Comm 1200 Public Speaking Midterm

What are the five techniques for informing?

- Definition: you break something down by its parts and explain how they add up to identify the topic. Explain the essence, meaning, purpose, or identity of something. - Explanation: analysis of something for purposes of clarity and specificity by tracing a line of reasoning or a series of causal connections between events. - Description: use words to paint a mental picture for your listeners, so that they can close their eyes and imagine what you are saying - Demonstration: physical modeling and verbal elements, lead audience through the parts or steps of whatever you are demonstrating - Narrative: a story; the story enables you to both share information and capture the audience's attention

How is the Internet best used as a research tool?

-convenient access to info -speed most updated news -immense volume of info at your finger tips

What are the 5 parts of an introduction?

1. Attention-getter 2. Thesis statement 3. Relevance statement 4. Credibility statement 5. Preview of main points

What are the four situational characteristics of a speech situation?

1. Audience size 2. Time 3. Location (forum) 4. Audience mobility

What are the 4 characteristics of public speaking?

1. Between speaker and audience 2. Audience-centered 3. Emphasizes spoken word 4. Prepared

Why should you use supporting materials in your speech - 5 reasons

1. Build audience interest 2. Enhance audience understanding 3. Strengthen audience memory 4. Win audience agreement 5. Evoke audience emotion

What are the steps in selecting your main points?

1. Consider your purpose - make sure each main point relates to your specific purpose 2. Take your audience into account 3. Select an appropriate number of main points

What are the two major approaches to ethics?

1. Ethical absolutism - people exhibit same behavior in all situations 2. Situational ethics - correct behavior varies depending on the situation

What are the six types of supporting materials?

1. Examples 2. Definitions 3. Testimony 4. Statistics 5. Narratives 6. Analogies

How do you select the most credible sources by examining the four characteristics of a source's credibility?

1. Expertise 2. Objectivity 3. Observational capacity - ability to witness situation for themselves 4. Recency

What are the components of nonverbal delivery skills?

1. Eye contact 2. Gestures 3. Physical movement 4. Proxemics 5. Personal appearance

What are the five types of informative speeches?

1. Objects 2. Individuals or groups 3. Events 4. Processes 5. Ideas

How do speakers manage speech anxiety / What are strategies for managing speech apprehension?

1. Prepare early and follow a plan 2. Take care of yourself 3. Visualize succes 4. Use relaxation techniques 5. Volunteer to speak first 6. Never defeat yourself

What are the benefits and drawbacks of the four modes of delivery?

1. Reading from a manuscript 2. Memorizing from a manuscript 3. Speaking from an outline 4. Impromptu speaking

What are the four techniques for developing a set of potential topics and how do they work?

1. Research - Gather general information 2. Brainstorming - List every idea that comes to mind quickly 3. Word association - one idea leads to another 4. Mind mapping - Write down initial word/phrase, surround with additional words/pictures/symbols to create interconnected idea map

What are the five organizational patterns listed in the chapter? When is it most appropriate to use each specific pattern?

1. Spatial - break down into specific topics that relate spatially 2. Chronological (temporal) - good for subject that follows sequence (historical event, process) 3. Causal - cause-effect relationship 4. Comparison - learn new subject by comparing/contrasting with familiar subject 5. Categorical (topical) - diverse set of main points

What are the parts of a conclusion?

1. Transition 2. Summary of main points 3. Memorable clincher

What are the types of organizing words and sentences? When is it appropriate to use each?

1. Transitions - move from one part of speech to next 2. Signposts - word/phrase to indicate speech structure ("first", "additionally", "finally") 3. Internal previews - Preview main points to help audience follow 4. Internal summaries - Quick review of point to help audience remember

What are the two types of outlines?

1. Working outline - full sentences, all of main points/subpoints written out 2. Speaking outline - key words/phrases to use when actually delivering speech

How do demographics influence the way audiences might respond to a message?

Age, gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, religious orientation, socioeconomic background, and political affiliation - can affect audience's beliefs about your topic, willingness to listen to message, and likely responses

What elements should you include in a working outline?

All components of speech - full sentences, transitions, citations, subordination/coordination, indentation, works cited Introduction, body, conclusion

How does critical thinking influence public speaking?

Analysis and evaluation of ideas based on reliability, truth, accuracy - feel confident that your ideas that you present are reasonable

What are the three components of a proper oral citation?

Author name, source, date

How does diversity influence public speaking?

Be sensitive to audience member's cultural background - avoid biased language/ethnic jokes, adapt delivery to acknowledge awareness of different cultural norms regarding communication

What is the primary responsibility of an ethical speaker?

Communicating truthfully

What is the difference between ethical and legal speech?

Ethical speech is morally correct; legal speech is protected by law ("freedom of speech")

Aside from demographics, what are other ways to analyze your audience?

Look for common ground (beliefs, values, experiences), gauging audience's prior exposure to topic, assessing listener's disposition (sympathetic, hostile, neutral)

What elements should you include on a speaking outline?

Main points, subpoints/sub-bubpoints, abbreviations, evidence, difficult words, transitions, delivery notes

What are the main components of the transactional model of communication? How is this model different than the linear model?

Message, feedback, noise; different from linear model because all participants continuously send AND receive messages; not one-way

How do you present your research in your speech?

Oral citation: Author's name, qualifications, source where you found information, date

What is plagiarism? How can you be sure to avoid it?

Presenting another person's words or ideas as if they were your own; avoid it by citing correctly

How do you draft a rhetorical purpose statement, specific purpose statement, and thesis statement?

Rhetorical purpose: To inform, persuade, etc. Specific purpose: Start with rhetorical purpose and add language indicating objective of speech Thesis: Single sentence that captures overall message to convey in speech

How do speakers accomplish each of these purposes of a good introduction?

Story/anecdote, striking statement, humor, rhetorical question, build suspense, quotation

What are the principles for organizing your supporting materials?

Subordination and coordination

What are three techniques one can use to gather information about an audience?

Surveying, interviewing, observing, situational audience analysis

How does ethics infuence public speaking?

Telling the truth, helping audience make well-informed decision about your topic, avoid manipulative reasoning, incorporate research materials properly in your speech

What are the components of vocal delivery skills?

Verbal Delivery Skills: Effective use of your voice when delivering a speech 1. Volume 2. Tone (pitch)-highs and lows in your voice 3. Rate of delivery 4. Projection-"booming" their voices across a forum to reach all audience members 5. Articulation-crispness and clarity of your spoken words 6. Pronunciation-correct way to say words 7. Pausing-leaving gaps between words or sentences in a speech