Comm 1310 Unit 2

what is a persuasive purpose statement?

"I want my audience to BELIEVE..." Create, modify, or change an attitude, belief, and behavior.

What is an informative purpose statement?

"I want my audience to UNDERSTAND..." Teach, analyze, describe, compare/contrast, and/or illustrate a topic.

Conclusion

(Be redundant) 1. transition 2. summarize 3. memorable Summarize the presentation, re-emphasize the central idea and initial preview in a memorable way, motivate the audience to respond, provide closure to presentation.

What are the 5 stages of relational escalation?

1. Pre-interaction awareness 2. initiation 3. exploration 4. intensification 5. intimacy

What is the presentational speaking process? (8)

1. Select and narrow topic. 2. Identify your purpose. 3. Develop central idea & initial preview. 4. Generate main ideas. 5. Gather supporting material. 6. Organize presentation. 7. Rehearse presentation. 8. Deliver presentation.

What are the 6 stages of de-escalation?

1. Turmoil 2. Stagnation 3. De-intensification 4. individualization 5. separation 6. post-interaction

What is specific purpose?

A concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes their presentation.

What is attraction?

A motivational state that causes someone to think, feel, and behave in a positive manner toward another person.

Things to avoid in conclusion (5):

Abrupt endings, rambling, new information, developing conclusion before the body, underdeveloped conclusion.

Individuals who prefer to learn practical and useful information that is relevant to their busy lives are referred to as _______ learners. They seek information that connects with their life experiences, is relevant to their needs, and that they can use immediately.

Adult

Scenario: Maggie hugs her friends often & asks for hugs from them. She has a high need for __________.

Affection

Which one of the following is NOT an underlying principle for the Cooperative Style of Conflict: Separate people from the problem, focus on shared interests, base decisions on objective criterion, agree to accept positive solutions.

Agree to accept positive solutions

What is matching hypothesis?

Although we are attracted to a range of different people, we tend to seek out individuals that represent the same level of physical attractiveness as we do.

Scenario: Terri works for a news magazine and is giving a presentation to a group of graduating college students. A college graduate herself, she is relating her experiences in the workplace and needs to find a way to connect with her audience. Finally, she decides to relate the experience of cramming for final exams to reaching a publishing deadline. Terri is using supporting material that focuses on linking new information to a familiar concept. This type of supporting material is __________.

Analogy

Scenario: Rodney notices that the audience is radically and ethnically diverse. He is careful not to make generalizations that might offend anyone during his speech. What type of speaker is Rodney?

Audience-centered

According to Altman and Taylor's model of self-disclosure, partner's communication at the very intimate level has: (2)

Both breadth & depth

Scenario: As Mark & Gina discussed the family feud over their wedding plans, Mark suggested they elope to Vegas. Gina thought it would be fun to get married before the Justice of the Peace. Then Mark added that getting married on a Caribbean cruise w/close family members might be exciting. The PUGSS stage Mark & Gina were interacting in was _______.

Brainstorming possible solutions

Self-disclosure is characterized by its ______ and its ______.

Breadth, depth

Scenario: Angela must present a speech advocating the name change at Texas State. In making the presentation memorable, she advances her ideas in the introduction, she expands her ideas in the body, and she restates her ideas in the conclusion. In short, she repeats key ideas and major points throughout the speech. What strategy is she using?

Build in redundancy

What is the initial preview?

Builds off central idea & is phrased in the form of an assertion. Indicates your topic is true, interesting, or valuable. Identifies the main points of your presentation.

Scenario: Martha willingly & continuously lets her husband make decisions. The power dynamic in her relationship can best be described as __________.

Complementary

What are the properties of conflict?

Conflict involves power (we try to influence one another) Conflict may involve assertive or aggression communication (It is easier for some than others to not be aggressive)

What are the 7 types of conflict?

Constructive, destructive, psuedoconflict, simple conflict, ego conflict, serial arguments, irresolvable conflict

Scenario: Jennifer and Allison used to spend a lot of time together as roommates. Unfortunately, however, they are getting on each other's nerves and are experiencing more conflicts when they see each other. They both now are beginning to find ways to avoid the other in order to keep peace in the house. Which stage of relational de-escalation are Jennifer & Allison in?

De-intensification

Why self-disclose? (5)

Deeper relationships, allows us to validate our perceptions, clarifies our understandings of ourselves, fulfills the human need to be known intimately and accepted. We want to enhance relational intimacy.

How do I support my central idea?

Define terms and concepts, describe or illustrate ideas, provide explanations, offer statistics and expert opinion.

Each relationship represents a ________.

Degree of social penetration

Scenario: Clint wrote the words "pause" and "louder" in certain points on his note cards. The words he wrote are examples of _________.

Delivery cues

Scenario: You capture the audience's attention, states the topic, motivates the audience to personally listen, & previews the main points of your presentation. What other function of an introduction do you need to include?

Establish credibility

What are relationships of circumstance? (4)

Family, teachers, classmates, co-workers

What are relationships of choice? (3)

Friends, romantic partners, spouses

Identify your purpose:

General purpose & Specific purpose

Introduction

Get the audience's attention, give the audience a reason to listen (relevance), establish your credibility, state your central idea and initial preview.

Why is organization important?

Helps audience members select, attend, understand, and remember your message. Helps speaker know where he/she is going with the message.

How do I narrow a topic & develop a central idea?

Identify a topic that interests you & focus on objects, people, events, or ideas.

Scenario: When Kerri told Lindsey "You know, its in both our best interest for you not to move out of our apartment & break our lease" she was engaging in what stage of PUGSS?

Identify individual & common goals

"Identify GOALS" PUGSS

Identify what both you and the other person want to get accomplished from the discussion. Pay attention to where those goals overlap(what yall have in common)

Scenario: "Melvin is driving on a long trip across the country when he pulls into a gas station. The gas attendant asks, "May I help you?" Melvin then replies "I need $20 worth." According to the text, what form of communication would this be considered?

Impersonal communication

According to the Social Penetration Model as breadth & depth of self-disclosure _____________. Intimacy _________.

Increases, increases

Scenario: Nicholas wants to enhance the audience's knowledge and understanding of baseball. The general purpose of his speech will be to _______.

Inform

What is general purpose? (3)

Inform, persuade, inform

Body

Informative organizational patterns (chronological, topical, spatial) Persuasive organizational patterns (cause/effect, problem/solution, Monroe's motivated sequence.)

Scenario: During an initial conversation, Joel and Linda share basic information about themselves to determine what they have in common. Joel and Linda are in which stage of relational escalation?

Initiation

Scenario: Gary needs to talk to his professor about an assignment but he does not know how to get to her office. When he asks the professor for directions, Gary is engaging in which strategy of uncertainty-reduction?

Interactive

How do I organize my presentation?

Introduction (Tell them what you're going to tell them), Body (Tell them), Conclusion (Tell them what you've told them).

What is a postdissolutional relationship?

It is possible to be friends after the break up & some actually take a break and become romantically involved again years later

What is open? (Johari window)

Known to self & known to others

What is hidden? (Johari window)

Known to self, unknown to others

What are interpersonal relationships?

Make predictions based on information about the other person & use knowledge of the other as a unique person as the basis for the interaction.

What are impersonal relationships?

Makes guesses about the conversation based on norms & respond to their roles rather than who they are

Interpersonal communication helps ________.

Manage the relationship

How do we communicate our attraction? (6)

Matching hypothesis, immediacy behaviors, reducing uncertainty (passive, active, & interactive strategies), ask questions, avoid self-absorption, compliment

How do we communicate our attraction online?

Mediated interpersonal communication

What is appropriateness?

Misjudge intimacy level & varies across cultures

Interpersonal involves ______ _______: our ability to influence our relational partner.

Mutual influence

Scenario: George is approached by his roommate regarding a disagreement. His roommate complains about George's share of the bills that are piling up. Rather than get involved in a potentially hurtful argument, George leaves the room when the dialogue gets heated. George uses what kind of conflict style?

Non-confrontational

What are the types of conflict? (3)

Nonconfrontational style, confrontation style, cooperative style

Scenario: Leah liked to search the internet for information about her speech topic. She always considers the philosophies of the organization responsible for the site. Which criteria for evaluating internet sites is Leah using?

Objectivity

What is the dark side of relationships? (6)

Obsession, misunderstanding, gossip, conflict, codependency, abuse

What are relationships?

Ongoing connections we make with others through interpersonal communication.

Scenario: When Tim walked into his house from a long vacation & saw clothes everywhere & the dishes piled up, he approached his roommate and said "I noticed several articles of clothing on the floor & dishes in the kitchen. It seems that you have either been preoccupied or unaware of the mess in the house. Can you tell me what is going on?" This is an example of what communication behavior?

Perception checking

What is the theory of social penetration?

Predicts that relationships become more intimate as the self-disclosure grows in breadth and depth

Scenario: Mark is preparing a speech tat he will present in his business class. He is unsure as to whether his material is comprehensive and well organized. In preparing an outline, he uses a format tat allows him to examine the speech for completeness, unity, coherence, and overall effectiveness. This outline also serves as his rehearsal outline. This format is _________.

Preparation outline

Scenario: Bradley states his strongest piece of evidence first. He states his weakest piece of evidence last. What method is Bradley using to organize his supporting material?

Primacy

Scenario: The first main points of Elsa's speech states "Cars that have use gasoline pollute the air." Her second main point states "Solar powered cars should be used to prevent pollution." What type of organizational pattern is Elsa using?

Problem/solution

Scenario: Marianna wants to give a speech on how to make chocolate chip cookies from her aunt's recipe. Her informative speech will be about __________.

Procedures

What are the topical organizational patterns? (3)

Recency, primacy, complexity

What are the properties of self-disclosure? (3)

Reciprocity, appropriateness, risk

What is the elevator model?

Relational development proceeds in discernable stages, 5 stages of relational escalation, 6 stages of relational de-escalation

Interpersonal communication involves _____.

Relational quality

What are relational dialects?

Relationships are constantly changing and revolve around how partners handle tensions. Integration-separation (autonomy vs. connection), Stability-change (predictability vs. novelty), expression-privacy (openness vs. closedness)

"Achieve UNDERSTANDING" PUGSS

Seek to have your message understood. Ask the other person if they understand what your concern is. Paraphrase. Notice nonverbal cues that understanding isn't there. Continue using "I" language.

"Select the best SOLUTION" PUGSS

Select the best solution from the brainstormed ideas. This is where both parties have to compromise and mutually agree.

Scenario: You are very interested in a topic and are curious if an audience will be interested in hearing a speech about it. Which step of the presentational speaking process is this?

Selecting and narrowing topic.

What is reciprocity?

Self-disclosure makes us feel vulnerable & sharing gives a person power over you

As intimacy increases as _______ increases

Self-knowledge

Which of the following strategies will enhance the clarity of an informative message? (Use complex ideas, present information too quickly, show how new information relates to old information, present information too slowly)

Show how new information relates to old information

Scenario: To adapt a logically organized message to an audience, a speaker must provide organizational cues for the audience. The speaker can do this by adding previews, verbal and nonverbal transitions, and summaries that allow the audience to follow from one idea to the other throughout the speech. These organizational cues are known as __________.

Signposts

What are the reasons for initiating relationships? (4)

Similarity, physical and sexual attraction, proximity, complementary

Scenario: After gaining the attention of the audience, Tom states " At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to explain the causes and most successful treatments for anorexia and bulimia." This statement is the ____________.

Specific purpose statement

"After listening to my presentation, my audience will UNDERSTAND the life of Lady Gaga. " This statement represents a/an __________.

Specific purpose statement.

Johari Window (four quadrants) reflects 3 elements:

Stages of relational development, degree of self-awareness, others' perceptions.

Ways to gain attention (attention getter):

Telling a story, quoting a famous person or an expert, cite a startling statistic, using a literacy reference, asking the audience a rhetorical question.

What are interpersonal attractions?

The degree to which one desires to form or maintain an interpersonal relationship with another person

What is physical attraction?

The degree to which we find another person's physical self appealing.

What is sexual attraction?

The desire to engage in sexual activity with someone. (feelings that are associated with sexual arousal in the presence of another person)

Scenario: Jill gives a speech on the Fourth of July about America's independence. Jill's speech topic reveals a careful analysis of _________.

The occasion

"Brainstorm SOLUTIONS" PUGSS

Try to find possible solutions to the problem. Discuss many possible solutions so a compromise can be made. Don't evaluate the other person's suggestions to prevent a limit on ideas.

What is blind? (Johari window)

Unknown to self, known to others

What is unknown? (Johari window)

Unknown to self, unknown to others

"Describe the PROBLEM" PUGSS

Use "I" language to address the problem to the other person/people involved. Monitor your nonverbal messages. Avoid personal attacks, name-calling, profanity, and emotional overstatement. Use self-talk to help you remain focused on describing the problem. Manage emotions.

What is signposting?

Verbal or nonverbal organizational signal that helps the audience follow along. (previews, transitions: verbal and nonverbal, summaries)

Self-disclosure occurs when we ________ provide information to others that they would _________ unless we told them.

Voluntary, not learn

What is risk?

We are becoming less private & potential for rejection

What is a persuasive presentation central idea?

What you want your audience to BELIEVE and/or do. The overarching idea that drives your presentation. Definitive point on your topic.

What is a informative presentation central idea?

What you want your audience to UNDERSTAND and remember. The overarching idea that drives your presentation. Definitive point about your topic.

What is audience-centered presentational speaking?

When a speaker adapts to the audience at every stage of the presentational speaking process.

What is interpersonal communication?

When two people simultaneously attempt to mutually influence each other, usually for the purpose of managing relationships

What is mediated interpersonal communication?

communication that occurs when 2 people attempt to mutually influence each other through the use of mediated channels, usually for the purpose of managing relationships.

What is PUGSS?

describe the PROBLEM, achieve UNDERSTANDING, identify GOALS, brainstorm SOLUTIONS, select the best SOLUTION