COMD 2050 exam 1 review
Morphemes
"A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function."
Which of the following words normally end with voiceless (-V) sounds and which end with voiced sounds (+V) sounds? a) bash b) clang c) din d) fizz e) rap f) smack g) splat h) thud i) wham
(a) -V / (b) +V / (c) +V / (d) +V / (e) +V / (f) -V / (g) -V / (h) +V / (i) +V
Which oft the following words normally end with voiceless (-V) sounds and which end with voiced sounds (+V) sounds? a) bash b) clang c) din d) fizz e) rap f) smack g) splat h) thud i) wham
(a) -V / (b) +V / (c) +V / (d) +V / (e) +V / (f) -V / (g) -V / (h) +V / (i) +V
Identify the manner of articulation of the initial sounds in the following words (stop, fricative, etc.) a) cheery b) crazy c) dizzy e) jolly f) loony g) merry h) silly i) wimpy
(a) affricate, (b) stop, (c) stop, (d) fricative, (e) affricate, (f) liquid, (g) nasal, (h) fricative, (i) glide
Which English words are usually pronounced as they are transcribed here? a) baɪk b) bɔt c) ǝnʤɔɪ d) feɪs e) haʊl f) hoʊpɪŋ g) hu h) kloʊk i) maɪn j) pis k) ʧip l) ðǝ
(a) bike, (b) bought, (c) enjoy, (d) face, (e) howl, (f) hoping, (g) who, (h) cloak, (i) mine, (j) peace or piece, (k) cheap, (l) the
Which segments in the pronunciation of the following words are most likely to be affected by elision? (i) government (ii) postman (iii) pumpkin (iv) sandwich (v) victory
(i) /n/ (ii) /t/ (iii) /p/ (iv) /d/ (v) /ə/ [vɪktəri] - [vɪktri]
What percentage of human breathing while speaking normally consists of in-breaths?
10%
A. blending (from Federal Express) plus conversion (noun → verb) B. blending (car + hijack) plus conversion (verb → noun) C. eponym (from William Hoover) plus conversion (noun → verb) D. clipping (from temporary worker) plus conversion (noun → verb) E. decaf is (usually) a reduced version of "a cup of coffee made with decaffeinated coffee," so clipping is the most obvious process. The longer word decaffeinated is a derivation via a prefix (de-) and two suffixes (-ate + -ed) from caffeine, which was originally a borrowing from French. Conversion from noun (caffeine) to adjective (decaffeinated) to noun (decaf) has also taken place.
12 More than one process was involved in the creation of the forms underlined in these sentences. Can you identify the processes involved in each case? a. Can you FedEx the books to me today? b. Police have reported an increase in carjackings in recent months. c. Jeeves, could you tell the maid to be sure to hoover the bedroom carpet? d. I had to temp for a while before I got a real job. e. Would you prefer a decaf?
What is the difference between a communication system with productivity and one with fixed references?
A communication system with productivity is one in which the subjects who speak it are always adapting to new surroundings and new objects. For example, humans have words like "iPhone," "Netflix," and "flash player" to describe objects and services that did not exist 20 years ago. A fixed reference communication system is one in which the subjects who speak it do not have the ability to add new phrases and words as ways to communicate.
What is an aspirated sound and which of the following words would normally be pronounced with one: kill, pool, skill, spool, stop, top?
An aspirated sound is one pronounced with a stronger puff of air. Words containing aspirated consonants in initial position are kill, pool and top.
What is an aspirated sound and which of the following words would normally be pronounced with one: kill, pool, skill, spool, stop, top?
An aspirated sound is one that is pronounced with a strong puff of air coming from the mouth. The word that would be pronounced with one is, "pool."
Why are some of the infant's first sounds described as "cooing"?
Because by a certain age, infants are able to bring the back of the tongue to the back of the pallet which create sounds similar to velar consonants k and g.
Diphthongs
Consist of a combination of two vowel sounds.
What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone?
Different meanings and different words come as a result of the difference when you change phonemes, the only thing that changes when you change allophones is a different pronunciation of the same word. We can see this evidence in the difference between how Americans speak English and how British people speak English.
During which stage do children typically first produce syllable sequences similar to "mama" and "dada" and how old are they?
During the babbling stage, they are usually about nine to ten months old.
Liquids
Formed by letting the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge. (red)
Alveolars
Formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge. (top, dip, sit, zoo, and nut)
Four typical features of caregivers speech
Frequent us of questions, using exaggerated intonation, extra loudness and a slower tempo with longer pauses.
The air passes through a narrow gap so that a type of friction is produced.
Fricatives
Refers to the shape of the lips
Front-Central-Back
Midland dialect
If you meet some American speakers who talk about the surface of something as slick and say they feel they are taking sick, are they likely to have a Northern, Midland, or Southern dialect?
krnap, trniap
In Khmu, the word kap means "to grasp with tongs," and tiap means "to fold a small package." What would be the words for "tongs" and "a small package"?
Why are interjections such as Ooh! or Yuck! Considered to be unlikely sources of human speech sounds?
Interjections are produced with sudden intakes of breath while spoken language is produced while we exhale. We speak when we exhale, not when we inhale. Interjections do not contain sounds that are used in speech production and is therefore, probably not a sounds source for language.
Phonetic transcription is the visual representation of speech sounds.
International Phonetic Alphabet
Standard English (high) and African American Vernacular English (low)
Name two types of discourse where a "high" variety is used in diglossia.
What is the difference between positive and negative transfer?
Positive transfers refers to the time a person is learning an L2 language and find the similarities between it and their L1 language. Negative transfer refers to the time a person is learning an L2 language and find the rules of the L2 language different than their L1 language thus making it harder for them to communicate using the L2 language.
Glottals
Produced with the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. (who and whose).
The Joseph Conrad phenomenon
Refers to a person who can write and even speak well an L2 language, but who still maintains their L1 accent.
Bilabials
Sounds formed using both upper and lower lips. (pat, bat, and mat).
Blending
Taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word.
At about what age do children typically begin producing varied syllable combinations such as ma-da-ga-ba?
Ten to eleven months.
What is meant by the phonotactics of a language?
That there are definite patterns to the said language.
Loan Transition/Calque
The English phrase road rage has become the expression vejvrede ("way anger") among Danish speakers. What is this process called?
What was considered to be the key element in Kanzi's language learning?
The key element seemed to be early exposure to language in use.
Where is the pharynx and how did it become an important part of human sound production?
The pharynx is located above the vocal folds and acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx.
What is meant by the phonotactics of a language?
The phonotactics of a language are the permitted arrangements of sounds that obey constraints on the sequence and ordering of phonemes in that language.
Borrowing
The taking of words from other languages.
How many fricatives are there in the pronunciation of mechanic?
There aren't any
In French, the words /bo/ for beau ("handsome") and /bõ/ for bon ("good") seem to have different vowels. Are these two vowels allophones or phonemes in French?
These vowels are phonemes because the difference in their pronunciation, /o/ versus /õ/,is the basis of a difference in meaning for the two words. If they were simply allophones, they would result in differences in pronunciation only, not a difference in the meaning of the words.
How did the Gardeners try to show that Washoe wasn't just repeating signals made by humans?
They designed experiments in which no humans could provide cues and Washoe could still produce correct signs to identify objects in pictures
A woman. - question tag - invites agreement
Traditionally, do you think the following sentence was more likely to be spoken by a woman or a man, and why? I think that golf on television is kind of boring, don't you?
Inflectional morphemes
Use to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
a. borrowing b. borrowing c. calque d. calque
Which of the following pairs contains an example of calque? How would you describe the other(s)? a. footobooru (Japanese) - football (English) b. tréning (Hungarian) - training (English) c. luna de miel (Spanish "moon of honey") - honeymoon (English) d. jardin d'enfants (French "garden of children") - Kindergarten (German)
cabbage-turnip
Which of the following words are co-hyponyms? ant, cabbage, insect, plant, turnip, vegetable.
voiceless labiodental sound
[f] - 'fat', 'safe'
voiceless alveolar sound
[t] - top, [s] - sit
voiced labiodental sound
[v] 'vat', 'save'
voiced dental sound
[ð] 'then', 'bathe'
voiced palatal sound
[Ʒ] 'casual', 'rouge'; [j] 'yet'
voiceless palatal sound
[ʃ] - 'shop', [ʧ] - 'chop'
voiceless dental sound
[θ] - 'three', 'wrath'
Define arbitrariness
a language property describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. e.g. you can't just look at the arabic word كلب and from its shape determine that it's obvious meaning is it's english translation form (dog). The linguistic form (the arabic word) has no natural relationship with the object (dog).
place of articulation: Alveolar ridge and front of the tongue
alveolar
what different aspects of language are studied in articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and auditory phonetics?
articulatory- study of how speech sounds are made acoustic- physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air auditory- deals with perception of speech sounds
Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs? ban, fat, pit, bell, tape, heat, meal, more, pat, tap, pen, chain, vote, bet, far, bun, goat, heel, sane, tale, vet
ban-bun, fat-pat, fat-far, pit-pat, bell-bet, bet-vet, tap-tape, tape-tale, heat-heel, meal-heel, chain-sane, vet-vote, vote-goat
place of articulation: both lips
bilabial
voiceless sounds
consonants
place of articulation: Upper teeth and tip of the tongue
dental
Combination of two vowel sounds An independent move of tongue from one vowel sound towards another
dipthongs
This sound is produced by the tongue tip being thrown against the alveolar ridge briefly. represented by [ɾ] symbol. [ex. Butter]
flap
The air gets obstructed somewhere inside the mouth and produces different consonants.
place of articulation
What property did Washoe's language seem to have when she used an expression such as "water bird" to refer to a swan?
productivity
auditory phonetics
reception of sound
voiced sounds
vowels
What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?
An open syllable ends with a vowel (as nucleus) whereas a closed syllable ends with a consonant (as coda).
a. you have a clock b. he has money c. we have a car d. the kings has no hair
What is one obvious presupposition of a speaker who says: a. Your clock isn't working. b. Where did he find the money? c. We regret buying that car. d. The king of France is bald.
Why is duality of levels one of the economical features of human language?
It is because humans have the ability to produce a large number of sound combinations with a limited number of available sounds.
Why is reflexivity considered to be a special property of human language?
Reflexivity is the property of language that's unique to human communication as opposed to any other animal communication system, which enables humans to use language to think and talk about the language itself.
Which segments in the pronunciation of the following worlds are most likely to be affected by elision? (i) government (ii) postman (iii) pumpkin (iv) sandwich (v) victory
Sandwich
If Sarah could use a gray plastic shape to convey the meaning of the word red, which property does her "language" seem to have?
She had an arbitrary property of language since she was simply trained and conditioned to use shapes to get what she wanted and had no real understanding of language.
a. direct b. indirect c. direct d. direct
Someone stands between you and the TV set you're watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct or indirect speech acts. a. Move! b. Could you please sit down? c. You're in the way. d. Please get out of the way.
Labiodentals
Sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. (fat and vat).
Stops
Sounds produced by some form of "stopping" of the air stream (very briefly) then letting it go abruptly.
Velars
Sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum. (kid, kill, car, and cold)
Palatals
Sounds produced with the tongue and the palate. (shout and child)
Is the use of "fire distinguisher" instead of "fire extinguisher" a sponerism or a malapropism?
Spoonerism
What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone?
Substituting one phoneme for another changes both pronunciation and meaning. Substituting one allophone for another only changes pronunciation.
Glides
Typically produced with the tongue in motion (or gliding) to or from the position of a vowel and are sometimes called semi-vowels. (wet, yes, and we).
a. T.V. is [- animate] therefore it cannot drink b. A dog is [- human] therefore it cannot write
Using semantic features, how would you explain the oddness of these sentences? a. The television drank my water. b. His dog writes poetry.
Derivation
Usually described as affixes such as -un, mis-, pre-, -ful, etc.
Cohesion is the connection between words that exists within texts, and coherence is the connection the readers and listeners create in their minds
What is the basic difference between cohesion and coherence?
pride in status/group; a stronger desire to be accepted by peers rather than to be seen as prestigious
What kind of motivation has been identified for the existence of covert prestige in particular uses of language?
non-gradable antonyms
What kind of opposites can be identified via the "negative test"?
social variable
What kind of variable is class in the study of language and society?
He was trying to see which social group would include the postvocalic /r/ which is a social marker indicating class
Why did Labov try to elicit answers with the expression fourth floor?
because the article 'a' is not needed
Why is this sentence ungrammatical? *She gave me a good advice.
Complete obstruction to the flow of air. When the closure is released, it creates a small explosion.
stops
In the pronunciation of track, which sound(s) would b the nucleus?
the vowel /æ/
articulation
the way of speech sounds are produced
acoustic phonetics
transmission of sound
Is the nasal consonant in the everyday pronunciation of "I can go" alveolar or velar?
velar /ŋ/
place of articulation: Velum or soft palate and back of the tongue
velars
two types of articulation
voice and voiceless
What can't you produce without a vowel?
voiceless sound
Least obstruction in the air flow. Able to stand alone as a whole syllable Always voiced
vowels
The resulting dialect description tends to be more accurate of a period well before the time of investigation. Also it fails to account for the differences found in gendered speech
What is one disadvantage of using NORMS in dialect surveys?
hypocorism
Which process is clearly involved in creating the new term selfie?
coinage, conversion
Which two processes were involved in the creation of the verb google, as in Have you ever googled yourself??
blending
Which word-formation process is the source of the English word modem?
They are both acronyms and initialisms
Why are the expressions my PIN number and the ATM machine slightly odd?
What is aphasia?
It is any type of speech disorder that results from something being disconnected in the brain.
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following words and identify the place of articulation of each on (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.). a) calf b) chin c) foot d) groin e) hand f) knee g) mouth h) pelvis i) shoulder j) stomach k) thigh l) toe
(a) velar, (b) palatal, (c) labiodental, (d) velar, (e) glottal, (f) alveolar, (g) bilabial, (h) bilabial, (i) palatal, (j) alveolar, (k) dental (or interdental), (l) alveolar
i. -less, -ly, -ier, mis-, -s, pre-, -er, -en, -ing, un-, re-, -ed ii. all are bound stems iii. none
(i) List the bound morphemes in these words: fearlessly, happier, misleads, previewer, shortening, unreconstructed (ii) Which of these words has a bound stem: consist, deceive, introduce, repeat? (iii) Which of these words contains an allomorph of the morpheme "past tense": are, have, must, sitting, waits
i. to ii. put, shelf
(i) Which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in a closed class? Bob brought hot donuts to class. (ii) Which word(s) in the following sentence would you put in an open class? I put it on the shelf near you and him.
Conversion
A change in the function of a word, as for example when a noun comes to be used as a verb.
Define duality ("double articulation") in terms of the study of language
A language property whereby linguistic terms have 2 simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning: 1. Individual sound production (physical level) e.g. t,p,o 2. Individual sound combinations e.g. top, pot
Define displacement
A property of language that allows language users to talk about things not present in the immediate environment (time and place). Human ability to refer to the past and future.
What is the critical period?
A time during the human childhood where the brain is most ready to learn a language.
Backformation
A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (usually a verb).
When did written language develop?
About 5000 years ago. (3000 B.C.)
Morphs
Actual forms used to realize morphemes.
consisting of a plosive followed by a fricative with the same place of articulation
Affricates
Which of these phonemes are members of a natural class?/b/, /f/, /g/. /m/
All of these phonemes are members of a natural class.
middle-class group
Among which social group is hypercorrection more likely when more attention is paid to speech?
Briefly explain turn-taking behaviour in animals & humans
Animals produce a particular behaviour in response to a sound stimulus but don't actually understand what the noise means e.g. riders can say "whoa" to horses & they stop Turn-taking behaviours occur in the form of two-way conversations Speed of turn-taking: Humans pause for about 200 milliseconds before responding Some songbirds pause for less than 50 milliseconds Turn-taking 'etiquette': Evidence of overlap evidence End of 'conversation' after breach of accepted turn-taking behaviour
Explain why apes can't talk?
Apes don't have a physically structured vocal tract that is suitable for articulating the sounds used in speech (larynx, pharynx), so they can't make human speech sounds. Although, like chimpanzees and gorillas, apes can communicate using a wide range of vocal calls.
This type of sounds need a very little obstruction to the airflow.
Approximants
What is the difference between acoustic phonetics and articulatory phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics deal mainly with how speech is made and acoustic phonetics what happens to that speech i.e. producing sound waves. The main difference therefore is in the in the process of speech.
What different aspects of language are studies in articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics is the study of the physical production, through the vocal organs, of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves in the air, and auditory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are perceived through your ear.
What was considered to be key element in Kanzi's language learning?
Because he was exposed to the language from a very young age, he observed it and was able to learn it with ease.
Why do we say that mathematics is learned, not acquired?
Because math is not something that is part of our everyday communication process. It is not something we observe and hear our parent's doing as babies when we are acquiring language skills.
How did the Gardners try to show that Washoe was not simply repeating signs made by interacting humans?
Because she was able to communicate in the form of sentences, expressing her needs and wants.
Why do you think that young deaf children who become fluent in sign language would be cited in support of the innateness hypothesis?
Because they can learn a language (sign language) without the source of sounds. They can also learn to speak. They can acquire a language without using sounds. That could indicate that humans have a special capacity for language. That is "build in".
Why is it difficult to agree with Psammetichus that Phrygian must have been the original human language?
Because they must have heard what the goats were saying. They -kos ending was added in the Greek version of the story and if you pronounce be (-kos) a bit different it sounds very much like the sounds of a goat.
Why is reflexivity considered to be a special property of human language?
Because while other creatures use their own form of language to communicate, only the human language is one where we think about how we talk and why we use the words and language we do to communicate the messages, attitudes, etc. that we are trying to convey.
When can we say the human auditory system has begun working?
Before birth, when the fetus is seven months.
Which type of aphasia is characterized by speech like this: speech...two times...read...wr...ripe, er, rike, er, write...?
Broca's aphasia
Functional morphemes
Functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns.
a. acronym b. infix c. compounding d. clipping e. backformation f. clipping, hypocorism g. hypocorism h. blending
Can you identify the different word-formation processes involved in producing each of the underlined words in these sentences? a. Don't they ever worry that they might get AIDS? b. That's really fandamntastic! c. These new skateboards from Zee Designs are kickass. d. When I'm ill, I want to see a doc, not a vet. e. The house next door was burgled when I was babysitting the Smiths' children. f. I like this old sofa - it's nice and comfy. g. I think Robyn said she'd like a toastie for brekky. h. You don't need to button it because it's got velcro inside.
Who or what was Clever Hans, why was he/she/it famous and what exactly is the "phenomenom"
Clever Hans was a German horse who became famous for his ability to think and perform mental calculations like adding and subtracting, telling the time and understanding German, in front of large crowds in Germany. This was shown by his ability to answer questions by tapping his hoof to represent numbers or letters of the alphabet. A German psychologist, Pfungst worked out that Hans was actually just responding to subtle visual cues in the envrionment provided by unsuspecting humans, who would produce subtle physical reactions such as a shift in posture or a change in facial expressions, when he came close to the correct answer. This told Hans when to stop tapping. This is known as the "Clever Hans phenomenon".
What is the difference between the use of communicative and informative signals?
Communicative signals are used in language intentionally, to prove information whereas informative signals are used in language unintentionally to provide information. E.g. telling someone that you're applying for a job is an example of a communicative signal whereas an example of an informative signal is if someone listening to you is informed that you have a cold because you sneezed.
What kind of evidence is used to support the idea that language is culturally transmitted?
Cultural transmission is a way that is used to explain how human language is transmitted culturally. Humans are born with an ability to understand language of some type hard wired in them, but learning a language is based entirely on where you live, and the people around you who are speaking it.
What is the difference between the position of the larynx in humans and other primates?
Due to physical development, the upright position of the human body (spinal cord) moved the larynx to a lower position. This created a longer cavity, called the pharynx, above the vocal folds which acts as a resinator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx. Other primates have almost no pharynx.
What are the three components of communicative competence?
Grammatical competence, linguistic competence, and strategic competence.
Briefly describe early experiments with apes and human language
Gua - Early 1930s -Home-raised by scientists Luella and Winthrop Kellogg (cross-rearing study-offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogates) , together with human son (Donald) - Able to "understand" about 100 words; unable to reproduce human language Viki - 1940s - Home-raised by scientists Catherine and Keith Hayes - Speech therapy applied (e.g. by manipulating her jaw) - Result: ability to produce 3-4 words (mama, papa, up, cup)
Refers to the position of the tongue from front to back
High-Mid-Low
two categories of vowels
High-Mid-Low; Front-Central-Back
with a pause at the end of a sentence or phrase
How do speakers mark completion points at the end of a turn?
They are all deictic expressions. Here and now is close to the speaker while there and then are not close to the speaker
How do we describe the pragmatic difference between the pair "here and now" versus "there and then"?
they are adjacency pairs, an automatic sequence of a first part from one speaker and a second part from another speaker
How do we describe these regular conversational patterns? Hi ~ Hello and Bye ~ See you later
Spanish has 2 grammatical genders (masculine, feminine) and German has 3 (masculine, feminine, neuter)
How does Spanish differ from German in the number of grammatical genders?
prototype is the most characteristic instance of a category ( the image that comes to mind for a given word) example: most people think of a "robin" when they hear "bird" so "robin" is the prototype
How is the term "prototype" used in semantics?
language beyond the sentence
How is the word "discourse" usually defined?
3 (really, very, slowly)
How many adverbs are there in the following sentence? Really large objects move very slowly.
3 (terror - ist - s)
How many morphemes are there in the word terrorists?
2 (Robert, a small puppy)
How many noun phrases are there in the following sentence? Robert brought a small puppy to the party and we all wanted to keep it.
8
How many regular inflectional morphemes are there in English?
a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the used of language
How would you define a "speech community"?
Briefly describe the Physical Adaptation Source
Humans physical development is the source of language. We have the physical capacity yo make more sounds than animals. Physical features enable speech production. Humans have upright teeth, muscles of lips that can be used to form a more complicated sound.
Infixes
It is an affix that is incorporated inside another word.
the = article woman = noun kept = verb a = article large = adjective snake = adjective in = preposition a = article cage = noun but = conjunction it = pronoun escaped = verb recently = adverb
Identify all the parts of speech used in this sentence (e.g. woman = noun): The woman kept a large snake in a cage, but it escaped recently.
a. mis- b. -ism c. -less, -ness d. dis-, -ment e. in-, -ive f. un-, -ful g. pre-, -ed h. bio-, -able i. re-, -tion j. de-, -tion
Identify the prefixes and suffixes used in these words: a. misfortune b. terrorism c. carelessness d. disagreement e. ineffective f. unfaithful g. prepackaged h. biodegradable i. reincarnation j. decentralization
her new golf club = instrument Anne Marshall = agent/experiencer the ball = theme the woods = source the grassy area = goal the hole = goal
Identify the roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence: With her new golf club, Anne Marshall whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole and she suddenly felt invincible.
the British upper class
In Trudgill's study of Reading speech, which group produced the fewest instances of postvocalic /r/?
What happens in a dichotic listening test?
In a dichotic listening test, a subject has a pair of headphones placed in their ear's and two different words are played at the same time, the subject is then asked which word they heard which determines which ear they favor.
future time
In the following example from Irish English is the speaker referring to future time or past time? How long are youse here?
a conventional knowledge structure in memory for the series of actions involved in events such as "Going to the dentist"
In the study of discourse understanding, what are scripts?
a. negative face b. postive face
In these examples, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face? a. If you're free, there's going to be a party at Yuri's place on Saturday. b. Let's go to the party at Yuri's place on Saturday. Everyone's invited.
Loan-translation or calque
In this process there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.
What happens when a interlanguage fossilizes?
In this process, the L2 speaker becomes comfortable or stuck with speaking parts or phrases of the L2 language wrongly.
Pidgin is a contact language used for practical purposes such as trading and there are no native speakers. Creole is a language evolved from pidgin that has native speakers and is part of the community
In what specific way is a creole different from a pidgin?
-ing is a social marker indicating middle and upper class. -in' is a social marker indicating lower or working class
In what way can the pronunciation of -ing be a social marker?
How do we describe the vowel in the normal pronunciation of hot?
It is a low back vowel
Describe the Kanzi study
Kanzi(Bonobo) -Born 1980 -Trained by Sue Savage-Rumbaugh -Reported to be able to use several hundred symbols (referring to activities, objects, and more abstract concepts, e.g. good, now), to respond to commands, and to understand the meaning of up to 3,000 English words and more complex utterances -Able to make fire and simple stone tool
What is Linguistics?
Linguistics is the study of the way in which language works. We have four modes of language: speech, writing, reading and listening.
Moephology
Literally means, "the study of forms."
Dentals
Made with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. (thin and bath)
Free morphemes
Morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words. (open and tour)
Bound morphemes
Morphemes that cannot stand alone and are typically attached to another form. (re-, ist, -ed, -s).
How would you characterize body language in terms of communicative and informative signals?
Most parts of body language are informative since we are usually unaware of how our body posture (e.g. slouching) or facial expression (e.g. blank face ) might be signaling what you are thinking or feeling (e.g. bored). Amount of eye contact during interaction (another informative signal) may be interpreted differently by different groups of people: e.g. the eyebrow flash unconsciously used when people approach each other and wish to show that they are ready to make social contact. There are cross-cultural differences in how, or how much, eyebrow flashing is used, which may lead to misinterpretation. When trying to fit into a new cultural environment we find ourselves being aware of the different types of informative signals and trying to use them intentionally, in order to fit in e.g. awareness of subtle aspects of body language or the effects of different distance zones: intimate zone, personal zone, social zone and public zone
Acronyms
New words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.
What kind of evidence is used to support the idea that language is culturally transmitted?
One example of the cultural transmission of language is a child born to Korean parents but adopted and brought up by English speakers in the USA, who will have inherited physical features from its biological parents but will inevitably speak English and not Korean.
What is the difference between etymology and entomology?
One is the study of language, one is the study of insects.
What is the difference between an open and closed syllable?
Open syllables have only an onset and a nucleus, but no coda. Closed syllables include a code.
Lexical morphemes
Ordinary nouns, adjectives, and verbs that we think of as the words carry the "content" of the messages we convey. (girl, man, house, yellow, etc).
What is the term used to describe the process involved when a child uses one word like ball to refer to an apple, an egg, a grape, and a ball?
Overextension.
Is phonology mainly concerned with sound tokens, sound types or sound spelling relationships?
Phonology is mainly concerned with sound types.
socially acquired knowledge
What is one common definition of "culture" in the study of language?
What are four typical barriers to acquiring an L2 as an adult compared to L1 acquisition as a child?
The barriers are usually: only studying the language for a few hours a week and not being totally immersed like you are as a young child first learning a language, focus, incentive, and other life events are reasons too.
Briefly describe the Genetic Source
The belief that language capacity is genetically hard-wired in the new-born human. All children learn a language.
Briefly describe the Social Interaction Source.
The development of the human language has a social context. Early people must have lived in groups, which are social organizations and they needed some form of communication to maintain the social organization. Language originated from a set of grunts uttered by early humans working together. No explanation as to how grunts come to be an equal language.
Briefly describe the Divine Source.
The divine source is a god given language to the man. If babies grew up without any language they would start to use the God-given language.
What is the basic idea behind the "Bow-Wow" theory of language origin?
The early human tried to imitate sounds and then refer to those objects by making the sound. Words that are similar tot he noises they describe are examples of onomatopoeia.
What is an aspirated sound and which of the following would normally be treated as minimal pairs? ban, fat, pit, bell, tape, heat, meal, more, pat, tap, pen, chain, vote, bet, far, bun, goat, heel, sane, tale, vet.
The following words should be treated as minimal pairs: fat and pat
Coinage
The invention of totally new terms
Compounding
The joining of two separate words to to produce a single form.
Which of these two utterence was produced by the older child and why? (a) I not hurt him (b) No the sun shining
The phrase "No, the sun shining" is the one that is uttered by a child who is older. This results from the child observing the language being used around him or her. By the telegraphic stage of speech, children are able to better understand context and thus form multiple-worded sentences.
Define glossalia ("speaking in tongues")
The production of speech and syllables in a stream of speech that seems to have no communicative purpose. Associated with the religious practices of pentecostal churches, the bible e.g. the testament of Job (bible)- the vindication of the justice of God in the light of humanity's suffering, language used in the speeches
Define recursion in terms of the study of language
The repeated application of the same rule to create senteces of potentially infinite length. E.g. The sentence "I left the keys on the table" contains a prepositional phrase (on the table). This phrase has a structure that can be repeated an infinite number of times, creating other similarly structured prepositional phrases such as "I left the keys on the table, next to the lamp, beside the bed..." and on and on.
Briefly describe the Natural Sound Source.
The theory that language is based on the concept of natural sounds. Language originated when people were trying to imitate sounds. Imitations of natural sound such as: cuckoo, bang, hiss. (onomatopoeia)
Briefly describe studies into apes learning languages
Washoe - Raised by Beatrix and Allen Gardner - Means of communication: American Sign Language (variety of it) Sarah -Age: 5+ years - Cage-kept and taught/trained by Ann and David Premack - Means of communication: set of plastic shapes -Association of shapes (arbitrary symbols) with objects and actions -Capable of producing sentences (using appropriate sequence of shapes symbolising actions, objects, people/animals involved) Sarah was capable of getting an apple by selecting the correct plastic shape (a blue triangle) from a large selection of plastic shapes Sarah could understanding complex structures (e.g. conditionals)- "If Sarah put red on green, Mary give Sarah chocolate. Sarah would get the chocolate).
Derivational morphemes
We use these bound morphemes to make new words or to make words of different grammatical category from the stem.
What is the more common name for the posterior speech cortex?
Wernicke's area
expressions used to indicate uncertainty (I think, kind of)
What are hedges in discourse?
terms used to refer to people who are in the same family that indicate their relationship with other members
What are kinship terms?
a. -a b. -s c. -en d. none e. -s f. -i
What are the allomorphs of the morpheme "plural" in the following set of English words? a. criteria b. dogs c. oxen d. deer e. judges f. stimuli
antedecent - anaphora Dr. Foster - she Andy - he, him medicine - the pills his headaches - the pain
What are the anaphoric expressions in the following sentence? Dr. Foster gave Andy some medicine after he told her about his headaches and she advised him to take the pills three times a day until the pain went away.
when, into, the, the, if, a, or, an
What are the functional morphemes in the following sentence? When she walked into the room, the doctor asked me if I had a sore throat or an annoying cough.
a. -en b. -ing c. -'s, -er, -es, -est d. -ed, -'s, -s e. -'s, -s
What are the inflectional morphemes in these expressions? a. Have you eaten yet? b.Do you know how long I've been waiting? c. She's younger than me and always dresses in the latest style. d. We looked through my grandmother's old photo albums. e. My parents' parents were all from Scotland.
analogy
What do we call the process whereby a new word is formed to be similar to an existing word?
a boundary between the areas with regard to one particular linguistic feature
What does an isogloss represent in a linguistic atlas?
a break in the flow of speech, using sounds like em and er
What is a "filled pause"?
the main source of words adopted within a pidgin language
What is a lexifier language?
an adjacency pair that comes between the first and second parts of another pair
What is an "insertion sequence"?
additional meaning conveyed by a speaker
What is an implicature?
when the speech style is emphasized to show the difference/distance between speakers
What is meant by "divergence" in analyzing speech style?
language determines thought; the idea that we can only think in categories provided by our language
What is meant by "linguistic determinism"?
a conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific context (situational, occupational or topical)
What is meant by a "register"?
a. reversives b. hyponymy c. synonym d. synonym e. hyponymy f. homophone g. gradable antonym h. non-gradable antonym i. homonym
What is the basic lexical relation between each pair of words listed here? a. assemble/disassemble b. dog/schnauzer c. move/run d. damp/moist e. furniture/table f. peace/piece g. deep/shallow h. married/single i. pen/pen
Accent is the variation pronunciation, and dialect is the variation in grammar and vocabulary
What is the difference between an accent and a dialect?
an isogloss is in regard to one particular linguistic item; a dialect boundary includes a number of isoglosses coming together
What is the difference between an isogloss and a dialect boundary?
grammatical gender classifies nouns as masculine, feminine or neuter; natural gender is the biological distinction between male and female
What is the difference between grammatical gender and natural gender?
Slang is informal language, mainly used by youth; jargon is specific vocabulary used in a specific area of work or interest
What is the difference between jargon and slang?
It is the place where they class visited
What is the grammatical function of the proper noun in the following sentence? The professor and her students visited Berlin during the summer.
mentonymy
What is the hierarchical relationship in the meanings of this set of words: bronchitis, disease, influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis
homonym
What is the lexical relation between the English words swallow (= a small bird) and swallow (= make food or drink go down the throat)
verb-final
What is the most common word order in the languages of the world: verb-initial, verb-medial or verb-final?
antecedent - old car anaphora - it
What is the technical term for the phrase "an old car" in its relationship with "it" in the following utterance? I have an old car, but it runs great.
cataphora (antecedent - anaphora)
What is the technical term used to describe the relationship between "She" and "Ginny Swisher" in the following example? She was born prematurely. She lost her parents at an early age. She grew up in poverty. She never completed high school. Yet Ginny Swisher overcame all these disadvantages to become one of the most successful women in America.
past tense (were married)
What is the tense and voice of the verb in the following sentence? My parents were married in Rome.
lexicalized social
What kind of categorization is involved in the English distinction between sleet and slush: lexicalized or non-lexicalized or non-referential or social?
a. Shakespeare = teacher's book b. ham sandwich = customer c. hernia in room = patient d. eleven-thirty = patient
What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of these utterances? a. teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare. b. waiter: The ham sandwich left without paying. c. nurse: The hernia in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor. d. dentist: My eleven-thirty canceled so I had an early lunch.
a bound, derivational morpheme
What kind of morpheme is the suffix in slowly?
a. we = person deixis there = spatial deixis last summer = temporal deixis b. now = temporal deixis you = person deixis here = spatial deixis later = temporal deixis
What kinds of deictic expressions are used here (e.g. We = person deixis)? a. We went there last summer. b. I'm busy now so you can't stay here. Come back later.
semantic role, patient
What phrase is used more often instead of "thematic roles" and what other term is used instead of "theme" in the semantic analysis of noun phrases?
a. The old theory consistently failed to explain the data fully. b. I can't remember the name of the person whom I gave the book
What prescriptive rules for the "proper" use of English are not obeyed in the following sentences and how would they be "corrected"? a. The old theory consistently failed to fully explain all the data. b. I can't remember the name of the person I gave the book to.
anaphora
What process is involved in the connection between "cooking" and "the special meal" in the following sentence? The old men and women lit the fire and started cooking early in the morning so that the special meal would be ready for their guests.
+ human
What semantic feature must a noun have in order to be used in this sentence? The _____________ were discussing what to do.
The structures in English are different from those found in Latin, so not all Latin rules can apply to the English language
What was wrong with the older Latin-influenced definition of English pronouns?
Clipping
When a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form, usually beginning in casual speech.
When an eponym (a word based on the name of a person or a place) is used as a new word in the language, it is a neologism
When is an eponym a neologism?
infix
When she heard some exciting news, one British English speaker exclaimed, "Fanflamingtastic!" What is the morphological process involved here?
Nasals
When the velum is lowered and the air stream is allowed to flow out through the nose to produce. (morning, knitting, and name).
Affricates
When you combine a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release which causes some friction
Allomorphs
When you find a group of different morphs, all versions of one morpheme, we can use the prefix allo (=one of a losely related set) and describe them as allomorphs of that morpheme.
manner maxim
Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about? I won't bore you with all the details, but it wasn't a pleasant experience.
quality maxim
Which maxim involves not saying things you believe to be false?
a. non-gradable b. reversive c. reversive d. reversive e. gradable f. gradable
Which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive? a. absent/present b. fail/pass c. fill it/empty it d. appear/disappear e. fair/unfair f. high/low
normal
Which of these descriptions is not used to identify NORMS: male, normal, older, rural?
What is the difference between a communication system with productivity and with fixed reference?
With productivity, the system can create new expressions and the potential number of expressions is infinite. With fixed reference, there is a fixed number of signals in the system and each signal only relates to a particular object or ocasion.
What is the name of the "language" that Lana learned?
Yerkish
What do we call the space between the vocal folds?
Your glottis
voiced bilabial sound
[b] 'bat', [m] 'mat', [w] 'wet'
voiced alveolar sound
[d] 'dog', [n] 'nut', [z] 'zoo', [l] 'lap', [r] 'rap'
Which English phoneme has the features: -voice, +velar, +stop?
[g]
voiced velar sound
[g] 'gun'
voiceless glottal sound
[h]- 'hat', 'who'
voiceless velar sound
[k] - 'cat'
voiceless bilabial sound
[p] - 'pat'
Try to pronounce the initial sounds of the following words and identify the place of articulation of each one (e.g. bilabial, alveolar, etc.)
a. Calf -velarse. b. hand-glottalI. c. shoulder-palatalsb. d. Clang -alveolarf. e. knee- alveolarj. f. stomach-bilabialsc. g. Foot -labiodentalsg. h. mouth-bilabialsk. i. thigh-dentalsd. j. Groin -alveolarh. k. pelvis- labiodentalsj. l. toe-alveolar
If Sarah could use a gray plastic shape to convey the meaning of the word red, which property does her "language" seem to have?
arbitrariness
[w] and [j] are called glides or semivowel. These sounds are typically produced with the tongue gliding or moving to or from the position of nearby vowels. These sounds are voiced.
glides
place of articulation: Glottis
glottal
The vocal folds or glottis is completely closed for a while and after that there is a sudden release. We use [ʔ] symbol to represent
glottal stop
"phone"
greek word meaning sound or voice
articulatory phonetics
how we create sound
place of articulation: upper teeth and lower lip
labio-dental
These are voiced sounds. To produce [ɭ] the air stream flows around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge. The [r] sound is formed with the tongue tip raised and curled back near the alveolar ridge.
liquids
Which English words was Viki reported to be able to say?
mama, papa, cup
The type of obstruction we made to the flow of air for producing the speech sounds.
manner of articulation
velum is lowered and the air stream passes through the nasal cavity.
nasals
Does this phase (big black bag)contain a minimal pair, a minimal set, or neither?
one minimal pair (big, bag)
place of articulation: Hard palate and mid of the tongue
palatals
In casual speech what is the most common vowel sound?
schwa