COMM 2400 Midterm Review

What are the 6 face-threatening speech acts?

1) Advising 2) Reproaching 3) Accounts 4) Disclaiming 5) Commenting 6) Gossiping

What are some Pros of using the rhetorical approach?

1) Can be thoughtful and reflective about how to act in a certain situation. 2) Draws attention to the discursive practices people choose to realize that self is one kind of person rather than another. 3) Makes salient the uniqueness of individuals and the ways in which each person is a master of his or her destiny.

What is the difference between content and interactional meaning?

1) Content Meaning: The bare semantic meaning. 2) Interactional meaning: The meaning of a situation for the participants in it.

What are some Cons of using the cultural approach to communication?

1) Cultural generalizations can be used inappropriately. 2) Downplays the differences between individuals or groups in culture. 3) Assumes all choices are made within the confines of a cultural framework. (Individuals don't make their own decisions).

What are the two types of meaning associated with person referencing?

1) Degree of closeness or distance 2) Whether parties are equal or not

What are the 5 types of speech acts?

1) Directives: The attempt to get another person to do something - Example: Hey Dani, if you give me the Glock Glock 9000 and allow me to finish in your mouth, I'll get you that Prada bag you've been wanting? 2) Representatives: To report a state of affairs in the world. - Example: "You need someone to provide for you while I need someone to pleasure me. It's just the way the world works." 3) Commissives: To commit a speaker to a future course of action. - Example: "Jaren, I'll pick you up on my way home" (p.79) 4) Expressives: To display or reveal a speaker's feelings. - Example: Josie Wiliams: I am so ****ing pissed that you dumped me for that ***** Katie, because she let you finish on her titties. Kenan: umm...... I think you are talking to the wrong person. Sorry that your boyfriend chose the respectable option. 5) Declaratives: To transform people and situations from one type to another. Example: "I now pronounce you husband and wife" (p.79).

What are the 7 types of Speech Acts?

1) Giving information: - Example: Hello, my name is Josie. I was born on September 11, 2004 in Baltimore, Maryland. I am in the Alpha Chi Omega sorority. 2) Making an offer: - Example: I will give you 5 dollars for that special edition pen. 3) Compliment: - Example: Great job Gracie on for being the best dancer at the AXO mixer last Friday night. 4) Criticizing: Example: Gracie are you a doctor yet? You've been in school for the past ten years, you should be one by now. 5) Requesting a favor: - Example: Hey James, do you think you can help me ask out Bella from my Marketing class, she has such a nice ass. 6) Ordering another to do something: - Example: Pledge get into Bows and Toes. 7) Apologizing: - Example: Gracie, I am so sorry for cheating on you with Bella, I just couldn't pass up on the Gluck Gluck 9000.

What is the difference between locally managed and pre-allocated?

1) Locally managed: - There are no pre-specified rules in ordinary conversation. 2) Pre-allocated: - A person's right to talk is highly restricted. Ex. courtrooms

What are the 4 types of identities?

1) Personal Identities 2) Relational Identities 3) Interactional Identities 4) Master Identities

What are the 5 types of person referencing practices?

1) Proper names - Ex: First and last names 2) Kinship terms - Ex: Different names given to mothers, grandmas, grandpas, father, etc. 3) Titles - Ex: Mister, Sir, Miss, Misses, 4) Nicknames and Endearments - Ex: honey, sweetie, cookie, etc. 5) Second Person Pronoun - Ex: in english, "you" is the only option. However, In other languages, the difference in pronouns is whether or not it is proper or improper.

What are Grice's Conversational Maxims?

1) Quantity Maxim: Saying just the right amount. - Example: Amygdala is the memories of fear. 2) Quality Maxim: Saying what you believe to be true. - Example: Donald Trump is the 44th president. 3) Relational Maxim: Making certain comments relevant. - Example: Vincent is a professor for the communication department for CU Boulder. 4) Manner Maxim: Being orderly and avoiding ambiguous, obscure phases. - Example: No offense, but I don't like that color on the wall.

What is a Turn constructional unit?

A Turn Constructional Unit is caused by our knowledge of the world. It means to have a sense of when single words and phrases will be followed with complete responses. - For example hand gestures are used as a response to someone trying to tell you something using non-verbal cues.

What is Dialect?

A particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. - Accent: How you say certain words based on the culture you grew up in. - Slang: Words you use based on the culture you grew up in.

The Official English movement

A social/political movement to pass legislation that establishes English as the official language of the US beginning in early 1980s, still exists today

During everyday talk, labels are placed on people especially in relation to race. Give an example of how a person's ethnicity is used during linked referencing?

An example of this can be seen when a citizen calls the police and to report a problem involving a person and the police's first question to the citizen is to describe the person's race. - When the police officer asks the citizen what race was the attacker this is an example of labeling or ethnic referencing because the officer is asking to describe the person's race: 'Was she black, white, or Hispanic'" (P. 67).

When someone puts on a ______________ it means that he/she has the desire to be treated with respect and not be imposed on by others.

Autonomy Face

A person's typical style of speaking, such as how a person breathes or whether someone uses an accent is known as __________________.

Baseline Talk

Face threatening speech-acts: Complimenting

Can be positive or not depending on the speech community; can be difficult to respond to; not always assumed to be sincere

Face threating speech-acts: Gossiping

Can be regarded as innocuous, pleasant and minimally harmful, but also carries a moral sting; about absent parties who are not intimately linked to the speaker; presupposes relationships of rough equality and further cements them as such.

Ethnic and race-linked references

Carry social meaning; terms of address connected to interaction, nicknames can establish closeness

Searle's speech act functions: Commissives

Commit a speaker to future course of action without regard to another

When someone puts on a ______________ it means that he/she has the desire to be seen as proficient or accomplished.

Competence Face

Content meaning

Content of an utterance is the conventional meaning of the words or phrases that were said. This is the literal or dictionary- level meaning that exists apart from any particularly context.

When you speaking with pauses between your words you are performing ___________________.

Controlled Enunciation

What is Grice's Cooperative Principle?

Conversation's main purpose is to exchange information effectively.

Face threatening speech-acts: Accounts and accounting

Designed to mend social trouble, and accounting links to the speech act of accounts by references the broader activity of describing and explaining, can be excuses or justifications, attempting to be seen as reasonable

What are discourse practices and what are the 4 examples?

Discourse Practices are talk activities that people do. The 4 Discourse practices are: 1) Style: - a type of talk feature that signals a specific kind of identity. 2) Stance: - An Attitude toward a topic or conversational partner conveyed through linguistic, vocal, and gestual means. 3) Narrative: - structure, content and style of stories 4) Genre: - Discourse activities that involve an order set of speech acts and distinctive vocabularies.

Discourse analysis

Dissecting units of talk and their structures to make an interpretive claim about interaction; studying human symbolic expressions and meaning-making.

Category approach to identity

Equates identity with group-level categories (ethnicity, nationality, etc.); treats identity as stable aspects of persons

_______________ is the positive image of self that is desired in particular situations with other people.

Face

Face threatening speech-acts: Reproaching

Family of speech acts in which one person raises questions about the goodness or reasonableness of another person's actions, altercates the conversations of others, and possessing a problematic personal identity.

_________________ are the understood labels we give to speech occasions, inferred from physical situations, and change through the way people talk.

Frames

Face threatening speech-acts: Advising

Giving advice involves presenting info to another for the purpose of helping him or her, but can be perceived as critical, issue of being supportive or honest

What is 'face work'? (Goffman)

How everyday talk practices support, challenge , or maintain one's or another 's face.

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

How we talk affects how we think (linguistic theory of relativity); language use shapes and is shaped by belief systems; changing social meanings in the world requires us changing the way we talk.

_____________ is when you describe someone's characteristics on how people present themselves.

Identity

Social constructionist approach to identity

Identity is fluid and changing; you can have more than one identity at a time; who people are is created through the actions they choose and how to express themselves; people can change identities based on the moment of the situation

What is the relationship between talk and identity?

Identity: Identity includes the most personal aspects of people, what in ordinary life we refer to as a person's character (honest, considerate, sleazy), personality (overbearing, quiet and thoughtful), or attitudes (for the Tea Party, against fracking, a passionate Buffs basketball fan). Talk: Talk refers to the ordinary kinds of communication people perform in schools, workplaces, shops, public meetings, and when they're home or with friends. The relationship is that talk does identity work, and identities shape talk

How do different cultures interpret silence differently when people are talking?

In some cultures people embrace silence, while Americans try to reduce silence using filler words such as like/um.

__________________ are beliefs about relationships and how people should relate to each other.

Interpersonal ideologies

What does it mean for someone to have a perceived Social construction?

It means that the person's beliefs are filtered through their perspective (culture, language, ethnicity).

Why might transcribing sight and sound of talk be important for communication researchers?

It's important because it picks up context clues and helps better understand a given situation. It can also convey emotion. - For example, a sigh at the end of a conversation may be seen that the listener is bored by the speaker. Whereas, a laugh at the end of a conversation by the listener may infer that the listener thinks that the speaker is funny.

What is emotional labor?

Jobs in which workers are expected to display certain feelings in order to satisfy organizational role expectations. - Example, being overtly smiley when working in the happiest place on Earth, Disney World.

Cultural generalizations

Link categories of people to specific discursive actions; not the same as stereotyping, but can feed stereotypes; the cultural perspective is different than making inappropriate generalizations

Conversational Talk

Locally managed: who can talk, when, and about what is negotiated within the moment; in small groups, usually only one person speaks at a time and speaker changes recur

What are Master identities?

Master Identities refer to the status that has exceptional importance for a person's social identity. - This type of identity often shapes a person's entire life." Examples include age, gender, ethnicity, age, and nationality.

Conversational implicatures

Meanings that differ from what a person said explicitly.

What is a membership categorization device?

Membership Categorization Devices (MCD) are collections of categories referring to people and how to apply them. For example, the word baby can be categorized into emotional connection, stage of life, or even family.

When two people talk at the same time this is considered __________________.

Overlapping

Adjacency pairs

Pairs of acts are usually found together; Some pairs are similar acts, like greetings or goodbyes, or different acts such as invitations or offers followed by acceptances or refusals, or questions followed by answers

What are paralinguistic markers?

Paralinguistic markers are non-verbal qualities of talk. - Pronunciation - Intonation

How does Identity shape talk?

People are embedded in various communities (nationality, ethnicity, age, etc.). This results in their language and using expressive distinct styles.

How do person references connect to identity?

Person Referencing connects to identity in that names help how we address people (personal address) and people identify a person by who they associate themselves with.

What are Personal identities?

Personal identities refer to features of self, personality characteristics, or a person's moral character. Examples include being Tolerant or bigoted, serious or fun-loving, friendly or aloof, abrasive or tactful, timid or aggressive, honest or deceitful, competent and deserving of respect or not.

What are contextualization cues?

Portrays the relationships among utterance content, context, and meaning.

what is the difference between positive and negative face?

Positive Face focuses on being liked by other people and putting on a pleasing face to accomplish that result. Negative Face is when you put on a face to try and avoid imposition or seek respect.

Institutional Talk

Pre-allocated: Courtroom, press, conference, debates

Searle's speech act functions: Expressives

Primary function is to display/reveal a speaker's feelings

Gender-linked references

Proper use of pronouns; Ms., Mrs., Miss, refer to a woman's status in relation to man; social capital: status, access to privileges; gender normativity in relation to men

Inductive analysis

Reasoning that uses specific instances or examples to make a claim about a general conclusion (deductive is opposite).

Identity-work

Refers to the process through which talk makes available to participants and observers who the people doing the talking must be

What are response cries?

Response cries are expressions or emissions of some emotion or feeling. - Verbal or non-verbal - Happens spontaneously

Why is the sight and sound of talk important for understanding how everyday talk works?

Sight and Sound is important for understanding how everyday talk works because: - It can change the mood of the conversation. - Non-verbals can show what the person isn't saying (shows how they really feel). - Compliment vs insult (focuses on non-verbals/ tone of voice). - Paralinguistic devices convey emotion.

When someone puts on a ______________ it means that he/she has the desire to be liked or appreciated.

Solidarity Face

What are some cons of using the rhetorical approach?

Some negatives that may result from using the rhetorical approach include: 1) Skewing analysis toward intentions, which can never be known. 2) Doesn't recognize that choice is given meaning within a cultural frame. 3) May hide systematic inequalities 4) Does not consider others or occasions before decision making. 5) Fails to recognize that choice is given meaning within a cultural frame.

What is face threat?

Something that challenges one's or another's face.

What are Interactional identities?

Specific roles people take on in context in regard to specific people and situations. For instance, someone may be a friend in one context, an employee of Pizza-Plus in another, a college student, a hospital volunteer, a son, or a husband in yet others.

____________________ are ways of talking within a community.

Speech Codes

What are speech acts?

Speech acts are the social meaning of a short segment of talk. - The number of speech acts is infinite - Meaning is open to interpretation and can be contested.

_________________ are groups that share ways of speaking and interpreting communication.

Speech communities

What is the difference between Tacit and Explicit Knowledge?

Tacit knowledge is the knowledge we routinely use to make sense of other people's actions and to inform our own communicative choices. - It's the knowledge that we assume and may be difficult to articulate. Explicit Knowledge is the knowledge we use when we have difficulties with someone and we are able to analyze what explicitly went wrong while being able to analyze the character of an interactional difficulty. - This knowledge can be articulated.

What are Discursive practices?

Talk activities people do

Uptalk

Talking in questions

What are the 2 rules for turn taking?

The 2 Rules for turn-taking are: - Only one person speaks at a time - Speaker changes recur during a conversation.

What are the 8 elements of a cultural scene?

The 8 Elements of a cultural scene are: S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G 1) Scene - The Time and Place (Environmental Context) - When did it happen? - Where did it happen? 2) Participants - The people in the situation - Who was in the situation? - Friends? - Family? - What was their position? 3) Ends - The purpose, goals, and outcomes. - What was the end goal of the interaction? 4) Act Sequence - Structure of what happened in what order. - What are the speakers doing? 5) Key - Tone (in which they speak). - How are they speaking? Formally? Polite? Aggressive? 6) Instrumentalities - Particular ways of speaking 7) Norms - The social rules governing the event and what we do. 8) Genre The kind of event or label for what's going on. Can also be called frame

What is the cultural approach?

The Cultural Approach describes how people's preexisting identities constrain how they communicate with other people. - Also, the choices we make in conversation are based on what is viewed as appropriate or inappropriate by the given organization's culture.

What is the membership categorization analysis?

The Membership Categorization Analysis looks at how social categories and activities are used in an everyday context.

What is the rhetorical approach?

The Rhetorical Approach assumes that people talk in particular ways to accomplish a desired identity.

Link 2 between questioning sequences and identities

The content and design of questioning sequences display and asker's stance toward the issue or recipient

Transition relevance place (TRP)

The exact places in a stream of talk at which it would be appropriate for speaker change to occur

Interactional meaning

The interactional meaning of an utterance is its meaning for the participants in the situation in which the utterance (or a sequence of utterances) occurred. Arises from and depends on the context and may be given or given off.

Altercasting

The work a person's talk does to maintain, support, or challenge the conversational partners identities

How do 'stable features of voice' such as uptalk, breathiness, accents, and vocal fry relate to identities?

They can give you clues as to the gender, ethnicity, and age of the person by what words they choose to use with you, their accent, and how they say things.

How does Talk influence identity work?

Through a person's choices about how to talk, identity-work is accomplished. People's ways of talking construct pictures of who people must be.

Tracy & Robles Ch. 6: Interaction Structure

Tracy & Robles Ch. 6: Interaction Structure

Tracy & Robles Chapter 1: Talk & Identity

Tracy & Robles Chapter 1: Talk & Identity

Tracy & Robles Chapter 2: Two Perspectives

Tracy & Robles Chapter 2: Two Perspectives

Tracy & Robles Chapter 3: Person-referencing Practices

Tracy & Robles Chapter 3: Person-referencing Practices

Tracy & Robles Chapter 4: Speech Acts

Tracy & Robles Chapter 4: Speech Acts

Tracy & Robles, Ch. 5: the sound (and sight) of Talk

Tracy & Robles, Ch. 5: the sound (and sight) of Talk

Searle's speech act functions: Declaratives

Transform people and situations from one type to another

_____________________ is the exact place in talk when it would be appropriate for a speaker change to occur.

Transition Relevance Place

___________________ is a type of organization in conversation and discourse where participants speak one at a time in alternating turns.

Turn Taking

What are Relational identities?

Type of personal identities held because of relationships with other people (dad, mom, sister, brother, aunt, etc.)

Utterance

Unit of talk

Searle's speech act functions: Directives

Utterances that attempt to get another person to do something

Searle's speech act functions: Representatives

Utterances that report a state of affairs in the world

Face threatening speech-acts: Disclaiming

Verbal devices to deflect others from assigning negative or inappropriate personal identities to self, usually come before a problematic utterance, make visible that speaker regards something as potentially problematic

What are the Pros of using a cultural approach to communication?

When you use the cultural approach you take into consideration the shared norms and values or another and influences your interpretation of different styles.

Pre-sequences

an adjacency pair, usually in question-answer format, whose purpose is to determine whether the conditions are reasonable for the focal first pair part

Turn constructional unit (TCU)

an utterance

Paralinguistic cues

audible sounds and vocal quality of speech; functions to indicate feelings in the moments; tone and pacing reflect emotions; also reflects the emotional labor of the situation

Discourse markers

cue the particular activity in which they are engaged or their relationship to others, main purpose is to structure interaction

Language revitalization

efforts, sometimes at the community level and sometimes aided by governments and education systems, to save a local language that is threatened or dying out

Accent

everyone's distinct way of pronouncing words

Language death

happens when fewer and fewer people can fluently speak a language (language endangerment) and eventually the language dies out

Insertion sequences

involve an inserted adjacency pair to determine whether some condition applies that would make the conversationally preferred option possible

Interruptions

noted on transcriptions as overlapping talk, can be potentially face-threatening, not always negative (can signal power or influence)

Speaking Framework

organizes contextual observations made when observing a speech community (Dell Hymes)

Continuers

overlaps that occur in the middle of turns when the listening party is interjecting small tokens of attention that encourage a speaker continuing

Slang

particular terms or ways of speaking that are shared by social groups

Conversational floor

place and space for talk

Link 1 between questioning sequences and identities

sequences make visible whether parties are in an institutional encounter or doing ordinary conversation

Code switching

switching from one language to another

Language ideologies

the ideas people have about why a certain language should be spoken or what it means to speak it

Jargon

the specialized vocabulary that go with occupations, sports, or hobbies

Choral talk

when several people murmur congratulations, say goodbye, or laugh at the same time

Turn-taking

who can talk, when, and about what is negotiated within the moment