the tests may be very formal (as in a performance evaluation) or informal (a practical joke)- some of these activities can be dangerous- UF has a very strict policy against abusive initiation rites deemed as "hazing"
finally, at the opposite end of the extrinsic goals are
INTRINSIC GOALS - the exchange of INTIMACY- think double i
interpersonal relationships are
IRREPLACEABLE. could you really replace a parent?
THE SELF CONCEPT
IS A RELATIVELY STABLE SET OF PERCEPTIONS YOU HOLD ABOUT YOURSELF, YOUR PLACE IN THE WORLD, AND YOUR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHERS.
Labels (ch13)
Identify specific elements of a graphic slide.
Communication Theory of Identity (CIT)
Identity is based on social categorization or group members.
By smiling, gesturing, and using facial expressions in the workplace to create perceptions of psychological closeness with others, you are enacting...
Immediacy
Identify and explain the four specific behaviors that are important for the workplace.
Immediacy, supportiveness, strategic ambiguity, and interaction management.
What are the 4 delivery styles?
Impromptu, Manuscript, Memorized, and Extemporaneous Delivery
Ad Hominem
In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."
Transitions
Include points just discussed, relates point to the objective, introduces next main point
Identify and explain how Hofstede & Minkov furthered our understanding of cultural diversity.
Indulgence vs. Restraint
Norms (ch9)
Informal rules for group interaction created and sustained through communication.
What are norms?
Informal rules for interaction created and sustained through communication.
Supporting Materials (ch11)
Information you can use to substantiate your arguments and to clarify your position.
Violation
Infraction
Small Group Communication (ch9)
Interactions among three to nine people working together to achieve an interdependent goal.
Narrative Coherence
Internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion; THE STORY HANGS TOGETHER
Brief notations in your online that indicate a reference used in your speech are called ________ references, whereas ________ references are complete citations that appear in the "references" section of the speech outline.
Internal; Bibliography
Active Listening (ch5)
Involved listening with a purpose.
The disadvantage of an impromptu speech is...
It doesn't allow for much preparation.
The advantage of having a communication orientation toward a presentation instead of a performance orientation is...
It helps you focus on your goals as a communicator.
Why is it important to study listening in a public speaking course?
It is important to the communication process.
Identify and explain the types of bodily movement in nonverbal communication.
Kinesics, which includes posture, gestures, and facial expressions. Emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors.
ex. Columbine HS
Kleibold and Harris formed an in-group, exerted agency over the other, distinguished themselves from the outgroups, and fed off each other's perceptions. harris was obviously the leader but they both brought isolated and alienated self concepts and low esteem to the dyad. their interaction confirmed their roles of outsiders--> their normative behavior became focused on completing the expected behavior. even children with bizarre habits and upbringing do not march toward oblivion as Kleibold and Harris unless they created their own version of social reality with norms that were validated by their verbal and nonverbal confirmations. in doing so, Harris and Kleibold created a world unto themselves.
How do you use PowerPoint effectively?
Know who is the presenter and who's the audience, maintain eye contact, draw attention to the content, and make visuals easy to receive.
people with whom who have impersonal relationships have
LITTLE IMPACT on your life. i.e. supermarket checkout clerk
Autocratic Leaders (ch9)
Leaders who maintain strict control over their group.
Laissez Faire Leaders (ch9)
Leaders who take almost no initiative in structuring a group discussion.
Identify and explain how leadership is relevant to small-group communication.
Leadership is used to create a balance between several tensions in an effort to push the group to achieve its goals while building and maintaining a positive culture.
Which of the following is not an example of PowerPoint abuse...
Leaving the lights on
What do we spend most of our time doing over anything else?
Listening
Critical Listening (ch5)
Listening that challenges the speaker's message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility.
Empathic Listening (ch5)
Listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person.
Identify and explain how Bond furthered our understanding of cultural diversity.
Long-term vs. short-term orientation
once you have bonded, the relationship goes thru the
MAINTENANCE PHASE. relationship don't just exist on their own. they have to be worked at, fine tuned, extended, and occasionally modified. in the MAINTENANCE STAGE, many research studies show that a bond is characterized by high degrees of trust
Semantics
MEANINGS OF WORDS OR PHRASES
what distinguishes many groups of organized ppl from informal groups is the fact that
MESSAGES HAVE A DEFINITIVE FORMAL ROUTE to follow. in a bureaucracy, there is a clear effort to generate and disseminate info quickly and accurately. to do so, memos are issues, internal reports are published, a co newsletter is distributed, and departments have regular meetings. even to many bureaucracies now use less face-to-face interaction, a video conference or email system is still a formal routing of messages
What are 5 ways to reach listeners?
Make them pay attention Make them understand Make them buy into it Make them remember Make them act on it
Cultural Imperativess
Many different reasons to study communication, culture, and diversity. 1) Peace Imperative: essential in understanding the foundation of communication, culture, and diversity. 2) Economic Imperative: comm and culture is associated with the economic needs of all nations concerning trade, relations, intl business ventures, and the like. 3) Technological Imperative: gains more importance in today's society as technological advances make the world more easily accesible. 4) Self- Awareness Imperative: particularly important because it is important for communicators to learn about other cultures. 5) Ethical Imperative: guide you in doing what is right versus what is wrong in various communication contexts.
How does gender impact listening?
Men make more errors in communication and are more likely to use "uh" or "um;" --- Women use more body language and movement to communicate; however, they perceive head nods differently.
What is horizontal communication?
Messages between members of an organization with equal power.
What is upward communication?
Messages flowing from subordinates to superiors.
What is downward communication?
Messages flowing from superiors to subordinates.
Identify and explain how Hall furthered our understanding of cultural diversity.
Monochronic and polychronic time.
Customer service representatives may use which of the following compliance-gaining strategies, in which the representatives implies that it is immoral not to comply?
Moral Appeals
Low-context cultures
More important to have a well-structured argument or a well-structure delivered presentation than it is to be a member of a high-status family or to be blood-related to the person by blood
Gestures
Movements of hands, arms and fingers that illustrate and emphasize what is being said.
Read/Write learning style
Must read or write information to learn.
How does personality impact listening?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) measures it across 4 bipolar dimensions: introversion vs. Extraversion; Intuiting vs. Sensing; Thinking vs Feeling; and Judging vs. Perceiving.
some other distinguishing features of a bureaucracy include an
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE. just as a society create norms, customs, rituals, rewards & punishments, and taboos, so so leaders and followers at work create a type of unique society. members of that "CORPORATE CULTURE" are supposed to know and they socialize newcomers with probationary periods, initiation rites, rituals, and reinforcement. American law recognized the power of an organizational culture to create or tolerate harassment by its members. employers can be held liable if the acts of their members create an organizational culture that discriminates, harasses, abuses, or demeans a member (or class of members)
Multimedia Presentational Aids
Objects and technology that reinforce your message, create emotion, or add new information using a variety of senses in a presentation
What are the types of visual aids?
Objects or models, posters or flip charts, overhead transparencies, and power points.
Physical Appearance
Observable traits of the body and its accessories and extensions
First Person Observation (ch5)
Observation based on something that you personally have sensed.
Identify and explain the key guidelines for answering questions effectively and ethically.
Offer relevant answers, substantiate your claims with evidence, provide accurate answers, and be positive.
What are the problems people have in interpreting nonverbal codes?
One code communicates a variety of meanings and a variety of codes communicate the same meaning.
Verbal Citations (ch11)
Oral explanations of who the source is, how recent the information is, and what the sources of qualifications are.
Schema (ch5)
Organizational filing systems for thoughts held in long term memory.
If your boss tells you that you can leave work early on Fridays if you go on a date with him or her, he or she is utilizing a type of sexual harassment called?
Quid pro quo sexual harassment
secondly, each member of a bureaucracy has a
RATIONALLY DEFINED DIVISION OF LABOR FOR THEIR POSITION. an organization will discuss and map out specific duties and they are usually spelled out in an employment contract, handbook, job description, or in a formal meeting. Presidents and CEOs have diff duties than line and assembly personnel. duties carry guideline, PRESCRIPTION AND PROSCRIPTIONS about communication and regulate the members' use of speech and nonverbal behavior
a bureaucracy also has opportunities to
RECHANGE AND RENEW ITSLEF. despite the prevalent view that a bureaucracy is a slumbering giant resistant to change, organizations do change over time. some changes can be massive. these activities lead to a variety of symbolic changes from huge layoffs to new chief of operations
there are professors of speech communication who believe that all interpersonal communication is
RELATIONAL, i.e. every interaction defines and redefines our relationship
Proxemics
Refers to the study of how people use space and distance to communicate.
Vocalics
Refers to the study of the use of voice to express self.
Environment
Refers to the surroundings that shape the communication context. Ppl are influenced by environment factors such as architecture, design, doors, windows, color, lighting, smell, seating arrangements, temperature, and cleanliness.
Relational Dialect Theory
Relationships involve experiencing tensions based on contradictory needs.
From class notes, how do you speak effectively using presentational aids?
Reveal only when ready Talk to your audience Do not read Know slides Refer to Conceal Backup aid
Constitutive Rules
Rules that define what communication means by specifying how certain communicative acts are to be counted.
parallel relationships are characterized by
SENSITIVITY to your partner's needs and often have MORE SPONTANEITY & EXCITING PATTERNS than the same routine day in and day out unless you both are happy w/ complementary or symmetrical relationships.
two people in a dyad also create a view of
SOCIAL REALITY. what we mean by this is every couple presents some sort of view of the world through their responses, some of which are very daily opinions ("Oh, we never do that." "Well, that's not really a good restaurant.") to deeply held values ("Roger and I think abortion is murder")
even though the communication may seem meaningless, just the fact that you initiated conversation may be a
SYMBOL OF INTEREST. in some cultures where male-female communication is strictly regulated, meaning may be inferred by CULTURAL AGENTS and consequences could happen, even if you initiate conversation to learn the language and need someone to practice with. what Americans view as harmless social interaction, conservative culture may view intergender initiation of conversations differently.
when you get comfortable with your partner and see your future with them you make a
SYMBOLIC COMMITMENT WHICH INDICATES BONDING. in romance, ppl get engaged and married. the wedding ring becomes the physical symbol of bonding, the ceremony is the public announcement of the commitment, and your new life together confirms the fact that your future is intertwined.
a bureaucracy generally has a
SYSTEM OF CONTROLS, a way of ensuring CONFORMANCE & COMPLIANCE with established procedures of the group. again, these may be explicit rules (a co's substance abuse policy) or they may be implicit (looks of disapproval)
Performance Orientation (ch13)
Seeing your presentation as a performance and your audience as critics.
What issues regarding listening research did Dr. Hanlon highlight?
Self-reports are usually used so the information isn't so reliable or accurate.
Visual aids should...
Serve as communicative purpose
Demonstrative Information Presentation
Shows audience how to do something, may give audience a chance to try.
Listening for Enjoyment (ch5)
Situations involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating information.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE THEORY
Social Influence Theory helps explain a lot about dyadic communication. how do you really know yourself? have you compared yourself socially?
Designated Leader (ch9)
Someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position.
Examples (ch11)
Specific instances used to illustrate your point.
Celebrity Testimony (ch11)
Statements made by a public figure who is known to an audience.
Lay Testimony (ch11)
Statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say.
Surveys (ch11)
Studies in which a limited number of questions are answered by a sample of the population to discover opinions on issues.
Haptic's
Study of touch
Identify and explain the construction of an effective resume and cover letter.
Style, content, format, portfolios.
Information used to substantiate arguments and clarify a speaker's position is called...
Supporting Material.
when you express a desire to dissociate and there is a deadline with it
TERMINATION STAGE. ppl going thru divorce often compare this stage to a train pulling into the final station
Identify and explain the issues regarding sexual harassment.
Teens are big targets because laws aren't aimed at protecting them from harassment and they feel that it might be the norm because they're not used to the workplace.
Which type of supporting material includes written or oral statements of others' experiences?
Testimonial Evidence
Control (ch9)
The ability to influence our environment.
Lecture Listening (ch5)
The ability to listen to, mentally process, and recall lecture information.
Information Literacy (ch5)
The ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the information needed.
Hearing (ch5)
The act of receiving sound.
Self disclosure
The act of revealing information about oneself to others
Listening (ch5)
The active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
Persuasion
The altering or modifying of a person's attitudes, beliefs, values or outlook about a topic
syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Impression Management
The attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen
Source Credibility (ch11)
The audience's perception of your effectiveness as a speaker.
What is ethnocentrism?
The belief that your own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
Denotative Meaning
The central or core meaning of a lexical item. Its conceptual meaning.
Relational Dialects Theory
The communication patterns in relationships arise form a series of tensions based on contradictory needs and conflicting core values held by relationship patterns
Learning Styles
The different ways people naturally think and learn
Prejudice
The dislike or hatred one has toward a particular group
Affection (ch9)
The emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for by others.
Group Climate (ch9)
The emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group.
What is the group climate?
The emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group.
Bandwagon Fallacy
The error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it
Dynamism (ch11)
The extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold active, energetic, strong, empathetic, and assertive. An aspect of credibility.
Dynamism
The extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathic, and assertive.
Source Credibility (ch5)
The extent to which the speaker is perceived as competent to make the claim he or she is making.
Impression Management
The format of an impression, a perception, or a view of the other.
Impression Management
The formation of an impression, a perception, or a view of the other
Symbolic Interactionism
The framework that positions communication as the primary means by which people internalize and use social values to guide how they see themselves, how they see others and how they interact
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
The idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language
Automatic Attention (ch5)
The instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger.
Co-cultural communication
The interactions among underrepresented and dominant group members
Cultural Competence
The level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self
What is a assimilation goal?
The marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group.
What is a accommodation goal?
The marginalized group manages to keep its identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture.
What is a separation goal?
The marginalized group relates as exclusively as possible with its own group and as little as possible with the dominant group.
Which aspect of source credibility is the degree to which a speaker is perceived as honest, friendly, and honorable?
Trustwothiness
Red Harring Fallacy
Trying to derail someone from an argument by distracting the person with non relevant information.
Emoticons (ch5)
Typographic symbols showing emotional meaning.
however, sometimes that is not the case. people often choose not to reveal certain things about themselves
UNEQAL EXCHANGES in the amount and depth of disclosure could signal discord or large power differentials, both hazardous interpersonal situations in need of change
everyone has some amount of decision making control but in most dyads, research shows relationships are characterized by
UNEQUAL CONTROL. rarely to we have a 50/50 slip and rarer still is a 100/0 split but they do happen. most of us have a 60/40 or 70/30 splits but power and control can fluctuate over a lifetime
What is discriminative listening?
When we "distinguish the auditory and visual stimuli"
What factors influence the meaning and use of touch?
Where you are and who it is. It can be welcomed, as seen as caring and gentle, but can also be seen as unwanted and harassing.
Identify and explain the decision-making for small groups.
Wording the discussion question, discussing criteria, identifying alternatives, and evaluating alternatives.
Testimonial Evidence (ch11)
Written or oral statements of others experience used by a speaker to substantiate or clarify a point.
Communication Orientation (ch13)
Your focus as a speaker is to achieve your communicative goals.
social influence theory states that we all form norms and standards of behavior in dyads and in larger groups
a 1999 survey showed that a third of all subordinates at work felt like punching out their bosses for real or imagined insults. the difference is that most of us have self restraint controls and we do not feed or urge on those feelings.
transition (ch 12)
a bridge between sections of a presentation that helps the presenter move smoothly from one idea to another
sleeper effect (ch 11)
a change of audience opinion caused by the separation of the message content from its source over a period of time
explanation (ch 11)
a clarification of what something is or how it works
a bureaucracy also has REGULAR AND ONGOING EVALUATIONS of its members
a co had the right to evaluate a member's performance and to recommend changes in their behavior. most of the time the evaluations center on TASK PERFORMANCE, however, evaluations of a member's social and communication behavior are common
language (ch 3)
a collection of symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are governed by rules and used to communicate
analogy (ch 11)
a comparison of things in some respects, especially in position or function, that are otherwise dissimilar
attractiveness (ch 6)
a concept that includes physical attractiveness, how desirable a person is to work with, and how much "social value" the person has for others
role (ch 9)
a consistent pattern of interaction or behavior exhibited over time
implicit rule culture (ch 7)
a culture in which information and cultural rules are implied and already known to the participants
explicit rule culture (ch 7)
a culture in which information, policies, procedures, and expectations are explicit
operational definition (ch 3)
a definition that identifies something by revealing how it works, how it is made, or what is consists of
one significant factor in breakups is when one person experiences
a major change. your communication becomes so unlikable that you cannot tolerate it another minute. worst of all, as in social exchange theory. you realize that the costs far outweigh the rewards of the relationship and you realize that it may be over.
problem/solution pattern (ch 12)
a method of organization in which the presenter describes a problem and proposes a solution to that problem
cause/effect pattern (ch 12)
a method of organization in which the presenter first explains the causes of an event, a problem, or an issue and then discusses its consequences, results, or effects
Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem
time sequence pattern (ch 12)
a method or organization in which the presenter explains a sequence of events in chronological order
topical sequence pattern (ch 12)
a method or organization that emphasizes the major reasons an audience should accept a point of view by addressing the advantages, disadvantages, qualities, and types of person, place or thing
euphemism (ch 3)
a more polite, pleasant expression used instead of a socially unacceptable form
Prejudice
a negative attitude toward a group of people just because they are who they are
Chronological Pattern
a pattern of organization that arranges the elements in time sequence, or in the order in which they happened
Spatial Pattern
a pattern of organization that arranges the elements on the basis of space or situational relationships
Cause and Effect Pattern
a pattern of organizing the main points of a speech so that they describe the causes of an event and then identify its consequences
Physical Attractiveness
a perception of beauty derived from cultures.
learned helplessness (ch 10)
a person feels unable to predict weather a behavior will result in a reward or punishment; therefore he/she avoids the communication all together
Plagiarism
a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work
search engine (ch 11)
a program on the internet that allows users to search for information
novelty and predictability.
a relationship that has no suprises can feel boring, but a relationship that lacks predictability can feel unstable and unreliable.
second person observation (ch 5)
a report of what another observed
cover letter (ch 8)
a short letter introducing you and your resume to an interviewer
quid pro sexual harassment (ch 8)
a situation in which an employee is offered a regard or threatened with punishment based on his or her participation in a sexual activity
two sided argument (ch 11)
a source advocating one position presents an argument from the opposite viewpoint and then goes on to refute that argument
slang (ch 3)
a specialized language of a group of people who share a common interest or belong to a similar co culture
REFLECTED APPRAISAL
along the way, you will undergo a number of processes in checking your self perceptions. from time to time, you'll reflect and appraise your behavior. you will determine what you can do to keep the successful interactions happening and what you can change about the unsuccessful ones by thinking deeply about your behavior
informal role (ch 9)
also called behavioral role, a role that is developed spontaneously within a group
objectics (ch 4)
also called object language, the study of human use of clothing and other artifacts as nonverbal codes
formal role (ch 9)
also called positional role, an assigned role based on an individuals position or title within a group
relationship oriented groups (ch 9)
also called primary groups, groups that are usually long term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection
task oriented groups (ch 9)
also called secondary groups, groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions
chronemics (ch 4)
also called temporal communication, the way people organize and use time and the messages that are created because of their organization and use of it
common ground (ch 11)
also known as co orientation, the degree to which the speakers values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience. an aspect of credibility
believe it or not, not all terminations of relationships are bad, esp in spousal abuse cases but terminations have to be handled competently
an amicable divorce, not using the children, keeping tempers calm, and knowing when to push and pull back are FACILITATING BEHAVIORS during DISSOLUTION as opposed to debilitating ones. it is possible to terminate using metacommunication to face up to the reality of a broken relationship. it's how you terminate that's more important
objective statement (ch 8)
an articulation of your goals
Testimony
an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact
frozen evaluation (ch 3)
an assessment of a concept that does not change over time
Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex
group conflict (ch 10)
an expressed struggle between two or more members of a group
cliche (ch 3)
an expression that has lost originality and force through overuse
group decision support system GDSS (ch 9)
an interactive network of computers with specialized software allowing users to generate solutions for unstructured problems
diversity across communication contexts
gender influences, ethnicity & race, language differences, religion & spirituality, people with disabilities and sexual orientation
once convo is initiated, you begin to reveal info about yourself in the hopes that
disclosure will be reciprocated. this EXPERIMENTATION STAGE is characterized by small talk but with MORE INFORMATIONAL VALUE. details about your opinions and life begin to emerge. in fact it almost seems like you are AUDITIONING each other. pass the audition and the relationship continues. say something negatively revealing (racist, sexist, gross, or otherwise) and conversational turntaking of termination will occur
in 1970s, the idea transferred to let i "all hang out" in the hope that the
discussion would clear the air. the answer is usually somewhere in b/w "space" & "air"
When marginalized groups try to fit in with the dominant group, they are attempting to achieve
distinction
ppl use verbal and nonverbal communication to manipulate us into giving up more than we want
do it very quietly (cold stares) and sometimes it happens by fore (physical assault, rape, or abuse)
college convos research
early breakups in the engagement stage were due to inappropriate self disclosure levels. either one partly disclosure negative personal info about themselves, or they revealed a different level of feeling about the relationship than the partner. the study confirmed the general social theory that older women tend to have more relationships and more intimate ones, and therefore understand the demands of a long term relationship. link to age and time of marriage and length of that marriage but were surprise at the size of the differences
when the cost outweigh the rewards, 2 things will happen.
either person will initiate communication designed to address that imbalance or failing that, terminate the relationship
perhaps we are satisfied with ourselves, perhaps we feel there is room for improvement.
either way, how we feel about ourselves- the distance between our real self and our ideal self- becomes our SELF ESTEEM
Long-term Time Orientation
emphasis on future and tend to value perseverance and thrift, good of society of the group
uncertainty reduction theory has been used not just for regular interpersonal interaction theories, but also for intercultural communication encounters
encounters b/w ppl from diff cultures are inherently uncertainty. the desire to reduce anxiety in forming interpersonal relationships fits perfectly with the foundation of URT Berger and Calabrese and others have set up
specific contexts
environments that have a distinct and unique pattern of exchanging messages
interaction management (ch 8)
establishing a smooth pattern of interaction that allows a clear flow between topics and ideas
When people bring prejudices of their culture to intercultural interactions, they are being
ethnocentric
lifelong dyadic relationships that are satisfying and productive,
even if there is no economic or extrinsic rewards
there are 3 types of goals:
extrinsic, instrumental, and intrinsic
interpersonal context
face-to-fce, one-on-one
environmental reinforcers (ch 10)
factors within our environment that contribute to our fear of speaking
rejection (ch 2)
feedback in which others treat you in a manner that is inconsistent with your self definition
generalized anxiety (ch 10)
feelings of anxiety associated with communication in nearly all situations
a healthy self concept is essential to positive communication and interpersonal relationsips
gotten players to believe in themselves by using positive feedback and the opportunity to excel
nobody likes this STAGNATION STAGE
few ppl can stand more than a few days of stagnation yet some ppl seem unable to muster the energy to change the relationship. when you do get some energy or the breaking point is looming closer, when that threshold is reached, both partner may decide to READJUST (actually changes have been agreed whether reached through compromise or outright warfare) & RECALIBRATE (actual changes have been implemented) the relationship
vocalized pauses (ch 13)
filler words such as um or ah
looking back at SCHUTZ' INTERPERSONAL NEEDS THEORY
finds that inclusion in a relationship is very desirable b/c we need that social stimulation in our lives. however it is important to remember that we form relationships to achieve goals, whether they are INTRINSIC (WITHIN OURSELVES FOR INTIMACY) or EXTRINSIC (FINANCIAL, ADMIRATION, STATUS). is the point of every relationship to become intimate? it depends on the participants and what they want out of life, romance, or social situation
around the late 1880s, German sociologist MAX WEBER describe 5 BASIC FEATURES OF A BUREAUCRACY.
first and foremost, Weber feels that an organization has a FIXED AND UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF SANCTIONS THAT ARE BASED ON A MEMBER'S REPUTATION FOR COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE. the organization places VALENCE on your performance. if the valence is positive, the member is positively sanctioned (included in meetings with higher ups, afforded more decision making power and responsibility, given a raise). if the valence is negative, attempts to correct behavior that is outside the norm will start. most companies have a PROBATIONARY PERIOD that will review you after 6 months. when the behavior doesn't change after a predetermined time, negative sanctions will be implemented which could range from disciplinary actions, loss of privileges, reassignment, transfer, or outright firing
a member who follows the norms generally is rewarded,
first by inclusion into the group, & later by promotion or recognition.
CHARLES BERGER & RICHARD CALABRESE
first proposed Uncertain Reduction Theory in 1975 and over the years have refined it to say that we have much uncertainty over other people's attitudes and beliefs as well as anxiety in predicting their behavior in a number of situations
to simplify this subject, we have four basic stages of self concept formation:
first, we take INVENTORY of our strengths and weaknesses in the SELF AWARENESS STAGE. then we determine how satisfied we are with them in the SELF ACCEPTANCE STAGE.
team building in the workforce, as opposed to the old method of assigning ppl to task groups,
focuses on the members influencing each other in terms of work habits, commitment to the project, and mutual trust and reciprocal feedback
rituals (ch 6)
formalized patterns of actions or words followed regularly
examples of dyads
friend to friend, parent to child, student-teacher, boss to employee, etc.
at certain times of your life, you will realize you have attained the top of a particular hierarchy
i.e. finishing a four year college degree or retirement or examples of your 4th stage of self concept formation - SELF ACTUALIZATION. your true potential is realized when you do things for your own pleasure. your growth is motivated from within not b/c anyone nagged you to into it, told you to do it, or forced you in any way. when you graduate from college, you realize then that you have actualized your true potential
self fulfilling prophecy (ch 2)
idea that you behave and see yourself in ways that are consistent with how others see you
labels (ch 13)
identify specific elements of a graphic slide
indexing (ch 3)
identifying the uniqueness of objects, events, and people
self serving bias (ch 2)
in assessing ourselves, the tendency to attribute our own successes to our personal qualities and our failures to the circumstances
contradictions (ch 6)
in dialectic theory the idea that each person in a relationship might have two opposing desires for maintaining the relationship
fundamental attribution error (ch 2)
in judging other people, the tendency to attribute their successes to the situation and their failures to their personal characteristics
relational deterioration (ch 6)
in knapp's model, the process by which relationships disintegrate
rational development (ch 6)
in knapp's model, the process by which relationships grow
relational maintenance (ch 6)
in knapp's model, the process of keeping a relationship together
INTERPERSONAL NEEDS THEORY & FIRO
in the 1960s, WILLIAM SCHUTZ presented the INTERPERSONAL NEEDS THEORY. apparently, we all have the need for INCLUSION, AFFECTION-AFFINITY, & CONTROL OVER THE PEOPLE AND EVENTS IN OUR LIVES.
1960s, many speech researchers advocated free and unrestricted self disclosure. anytime was a good time to reveal intimate details to a partner
in the 1980s, that feeling changed to a more RESTRICTED VIEW that for self disclosure to add to an interpersonal relationship, it has to be the right info, to the right person, at the right time, and in the right location
that is not to say that Americans can't be high context
in the South, family connections are important introductions into adult society and many ppl are likely to introduce themselves as the son or dauighter of someone known in the town
some people believe that every interaction is an opportunity to dominate but people who keep the needs and desires of their partners in mind and have a healthy sensitivity to other people often have more satisfying relationships
in turn, they get more beneficial mutual and reciprocal positive feedback
INSTRUMENTAL GOALS
include RELATIONAL EXCHANGE (giving respect to get respect, mutual affection)
receivers (ch 1)
the audience to whom the message is delivered
American business now recognize that in a global economy,
initiative and innovation can come from the team members themselves, and not solely the higher management. to do this, we empower staff to take on more responsibility, to communicate more effectively, and create higher level of productive norms through social influence
be aware of "problematic" dysfunctional relationships where most of the
interaction is negative and causes great difficulty in relating to ppl. the women whose rage towards her unsuccessful husband causes her to become bitter toward her friends is transferring anger onto others. man whose personal problems cause him to lash out at co-workers and subordinates. child who seeks attention by disrupting classroom are all examples of ppl who have problems interacting with even the most sympathetic partners
unlike self concept theories that focus on one partner (the individual) in the communication event,
interaction theories focus on the ACTUAL MESSAGE EXCHANGE - the instant when our communicative behavior reveals our true meaning
small group communication (ch 9)
interactions among three to nine people working together to achieve and interdependent goal.
to simplify matters,
interpersonal communication and theories of self are the MESHING OR CLASHING OF SYMBOLS
power (ch 9)
interpersonal influence that forms the basis for group leadership
DIFFERENCES B/W INTERPERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
interpersonal relationships are marked by UNIQUENESS that you find important in your life. impersonal communication is very ordinary, mundane, and functional
EXTRINSIC GOALS
involve the value of association and contacts
active listening (ch 5)
involved listening with a purpose
DYAD
is a group of two people with some sort of relationship between them. generally their interaction is face-to-face and there is an expectation of future interaction. it doesn't matter whether the relationship is very goal oriented or simply social. the power structure and VALENCE (positiveness or negativity) of the interactions will become evident and the research tends to support a number of factors that lead to successful interpersonal relationships
DEFENSIVENESS
is behavior that indicates that a person's ego or image is threatened. instead of addressing the issue, the defensive person lashes back ("oh you're the one to talk!") , attacks the perceived critic ("you don't know what you're talking about"), discounts the accusations ("that's b.s.") or changes the critics shortcomings ("you think I'm sloppy. you should see your room after a weekend.")
Analog Code
is made of sound waves for audio and music and light waves for pictures and words. analog is converted to binary for the computer to understand.
When evaluating sources, you should ensure that the supporting material...
is verifiable.
it is important to note that some relationships are better able to handle conflict
long term relationships have more "equity", more history to draw upon so they are less likely to dissolve over more trivial issues. the investment in time and effort brings long term marries couples a measure of buffer against conflicts that would doom a younger couple. also, certain life changing events (the birth of a child or overcoming a serious illness) adds more equity to the relationship than others
When people stereotype, they
make a generalization about a group of people that oversimplifies their culture
social attraction
measured by an individual's actions and personality
Social Attraction
measured by an individuals actions and personality
horizontal communication (ch 8)
messages between members of an organization that have equal power
upward communication (ch 8)
messages flowing from subordinates to superiors
downward communication (ch 8)
messages flowing from superiors to subordinates
hurtful messages (ch 6)
messages that create emotional pain or upset
formal communication (ch 8)
messages that follow pre-described channels of communication throughout the organization
in these situations, METACOMMUNICATION is called for
metacommunication means talking about talking, talking about interactions, and talking about your relationship
some of us have large needs in inclusion and affection. some of us are control freaks.
most of us desire a combination of these three needs.
RELATIONAL CONVERGENCE
most partners in interpersonal interaction gain info about how to communicate with and react to their partners. after a while, we learn that our partner may not tolerate foul language or want to avoid certain topics. we learn to respect each other's conversational wishes as our relationship deepens and our values converge. we agree on our daily activities and the norms of communication. we avoid forbidden topics and known when to pull back when we approach RELATIONAL BOUNDARIES
FEEDBACK SENSITIVITY
most people develop a healthy sensitivity to people's feelings in conversations. bullies- have no sensitivity
CONTROL IN TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS: in order to determine the communication qualities of a relationship, it is helpful to understand control in 3 basic types of relationships
most ppl have COMPLEMENTARY RELATIONSHIPS: two partners bring qualities that help the dyad form a whole- ex. the President of a country often has a chief of staff who bring organizational qualities that help a dyad form a whole.
some ppl are overly defensive and perceive threats from seemingly harmless statements
nagging is a serious threat to relationships. even the most mild mannered person will notice insults, store them up (large and small) surpass a threshold for tolerance, and set a date for terminating the relationship
interpersonal communication on a scale from
non-initimate (distant) to intimate (physically, psychologically, or environmentally). this can be measured through observing the amount and type of disclosure b/w interactants.
complementation (ch 4)
nonverbal and verbal codes add meaning to each other and expand the meaning of either message alone
substitution (ch 4)
nonverbal codes are used to monitor and control interactions with others
Affect Displays
nonverbal movements of the face and body used to show emotion
affect displays (ch 4)
nonverbal movements of the face and body used to show emotion
illustrators (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that accompany or reinforce verbal messages
regulators (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that control the flow or pace of communication
emblems (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that substitute for words and phrases
adaptors (ch 4)
nonverbal movements that you might perform fully in private but only partially in public
paralinguistic features (ch 4)
nonword sounds and characteristics of language such as pitch, volume, rate, and quality
statistics (ch 11)
numbers that summarize numerical information or compare quantities
first person observation (ch 5)
observation based on something that you personally have sensed
defensiveness (ch 6)
occurs when a person feels attacked
source credibility (ch 11)
the audience's perception of your effectiveness as a speaker
SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
one of the oldest interaction theories around is 1973 ALTMAN AND TAYLOR'S SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY. social penetration is concerned with how people BOND in a relationship as a consequence of the quality and quantity of SELF DISCLOSURE as well as the breadth and depth of the info disclosed. typically we move from superficial and surface level talk to more intimate communication (verbally and nonverbally) Altman and Taylor say are generally centered around mutual satisfaction of personal and social needs
even in a dyad,
one person assumes leadership and influences the other. sometimes both influence each other through following mutual activities and confirming how much they enjoyed it. most of the time that is healthy.
SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
one popular theory of interaction is THIBAUT AND KELLY'S SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY. Thibaut and Kelly theorize that as we interact, we rationally weight the COSTS AND REWARDS of communicating in that relationship.
1960s, speech researchers began to focus on the
one-to-one situation. as a result, the subspecialty of interpersonal communication was born
DEBILITATING BEHAVIORS
ones that create BARRIERS to healthy relationships include defensiveness, nagging, & perception of control. these types of communication move the dyad close to RELATIONAL BOUNDARIES- the point at which you may break off the relationship b/c a forbidden topic was brought up, a bad name for your partner was used, or you were outright insulted. then you and your partner have to clean up the metacommunication issue ("how dare you call me that name!") before you get back to the original issue ("now about that garbage you don't take out for the 3rd day in a row")
verbal citations (ch 11)
oral explanations of who the source is, how recent the information is, and what the sources of qualifications are.
schema (ch 5)
organizational filing systems for thoughts held in long term memory
political orientation (ch 8)
organizations that generate and distribute power and control within society
integration orientation (ch 8)
organizations that help to mediate and resolve discord among members of society
economic orientation (ch 8)
organizations that manufacture products and or offer services for consumers
artifacts (ch 4)
ornaments or adornments that you display that hold communicative potential
politeness (ch 2)
our efforts to save face for others
long term memory (ch 5)
our permanent storage place for information including but not limited to pas experiences, language, values, knowledge, images of people, memories of sights, sounds and smells, and even fantasies.
communications network (ch 8)
patterns of relationships through which information flows in an organization
low-context cultures
people separate their relationships from verbal communication and focus on the information conveyed and logical argumentation
when we cannot negotiate how much autonomy we have in the relationship or sense that our partner has too much freedom outside the relationship, we
perceive a threat to the relationship. BAD DIFFERENTIATION. communication, from daily convos to deep discussions about values often result in arguments that reflect incompatible goals, irreconcilable differences, or deep divisions in how to achieve those goals or rectify the mistakes. when a couple notices this and acts on it, they begin drifting apart, physically or psychologically. metacommunicatively, you both realize something serious is threatening the relationship and those issues have to be faced before it can be repaired
active perception (ch 2)
perception in which your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense
interpretive perception (ch 2)
perception that involves a blend of internal states and external stimuli
turning points
perceptions of events that transform relationships
Model of Interaction Stages
person receiving the message responds by sending another message back, Iniating, Experimenting, Intensifying, Integrating, Bonding, Differentiating, Circumscribing, Stagnating, Avoiding, Terminating
Co-Cultural Communication
persons occupy multiple groups, thus adopt communication strategies consistent with the best available options for translation
whether that symbolic commitment takes a
physical form, or is something nonverbal that passes b/w you and your partner, bonding is an important rite of passage for partners
ethnocentrism
placing your own cultural beliefs in a superior position leading to a negative judgement of other cultures.
sometimes begin promoted is a
political act of acquiring resources, info and valuable contacts. sometimes its just plain luck - being in the right place at the righ time
another factor in successful long term relationships concern the fact that some ppl are more rhetorically sensitive than others.
ppl who keep their audience in mind, even if its an audience of one when they are communicating are likely to enjoy satisfying convos that are free of control, negative perceptions, and misunderstandings that could hurt the relationship
social influence theory predicts
ppl will negotiation a concept of self within their relational partner and move towards the neutral or empathic communication in normal times and when conflict occurs
Cultural rituals
practices, behaviors, celebrations, and traditions common to people, organizations, and institutions. Rituals include teachers passing out syllabi on first day of class.
When you have a negative attitude about other people just because they are who they are, you are demonstrating
prejudice
public speaking (ch 1)
process of using messages to generate meaning in a situation in which a single source transmits a message to a number of receivers
pattern maintenance orientation (ch 8)
promote educational and cultural regularity and development within society
two sided refutational (ch 14)
provide and refute arguments
two sidedness non refutational (ch 14)
provide counter arguments but do not refute those arguments
Forming relationships
proximity: the distance between to people. it could be physical as in distance living from eachother, or virtual, which can include relationship through online activities/communities
selective attention (ch 14)
receivers avoid a message by not paying attention to it
peripheral route processing (ch 1)
receivers give brief attention to the message without elaborated thought
central route processing (ch 1)
receivers mentally elaborate on the elements of your message and carefully scrutinize your arguments and evidence
ground (ch 2)
the background against which your focused attention occurs
in periods of crisis and conflict,
rhetorically sensitive ppl focus on preserving the relationship instead of being right or stubborn. they recognize that there is a time to push and a time to pull back and don't mind sharing control. they believe that giving in is good for the relationship but does not meaning giving up an ego, status, or face
performance orientation (ch 13)
seeing your presentation as a performance and your audience as critics
chapter 5 includes 3 main topics:
self concept and knowing the self, theories of interaction, and theories of relational communication
sometimes the informal communication NETWORK (gossip, lunch breaks, email)
set of emotional tone of your office and this can be a powerful factor in your job satisfaction, relationships at work, and productivity. oftentimes, morale problems can be traced to tolerance of negative communication behavior (gossip, rumors, backbiting, lying)
Social penetration theory
shows how relationships progress toward intimacy as a result of self disclosure from both partners
self talk (ch 10)
silent communications with oneself that influence our perceptions of reality
hyper-personal communication
situations when the affection, emotion, and intimacy that develops through computer-meditated communication equals or surpasses what happens face to face
Morphemes
smallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre-
Collective Cultures
socialize their members to view themselves as members of the larger social group and to place the group's concern before their own
face (ch 2)
socially approved and presented identity of an individual
culture (ch 3)
socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, and values of a particular period, class, community, or population
individualistic cultures (ch 10)
societies that stress assertiveness over group harmony
most important factor in health relationships is that the relationship is deemed more important than the tangible issues. conversely, ppl who concern themselves w/ dominance and power (being right at all cost) find themselves very weak partners of few friends
some relationships deserve to die because debilitating interactions are not good for the psyche
emergent leader (ch 9)
someone who becomes an informal leader by exerting influence toward achievement of a groups goals but who does not meet the formal position or role of a leader
designated leader (ch 9)
someone who has been appointed or elected to a leadership position
decode (ch 3)
the process of assigning meaning to other's words in order to translate them into thoughts of your own
LOW ESTEEMERS
tend to view the world negatively, are likely to expect rejection from others at first, and they take criticism more personally. withdraw from social relationships but occasionally they mask their low esteem, lack of confidence, and insecurities with aggressive behavior. whether its sarcastic remarks or outright defiance, bullies often suffer from low esteem and may be the loneliest people around. it sounds strange, that a low esteem depressed person would be aggressive but it happens. they cannot build themselves up but they can sure tear you down
closure (ch 2)
tendency to fill in missing information in order to complete an otherwise incomplete figure or statement
selective retention (ch 2)
tendency to remember the things that reinforce your beliefs rather than those that oppose them
research shows that bureaucracies that feature open and honest and mutual messaging generally function better
than ones that feature one-sided communication and a traditional top-down chain of command, esp in American organization - definite association b/w reciprocity and feedback behaviors - said they would give up pay raises and prospects for promotion if their immediate instructional leaders communicated more openly in a more positive communication climate. that feeling was stronger for women than men
when people leave the table when you start talking
that is a pretty clear nonverbal indication of your lack of importance or salience to them
An example of a non-dominant culture that does not try to fit into the dominant culture in the United States is
the Amish
cultural competence (ch 3)
the ability of individuals and systems to respond respectfully and effectively to people of all cultures, classes, races, ethnic backgrounds, and religions in a manner that recognizes, affirms, and values the worth of individuals, families, communities, and protects and preserves the dignity of each
behavioral flexibility (ch 6)
the ability to alter behavior to adapt to new situations and to relate in new ways when necessary
Culture Competence
the ability to communicate among/between cultures and to determine skill in interacting w/ and understanding people of other cultures
control (ch 9)
the ability to influence our environment
lecture listening (ch 5)
the ability to listen to, mentally process, and recall lecture information
information literacy (ch 5)
the ability to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the information needed
Code Sensitivity
the ability to use the verbal and nonverbal language appropriate to the cultural norms of the individual with whom you are communicating
hearing (ch 5)
the act of receiving sound
listening (ch 5)
the active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or non verbal messages. It involves the ability to refrain information, as well as to react empathically and/or appreciatively to spoken and/or non verbal messages
denotative meaning (ch 3)
the agreed upon meaning or dictionary meaning of a word
as your relationship gets more interpersonal and develops over time,
the amount, depth, and breadth (width) of info you tell about yourself or know about your partner increases
attribution (ch 2)
the assignment of meaning to people's behavior
this is the aformentioned concept of RELATIONAL SUFFICIENCY
the degree to which your interpersonal relationship fulfills your goals whether those goals are economic, emotional, or relational. relational sufficiency is an indicator of health and satisfaction with your partner's communication style which has a direct bearing on how your relationship will develop and be maintained.
Prejudice
the dislike or hatred one has toward a particular group.
proximity
the distance between two people
How does the dominant culture differ from a non-dominant culture?
the dominant culture makes the rules
affection (ch 9)
the emotion of caring for others and/or being cared for by others
group climate (ch 9)
the emotional tone or atmosphere members create within the group
Intercultural Communication
the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally
intercultural communication (ch 7)
the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally
dynamism (ch 11)
the extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold active, energetic, strong, empathetic, and assertive. an aspect of credibility
source credibility (ch 5)
the extent to which the speaker is perceived as competent to make the claim he or she is making
introduction (ch 12)
the first part of your presentation where you fulfill the 5 functions of an introduction
figure (ch 2)
the focal point of your attention
retirement has given them access to the aesthetic things in life-
the highest hierarchy on MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
similarity (ch 6)
the idea that our friends and loved ones are usually people who like or dislike the same things we do
complementarity (ch 6)
the idea that we sometimes bond with people whose strengths are our weaknesses
responsiveness (ch 6)
the idea that we tend to select our friends and loved ones from people who demonstrate positive interest in us
perceptual constancy (ch 2)
the idea that your past experiences lead you to see the world in a way that is difficult to change; your initial perceptions persist
source credibility (ch 14)
the image held of a communicator by a receiver at the given time
automatic attention (ch 5)
the instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal danger.
incremental plagiarism (ch 11)
the intentional or unintentional use of information from one or more sources without fully divulging how much information is directly quoted
plagiarism (ch 11)
the intentional use of information from another source without crediting the source
body (ch 12)
the largest part of the presentation, which contains arguments, evidence, and main content
cultural competence
the level of knowledge a person has about others who differ in some way in comparison to self
proximity (ch 6)
the location, distance, or range between persons and things
compliance gaining strategies
the most common tactics are: positive and negative reinforcement, inclusion and exclusion from a dyad or group, SEQUENTIAL PERSUASION TECHNIQUES (repeated exposure to a message) but think of all the communication you do to convince a friend and how frequent, intense, and repetitious your messages are
main points (ch 12)
the most important points in a presentation, indicated by roman numerals in an outline
relational climates
the overall emotional feeling, or temperature, of the relationship
role (ch 2)
the part an individual plays in a group, and individual's function or expected behavior
working memory (ch 5)
the part of our consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli that we pay attention to
conclusion (ch 12)
the part that finishes the presentation by fulfilling the four functions of an ending
power-distance
the perceived equality or inequality felt between people in certain cultural or social contexts
source (ch 1)
the person initiating the communication
self image (ch 2)
the picture you have of yourself, the sort of person you believe you are
sometimes we form relationships -very quickly -after a long period of time -change over time
the point is that both partners have to be ready. then they find a NATURE RHYTHM & RATE OF DEVELOPMENT that fits both participants. self disclosure will be low at first, but quicken and deepen as the relationship develops. in fact, you can tell a lot about the progression of your relationship form the quantity and quality of self disclosure. at some point from the type of interaction you have, you will realize that a relationship has been established as long as both of you express it verbally or nonverbally. if only one person sees it that war, it is very hard to force a relationship on the other.
subpoints (ch 12)
the points in a presentation that support the main points indicated by the capital letters in an outline
P time (ch 7)
the polychronic time schedule, which views time as "contextually based and relationally oriented"
Perception Checking
the practice of asking others to get a more informed sense of understanding.
deceptive communication (ch 6)
the practice of deliberately making somebody believe things that are not true
rough draft (ch 12)
the preliminary organization of the outline of a presentation
within group diversity (ch 9)
the presence of observable and/or implicit differences among group members
proximity (ch 2)
the principle that objects physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or group
persuasion (ch 14)
the process by which attitudes or behaviors are influenced as a result of receiving a message
bargaining (ch 6)
the process in which two or more parties attempt to reach an agreement on what each should give and receive in a transaction between them
snide remarks, insults, disconfirmations and invalidations, story topping, topic shifts, interposition, and nullifications are the
types of communication seen in the bad differentiation stage. your friends may notice you bickering and arguing more, sullen expressions, and outright hostility. these are signs that the quantity and quality of communication is going downhill fast
LOW ESTEEMERS v. HIGH ESTEEMERS
typically WITHDRAW from communicating with others while high esteemers seem to make friends at ever yturn and often have rewarding convos
emoticons (ch 5)
typographic symbols showing emotional meaning
personal idioms (ch 6)
unique forms of expression and language understood only by individual couples
sexual harassment (ch 8)
unwelcome, unsolicited, repeated behavior of a sexual nature
emphasis (ch 4)
use of nonverbal cues to strengthen verbal messages
personal experience (ch 11)
use of your own life as a source of information
contradiction (ch 4)
verbal and nonverbal messages conflict
facework (ch 2)
verbal and nonverbal strategies that are used to present your own varying images to others and to help them maintain their own images
non fluencies (ch 13)
verbal mistakes such as false starts, mispronunciations, or excessive ah's or um's
lecture cues (ch 5)
verbal or nonverbal signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture
the self concept develops over time therefore it changes slowly- gradual process unless life-changing event occurs
very rarely do we change our self concept instantly unless we experience something very deep and moving (religious conversion, life threatening event, seeing war up close)
visual aids (ch 13)
visual elements that help your audience receive your message
Non-verbal Codes
vocalics, kinesics, chronemics
signposts (ch 12)
ways in which a presenter signals to an audience where the presentation is going
when relationships converge,
we adopt RULES of social conversation
SOCIAL COMPARISON
we also reflect on our performance by looking at us relative to some sort of REFERENCE GROUP based on age, gender, ethnic background, educational level or other measurement. ex. after we check our midterm score, we turn to our other classmates to see how they did. we observe others in our situation to see how they handle things. we compare and contrast our performances to others
THEORIES OF INTERACTION incorporate what we know about ourselves and predict how will act with another person
we bring all sorts of history and "BAGGAGE" when we elated to others and then we negotiate our way along. as you get to know each other, you learn about your partner's communication style, i.e. forbidden topics, hot buttons, turn-ons, etc. then you act on what you know until you find out otherwise
in control of conversations,
we some gender based research conclusions. men are more public with speaking, enjoying entertaining with stories and accomplishments in front of groups while women in that same conversation will remain relatively quiet. men tend to cut off women during conversations more than women cut off men while women are less likely to speak at public gatherings such as family reunions, formal banquets, conferences, etc.
masculinity
what it means culturally to be a man
femininity
what it means culturally to be a woman
Femininity
what it means culturally to be a woman. traits are connected to being loving and compassionate
long range goal (ch 12)
what you expect to achieve by your message in the days, months, or years ahead
immediate purpose (ch 12)
what you expect to achieve on the day of your presentation
most ppl define trust as commitment to relationship and dependability- doing what you say you will do.
when a bond breaks (due to infidelity, untrustworthy actions, family crisis), it can be repaired but it will never be the same as before the break
UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY
when people first meet, research studies say the initial interactions show a high degree of apprehension about what to say to their partners and how to react to them. as we find out more details about our partners, our anxiety lessens. we become more comfortable with the norms of behavior you create between each other.
over the years, you develop your own stylized vocabulary, pet names for each other, and habits like telephoning every first month.
when you haven't seen each other for a long time, there's always apprehension that you or your partner have changed so much that you have to go back to the information gathering stages, tread carefully, and use more questions for clarification until you are sure how to proceed.
then you slide into the AVOIDANCE STAGE,
which is characterized by definable and noticeable physical or psychological distance. ex. move out, separate rooms, get fired or reassigned, may realize your bbf for 5 yars in untrustworthy w/ the info you tell her confidentially so you avioid her
why do we disclose
with self disclosure in interactions, we assume that our disclosures will be RECIPROCATED. in other words, we disclose in return for disclosure. we found out more info in return and act on it in order to achieve a comfortable level of intimacy. this way we can predict our partner's behavior toward us and how we react to them.
regionalisms (ch 3)
words and phrases specific to a particular region or part of a country
colloquialisms (ch 3)
words and phrases used informally
concrete language (ch 3)
words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague
Sources
written and non-written items that provide information
testimonial evidence (ch 11)
written or oral statements of others experience used by a speaker to substantiate or clarify a point
this may be the root of most conflicts esp b/w 2 strong willed and opinionated ppl. one partner yells at the other (thinking that a louder voice will intimidate) yet that person
yells back defensively ("Oh yeah, you're a good one to talk"). or the parent that shouts "Get in the car now!" gets angrier when the response is "I said I'm not ready!" That's why counselors and therapists work on less yelling and humiliating types of communication as a first step in overcoming debilitating relational convos. video "Yelling in Families" that shows a family engaged in strong-willed behavior that threatens their happiness.
the INTENSIFICATION STAGE is exciting.
you begin to form opinions about your relationship and the possibilities for the future. in the romantic dyad. we become perfect partner in each others' eyes and each succeeding detail that matches your ideals is discovered. SELF DISCLOSURE BEGINS TO INCREASE DRAMATICALLY. in work relationship, feel a sense of fitting in with the values and corporate culture. in romantic dad, begin to anticipate each other's presence
social influence theorists point out that as you get to know someone well,
you begin to influence each other. sometimes one person has more influence than the other.
the verbal and nonverbal signs of those splits become obvious as you relate to each other and to others outside your dyad.
you may change them from time to time but over the years, your complementary patterns of power become noticeable and stable. you fall into patterns of behavior that symbolize your control, duties and responsibilities
when you reach the inner core of disclosure,
you understand your partner's central core of beliefs, value system, and criteria for judging the world. this generally happens in long term relationships
at some point after you have known a person for a while,
you will notice differences b/w you and your partner. from ordinary preferences to deeply held values and beliefs. it is how you handle those differences and integrate them into your interaction that shows the strength of your bond. generally, using METACOMMUNICATION WITH A POSITIVE VALENCE IS A GOOD STRATEGY
if there is a LARGE DISTANCE between the real you and the ideal you,
your ESTEEM WILL SUFFER unless that is what is expected of you
communication orientation (ch 13)
your focus as a speaker is to achieve your communicative goals
RANKS
your position in a hierarchy
when you begin to take on each other's commitments,
your relationship begins to INTEGRATE. you become less of an individual and more of a team (at work) or a couple (in romance). "I" becomes "we" and you expect your time commitments to be shared whether its a social function you attend together or planning vacay time
subjective perception (ch 2)
your uniquely constructed meaning attributed to a sensed stimuli
