COMM 4020 FINAL
16. _________ uncertainty deals with the ambiguity associated with beliefs and attitudes that we and others hold. A. Cognitive B. Behavioral C. Initial D. Value
A. Cognitive*
18. Which of the following statements accurately captures the main criticism of CPM? A. Critics question its logical consistency because it claims to be a dialectical theory but appears to take a dualistic approach. B. Critics question its heurism because of the lack of research that has been undertaken using CPM. C. Critics question its utility because it does not appear to explain the phenomenon under consideration very well. D. Critics question its parsimony because it seems unnecessarily complex in nature given the simple processes it attempts to explain.
A. Critics question its logical consistency because it claims to be a dialectical theory but appears to take a dualistic approach.*
10. _________ face-threatening acts (FTAs) pose the most threat, while _________ FTAs pose the least threat. A. Direct; indirect B. Indirect; direct C. Positive; negative D. Negative; positive
A. Direct; indirect*
14. The fact that group members must continue to understand the many alternatives available to them and be able to distinguish among them, as well as not only understand the task at hand but also the people who provide input on that task, illustrates which assumption of Groupthink? A. Groups and group decision-making are frequently complex. B. Conditions in groups promote high levels of knowledge. C. Group problem-solving is primarily a unified process. D. Factors such as the age and cultural background of members have relatively little impact on the decision-making process.
A. Groups and group decision-making are frequently complex.*
3. All of the following are assumptions about uncertainty reduction identified by the authors EXCEPT A. It is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a law like fashion. B. Uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress. C. People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings. D. When strangers meet, they want to reduce their uncertainty and increase their predictability.
A. It is unreasonable to attempt to predict people's behavior in a law like fashion.*
5. All of the following statements about self-disclosure are true EXCEPT A. Self-disclosure is not necessary to move nonintimate relationships toward intimacy. B. Self-disclosure can be strategic, which means that disclosures are planned. C. Self-disclosure can be nonstrategic, which means that disclosures are spontaneous. D. Self-disclosure sometimes occurs with strangers in public places.
A. Self-disclosure is not necessary to move nonintimate relationships toward intimacy.*
8. Which of the assumptions of Face-Negotiation Theory proposes that we hold a number of self-images about ourselves and that these identities are negotiated in interactions that link self to society? A. Self-identity is important in interpersonal interactions, with individuals negotiating their identities differently across cultures. B. The management of conflict is mediated by self and culture. C. Certain acts threaten one's projected self-image. D. Cultural variability can be used to explain cultural differences in behavior.
A. Self-identity is important in interpersonal interactions, with individuals negotiating their identities differently across cultures.*
11. The consequences that result from deviations from expected behaviors are known as A. arousal B. threat threshold C. violation valence D. expectancies
A. arousal*
15. CPM relies on the boundary metaphor to make the point that there is a line between being public and being private. When private information is shared, the boundary around it is called a A. collective boundary B. personal boundary C. private boundary D. disclosure boundary
A. collective boundary*
14. When we are not clear in our ability to evaluate a violation positively or negatively, we use _________ as a measure for the intensity of the violation. A. communicator reward valence B. prior experience C. threat threshold D. arousal
A. communicator reward valence*
8. When you think about your own satisfaction with your current relationship in terms of how much happier you think you could be if you were dating your previous relational partner, you are considering your A. comparison level for alternatives B. comparison level C. potential outcomes D. personal assessments
A. comparison level for alternatives*
10. Ashley meets Lisa on an online dating site, and is considering meeting her in person. When she Googles Lisa to find out if what Lisa has disclosed about herself matches information on the online public record, she is reducing uncertainty by using what kind of strategy? A. extractive B. interactive C. active D. passive
A. extractive*
2. Janis's research on group dynamics, which led to the development of Groupthink Theory, resulted primarily from his investigation and analyses of A. foreign policy decisions B. corporate takeovers C. assessments of student work groups in classrooms D. hospital administrative meetings
A. foreign policy decisions*
15. Your inability to enjoy ballroom dancing with your relational partner because you don't know how to dance, something s/he considers a cost in the relationship, is part of your relationship's _____ matrix. A. given B. chosen C. effective D. dispositional
A. given*
19. As a member of a task team at work, Faith really feels her group has been on a roll. The group's final report has been welcomed enthusiastically by supervisors, they were all given a small bonus for their efforts, and the group members feel a renewed sense of commitment to their company. If the group was assigned a new task, they may be prone to which principle of groupthink? A. illusion of invulnerability B. lack of impartial leadership C. self-censorship D. collective rationalization
A. illusion of invulnerability*
7. One of the axioms of uncertainty reduction states that as nonverbal affiliative expressiveness _________, uncertainty levels will _________. A. increases/decrease B. decreases/increase C. increases/increase D. decreases/decrease
A. increases/decrease*
18. A culture that values personal achievement, one's own preferences, and initiative could be described as A. individualistic B. collectivistic C. achievement-oriented D. egocentric
A. individualistic*
16. Cognitive Dissonance Theory is rooted in the _________ context of communication. A. intrapersonal B. interpersonal C. small group D. intercultural
A. intrapersonal*
15. Expectancy Violations Theory is grounded primarily in the _________ and _________ contexts of communication. A. intrapersonal/interpersonal B. organizational/intrapersonal C. interpersonal/public D. intercultural/small group
A. intrapersonal/interpersonal*
6. All of the following are antecedent conditions to groupthink EXCEPT A. members' ability to step into the role of group leader at a given time B. stressful internal and external characteristics of the situation C. high cohesiveness among group members D. lack of decision-making procedures established within the group
A. members' ability to step into the role of group leader at a given time*
2. The "stranger on the train" phenomenon is an example of A. nonstrategic disclosure B. social penetration C. strategic disclosure D. affective exchange
A. nonstrategic disclosure*
18. When Althea sees that Leslie has tweeted a picture of herself with a surfboard, she assumes that Leslie goes surfing regularly. In reality, Leslie liked the design of the surfboard and posed with it, but has never actually been surfing. Althea is engaging in: A. overattribution. B. synchronous communication. C. impression management. D. creating the "ought" self.
A. overattribution.*
11. Which approach to knowing characterizes the research conducted using Social Exchange Theory (SET)? A. positivistic/empirical B. interpretive C. critical D. phenomenological
A. positivistic/empirical*
14. Uncertainty Reduction Theory has been investigated using primarily which approach to knowing? A. positivistic/empirical B. critical C. interpretive D. axiological
A. positivistic/empirical*
17. Which approach to knowing characterizes the research undertaken with Social Information Processing Theory? A. positivistic/empirical B. interpretive/hermeneutic C. critical D. phenomenological
A. positivistic/empirical*
10. The act of not voicing one's own opposing views and of utilizing in-group rhetoric to bolster the decision of the group is known as A. self-censorship B. collective rationalization C. promoting out-group stereotypes D. developing an illusion of invulnerability
A. self-censorship*
9. The communication tradition to which CPM is related is A. socio-cultural B. socio-phenomenological C. socio-psychological D. socio-semiotic
A. socio-cultural*
17. With which communication tradition is FNT most closely associated? A. socio-psychological B. phenomenological C. socio-cultural D. semiotic
A. socio-psychological*
15. Which type of facework employs communication that allows one the freedom to behave without imposing any type of restrictions? Receivers have free choice to make a decision for their own behaviors. A. tact B. solidarity C. approbation D. politeness
A. tact*
4. Joseph believes that parenthood is a spiritually growth-providing experience. According to Cognitive Dissonance Theory, he would most likely be persuaded to become a parent if Glenda told him that parenthood A. was the most significant experience she had ever had B. was overrated and a burden C. had deprived her of her ability to talk to adults D. had caused her to save money because she no longer had time to go out
A. was the most significant experience she had ever had*
11. Which of the following statements about rewards and costs in relationships is most accurate? A. Costs stimulate positive feelings. B. A reward/cost ratio is often calculated to determine the balance between positive and negative relationship experiences. C. If a relationship produces more costs than rewards, it is likely to continue. D. Rewards and costs have a greater impact later on in the relationship compared to earlier.
B. A reward/cost ratio is often calculated to determine the balance between positive and negative relationship experiences.*
19. Which of the following accurately summarizes an actual critique of CDT? A. While the theory provides a high rate of prediction for dissonance-related outcomes, the theory does not accurately capture the actual process one likely goes through when determining the outcome. B. Because CDT asserts that dissonance motivates people to act, when people do not act, one could simply argue that the dissonance was not strong enough, rather than questioning the theory's accuracy. C. CDT has focused too much on the role of one's group membership in determining how and when a person is likely to feel dissonance and be motivated to act in order to reduce that dissonance. D. All of these
B. Because CDT asserts that dissonance motivates people to act, when people do not act, one could simply argue that the dissonance was not strong enough, rather than questioning the theory's accuracy.*
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the features of boundaries as discussed by Petronio? A. Boundaries can be personal. B. Boundaries are normally set by those in power. C. Boundaries can be rigid. D. Boundaries can change across the life span.
B. Boundaries are normally set by those in power.*
3. Which of the following is an assumption of Social Information Processing Theory? A. The online medium is too narrow to allow for relationship development. B. Computer-mediated communication provides unique opportunities to connect with people. C. Relationships are stable and unchanging. D. People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings and it generates cognitive stress.
B. Computer-mediated communication provides unique opportunities to connect with people.*
7. All of the following are assumptions of Expectancy Violations Theory identified by the authors EXCEPT A. Expectancies for human behavior are learned. B. Expectancies for human behavior are frequently incorrect. C. Expectancies drive human interaction. D. People make predictions about nonverbal behavior.
B. Expectancies for human behavior are frequently incorrect.*
1. Which of the following theories influenced the development of Social Information Processing Theory? A. Media Ecology Theory B. Media Richness Theory C. Uncertainty Reducation Theory D. Expectancy Violations Theory
B. Media Richness Theory*
11. Which of the following statements accurately expresses the relationship between people and rules? A. People have little respect for rules in close relationships. B. People learn rules by negotiation. C. People's rules reflect their personal values. D. Rules are critical in determining relationship satisfaction.
B. People learn rules by negotiation.*
4. Which of the following accurately states the two assumptions related to the nature of relationships? A. Relational life is a process. Relationships are rational. B. Relationships are interdependent. Relational life is a process. C. Relationships are rational. Relationships emphasize rewards and minimize costs. D. Relationships emphasize rewards and minimize costs. Relationships are interdependent.
B. Relationships are interdependent. Relational life is a process.*
17. _____ are violations of relational rules, practices, and expectations. A. Depenetrations B. Transgressions C. Reciprocities D. Social exchanges
B. Transgressions*
11. Jake is attracted to Felicia, but he's not sure about her current relationship status. He decides to ask one of her field hockey teammates if Felicia is currently seeing anyone. Which type of tactic has Jake employed to reduce his uncertainty about Felicia? A. passive B. active C. interactive D. co-active
B. active*
6. Caughlin and Afifi's (2004) research speaks to the issue of ownership. In their research on relationships between college students and their parents, as well as research on boyfriend/girlfriend relationships, they found that A. relational partners are unwilling to take responsibility for their decisions B. avoiding disclosures can sometimes be helpful to relationships C. it is never a good idea to restrict open communication D. relational partners usually reveal more information than they should
B. avoiding disclosures can sometimes be helpful to relationships*
12. All of the following are suggestions related to engaging in vigilant decision making EXCEPT A. looking at the range of objectives group members wish to achieve B. avoiding previously rejected action plans when choosing a plan C. developing and reviewing action plans and alternatives D. having a contingency plan for failed suggestions
B. avoiding previously rejected action plans when choosing a plan*
5. Uncertainty Reduction Theory poses ________, or truisms drawn from past research and common sense, to explain the process of reducing uncertainty in initial interactions. A. personal space expectancies B. axioms C. research questions D. disclosure violations
B. axioms*
8. Sharma is close to her gynecologist, frequently telling her physician some personal information. The bond formed between Sharma and her physician represents which concept of Communication Privacy Management Theory? A. boundary coordination B. boundary linkage C. integrative bonding D. collegial bonding
B. boundary linkage*
7. Petronio believes that the basic thesis of Communication Privacy Management Theory is "grounded in the unity of ________" A. social exchange principles B. communication systems C. communication symbols D. dialectics
B. communication systems*
7. The term used to refer to the degree of intimacy of the topics discussed in a relationship is A. quantity B. depth C. quality D. breadth
B. depth*
18. Erick and Ellen are in a long term romantic relationship. As partners in a stable long term relationship, they have much lower levels of uncertainty than those in newer relationships. They often find themselves feeling as if this lack of uncertainty has led to a degree of stagnation. While they enjoy the stability that certainty brings to a relationship, they sometimes wish there was more uncertainty to keep things fresh. What phenomenon are Erick and Ellen experiencing? A. relational uncertainty B. dialectical tension C. uncertainty acceptance D. uncertainty avoidance
B. dialectical tension*
16. An exchange where two people reciprocate costs and rewards is called a(n) A. generalized exchange B. direct exchange C. productive exchange D. economic exchange
B. direct exchange*
1. All of the following are recommendations provided by Hart for reducing groupthink EXCEPT A. balance consensus and majority rule B. discourage whistle-blowing C. require oversight and control of groups D. allow for objections by group members
B. discourage whistle-blowing*
15. During which stage of the relationship do the individuals' personalities begin to emerge? A. orientation B. exploratory affective exchange C. affective exchange D. stable exchange
B. exploratory affective exchange*
9. Lilly knows that Shari did not do well on the exam she got back in class today, so Lilly avoids bringing it up at dinner. This effort to prevent the occurrence of events that may elicit vulnerability or damage one's self-esteem is called A. face need B. face saving C. face restoration D. face concern
B. face saving*
2. Social Information Processing Theory has been critiqued in all of the following areas EXCEPT: A. utility B. heurism C. scope D. testability
B. heurism*
2. URT predicts that high levels of uncertainty produce A. high levels of similarity B. high levels of reciprocity C. high levels of liking D. high levels of affiliative expressiveness
B. high levels of reciprocity*
8. Olivia sees herself primarily as an excellent nanny. When the children she cares for refuse to be left in her care, the magnitude of her dissonance is likely to be A. low B. high C. first low and then high D. first high and then low
B. high*
7. All of the following statements about the relationship between CL, CLalt, and outcomes are true EXCEPT A. if the outcome is greater than the CL, which is greater than the CLalt, the relationship will be viewed as being satisfying and stable B. if the outcome is greater than the CLalt, which is greater than the CL, the relationship will be viewed as being unsatisfying and stable C. if the CL is greater than the CLalt, which is greater than the outcome, the relationship will be viewed as being unsatisfying and unstable D. if the CL is greater than the outcome, which is greater than the CLalt, the relationship will be viewed as being unsatisfying and stable
B. if the outcome is greater than the CLalt, which is greater than the CL, the relationship will be viewed as being unsatisfying and stable*
17. Which approach to knowing characterizes the research undertaken with CPM? A. positivistic/empirical B. interpretive/hermeneutic C. critical D. phenomenological
B. interpretive/hermeneutic*
2. Originally, Petronio referred to her theory as a _________ because its boundaries were confined to privacy within a marital relationship. A. macrotheory B. microtheory C. macrocosm D. microcosm
B. microtheory*
11. The $1/$20 study concluded that A. buyers are less remorseful about a purchasing decision when they pay less for a product B. minimal justification causes more cognitive dissonance than a more substantial justification C. selective retention is the most important step to take when attempting to reduce dissonance D. irrelevant relationships can cause dissonance
B. minimal justification causes more cognitive dissonance than a more substantial justification*
13. In a 2009 study that included mock-up Facebook posting, researchers found that self-proclaimed physical attractiveness was found to be ________ believable when others confirmed the claim. A. less B. more C. equally D. empirically
B. more*
8. As relationships move toward intimacy, there is _________ breadth in disclosure and _________ depth in disclosure. A. more; less B. more; more C. less; more D. less; less
B. more; more*
1. Relationships in which costs exceed rewards are perceived as having A. positive worth B. negative worth C. supportive outcomes D. instability
B. negative worth*
10. Holly finds herself moving back when communicating with her friend Lui, who is from Saudi Arabia, because he seems to insist on standing within 18 inches of her when talking. Which type of arousal is Holly experiencing? A. cognitive B. physical C. behavioral D. spatial
B. physical*
8. Acts by high-reward sources are typically assigned _________ meanings; the same act performed by a low-reward source may be assigned a _________ meaning. A. positive/positive B. positive/negative C. negative/positive D. negative/negative
B. positive/negative*
7. Which approach to knowing characterizes the research undertaken using FNT? A. phenomenological B. positivistic/empirical C. critical D. interpretive/hermeneutic
B. positivistic/empirical*
13. Expectancy Violations Theory has been criticized due to its A. lack of attention to age differences in expectancies B. reliance on self-report measures for arousal C. homogeneity of expectancies D. inconsistencies in expectancies
B. reliance on self-report measures for arousal*
12. The testability of Social Information Processing Theory has been criticized because: A. warranting research has only examined undesirable social traits. B. researchers have not tested whether there is a particular receiver behavior that leads to greater online intimacy. C. the issue of space has never been addressed. D. channel management has not been sufficiently studied.
B. researchers have not tested whether there is a particular receiver behavior that leads to greater online intimacy.*
2. Emotional support and companionship may be perceived as being _________ in a relationship. A. costs B. rewards C. worthwhile D. desired
B. rewards*
1. The earlier studies of Communication Privacy Management (CPM) Theory looked at A. initial encounters B. rule development C. reasons for relationship termination D. friendship formation
B. rule development*
10. The CL predicts the _____ of a relationship, while CLalt predicts the _____. A. outcome; selection B. satisfaction; stability C. selection; worth D. stability; satisfaction
B. satisfaction; stability*
5. The debate team meets in the same classroom each week to discuss upcoming tournaments and to rehearse their presentations. They have the room reserved for their use from 6 to 10 every Tuesday and Thursday night. This room represents which type of territory for them? A. primary B. secondary C. public D. tertiary
B. secondary*
8. Group members who shield the group from adverse information are A. conscientious objectors B. self-appointed mindguards C. dissenters D. opinion leaders
B. self-appointed mindguards*
14. Critics of Social Penetration Theory are concerned about the possibility that __________ may be too narrowly defined. A. stages of relational development B. self-disclosure C. the onion as representing personality D. rewards and costs
B. self-disclosure*
5. Feedback, in which an individual's expectation evokes a response from a target person reaffirming their original prediction, can also be called: A. overattribution B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. channel management D. impression management
B. self-fulfilling prophecy*
5. Face is a metaphor developed by Goffman and Ho for examining A. self-acceptance B. self-image C. self-esteem D. self-concern
B. self-image*
15. All of the following are utility-related critiques of Cognitive Dissonance Theory EXCEPT A. dissonance may not explain behavior as well as other theoretical frameworks B. social identity is not as useful a predictor of dissonance as psychological variables C. the concept of dissonance is confounded by self-concept or impression management D. self-perception may be what motivates people to act, not dissonance
B. social identity is not as useful a predictor of dissonance as psychological variables*
20. With which communication tradition is Groupthink most closely associated? A. semiotic B. socio-cultural C. rhetorical D. socio-psychological
B. socio-cultural*
17. Which communication tradition is most closely associated with Expectancy Violations Theory? A. critical B. socio-psychological C. empirical D. socio-cultural
B. socio-psychological*
1. As a "stage" theory, Social Penetration Theory (SPT) believes relationship development occurs in a(n) A. social exchange manner B. systematic fashion C. unpredictable way D. romantic trajectory
B. systematic fashion*
1. Cognitive dissonance can be defined as A. the existence of contradictory cognitions B. the negative feelings people experience due to contradictory cognitions C. the communication of negative feelings resulting from contradictory cognitions D. the ability to evaluate one's cognitions in terms of their possible contradiction
B. the negative feelings people experience due to contradictory cognitions*
1. All of the following are true about Face-Negotiation Theory (FNT) EXCEPT A. it combines the principles of intercultural communication, conflict, and politeness B. the theory has been criticized for overlooking the impact of cultural differences in conflict management C. the theory has been influenced by the work of Goffman and Ho D. face is a central concept in the theory and is viewed as pervading all aspects of social life
B. the theory has been criticized for overlooking the impact of cultural differences in conflict management*
8. A _______ is derived from axioms and it posits a relationship between two concepts. A. connection B. theorem C. theory D. hypothesis
B. theorem*
13. When access to private information is closed, boundaries are said to be _____ when access is open, people have ______ boundaries. A. thin; thick B. thick; thin C. limited; expansive D. expansive; limited
B. thick; thin*
7. Chronemic cues relate to how people perceive, use, or respond to ________. A. the ideal self B. time C. space D. computer-mediated communication
B. time*
8. Claire has been chatting with Steve on an online dating site for a few weeks. When she finds out his full name, she Googles him in order to find out if his band is really as successful as he claims. Social Information Processing Theory refers to this behavior as: A. impression management B. warranting C. asynchronous communication D. cyberstalking
B. warranting*
16. An employee who is willing to report unethical corporate practices to other is called a(n) A. conscientious objector B. whistle-blower C. objector-dissenter D. ethics identifier
B. whistle-blower*
2. An example of a consonant relationship between beliefs and behaviors is when A. you believe in raising the speed limit and lobby against drunk driving B. you believe that researchers treat lab animals inhumanely and lobby actively against the use of animals in research C. you believe in going to church on Sundays and agree to work overtime on Sundays D. all of these
B. you believe that researchers treat lab animals inhumanely and lobby actively against the use of animals in research*
3. _________ is/are used to refer to the notion that group members withhold their input in meetings rather than stating their opinions and risking rejection. A. Communication apprehension B. Group phobia C. Affiliative constraints D. Policy constraints
C. Affiliative constraints*
6. _________ refer(s) to the positive or negative characteristics that an individual brings to an interaction. A. Implicit expectancies B. Explicit expectancies C. Communicator reward valence D. Arousal
C. Communicator reward valence*
5. Which of the following is an assumption of Cognitive Dissonance Theory? A. Human beings are not bothered by inconsistencies in their cognitions. B. Dissonance is created by physiological discomfort. C. Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions with measurable effects. D. None of these
C. Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions with measurable effects.*
12. According to Table 27.1, which of the following are considered collectivist cultures? A. Italy B. the Netherlands C. Ecuador D. all of these
C. Ecuador*
4. All of the following are assumptions about uncertainty reduction identified by the authors EXCEPT A. The quantity and nature of information that people share change through time. B. Interpersonal communication is the primary means of uncertainty reduction. C. Exposure to social networks is inversely related to uncertainty. D. Interpersonal communication is a developmental process that occurs through stages.
C. Exposure to social networks is inversely related to uncertainty.*
5. Cohesiveness of the group may emerge as a problem because A. Cohesiveness is generally experienced in the same manner across groups, and the results of cohesion can be generalized from one group to another. B. In highly cohesive groups, members generally feel dissatisfied with the group experience and other group members. C. Highly cohesive groups tend to exert great pressure on their members to conform to the group's standards. D. Cohesiveness typically results in group members resisting the temptation to conform.
C. Highly cohesive groups tend to exert great pressure on their members to conform to the group's standards.*
3. All of the following are assumptions of Communication Privacy Management Theory EXCEPT A. Humans are choice makers. B. Humans are rule makers and rule followers. C. Humans believe that life is always in flux. D. The choices humans make are based on others and the self.
C. Humans believe that life is always in flux.*
3. Which of the following assumptions of Social Penetration Theory is NOT correctly stated? A. Relational development includes depenetration and dissolution. B. Relational development is generally systematic and predictable. C. Relationships progress from interpersonal to intimate. D. Self-disclosure is at the core of relational development.
C. Relationships progress from interpersonal to intimate.*
13. All of the following are true statements about Ting-Toomey's findings from her comparisons of conflict styles across five cultures EXCEPT A. Members of the U.S. culture use significantly more dominating styles of conflict management. B. The Chinese use a higher degree of compromising than other cultures. C. The Taiwanese report using significantly less integrating styles of conflict management than the other cultures. D. The Chinese and Taiwanese use significantly more obliging conflict styles.
C. The Taiwanese report using significantly less integrating styles of conflict management than the other cultures.*
13. Which of the following is NOT true about potential factors identified by Shaw as influencing group decisions? A. Various leadership styles will emerge as groups develop and discuss issues. B. The sex composition of the group has an impact on the decision-making process. C. The cultural background of members has little influence on decisions that are made by groups. D. The intelligence of group members will influence the decisions that are made.
C. The cultural background of members has little influence on decisions that are made by groups.*
5. Which of the following assumptions emphasizes the importance of considering the role of diversity in relationships? A. Humans seek rewards and avoid punishments. B. Humans are rational beings. C. The standards that humans use to evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person. D. Relationships are interdependent.
C. The standards that humans use to evaluate costs and rewards vary over time and from person to person.*
3. Which of the following best illustrates an irrelevant relationship? A. You believe the university's honor code should be upheld and you tell the professor that you saw someone cheating on last week's exam. B. You are a smoker and you agree to help create an educational video describing the negative health effects of smoking. C. You purchase an inexpensive car and you believe cats make better pets than dogs. D. You are concerned about how a friend is dealing with a recent breakup and you offer emotional support to that frien
C. You purchase an inexpensive car and you believe cats make better pets than dogs.*
10. In what stage do partners start to feel willing to engage in criticisms because they are not typically viewed as a threat to the relationship? A. orientation B. exploratory affective exchange C. affective exchange D. stable exchange
C. affective exchange*
12. The stage of social penetration at which individuals make quick decisions about communication with little regard to the relationship as a whole is the _________ stage. A. orientation B. exploratory affective C. affective exchange D. stable exchange
C. affective exchange*
6. Michele realizes that it is time to discuss the decline in production at the factory with her shift managers, Alice and James. She decides that the best way to approach the discussion is to emphasize the prior quality of work and to attempt to minimize the amount of blame for the decrease in numbers. Which type of facework is Michele using? A. tact B. solidarity C. approbation D. politeness
C. approbation*
2. Negative face is associated with a desire for A. popularity B. affiliation C. autonomy D. dominance
C. autonomy*
16. When an individual becomes cognitively or physically aroused by an expectancy violation, that individual will likely A. feel romantically attracted to the violator B. automatically assign a negative meaning to the violation C. become more focused on the violation than the message itself D. all of these
C. become more focused on the violation than the message itself*
9. As the decision whether to launch a new product to prevent tooth decay was being debated, one of the product development specialists commented, "What a great product! We have created something that will help Americans maintain the enamel on their teeth. I don't know why those health critics are accusing us of putting a potentially harmful product out on the market. After all, our goal is to help people, not to hurt them. We're interested in doing what is in the best interest of the public." She has demonstrated which of the following symptoms of groupthink? A. illusion of invulnerability B. out-group stereotypes C. belief in the inherent morality of the group D. collective rationalization
C. belief in the inherent morality of the group*
19. All of the following are decision-making criteria for developing privacy rules EXCEPT A. gender criteria B. motivation criteria C. boundary criteria D. risk-benefit ratio criteria
C. boundary criteria*
14. As partners for over a decade, Carmen and Lucy have clear rules about information that they are to keep between themselves and information available to close friends. The couple is practicing which concept of Communication Boundary Management Theory? A. boundary permeability B. boundary explicitness C. boundary ownership D. boundary communication
C. boundary ownership*
12. Which of the following is NOT considered to be a decision criterion for rule development? A. gender B. motivation C. class D. context
C. class*
12. Knox and Inkster (1968) found that gamblers expressed more _________ after making their decision than before. A. dissonance B. justification C. confidence D. none of these
C. confidence*
12. Alicia is upset because her family is against her decision to accept a job in Chicago. They do not like the fact that she will be moving to a big city all by herself. Alicia decides to discuss her relationship with her parents and to point out that she feels that they are treating her like a child instead of an adult. Alicia's decision to adjust the power and costs involved in her family relationship by discussing the relationship represents the _________ matrix. A. given B. chosen C. effective D. dispositional
C. effective*
6. Social penetration includes verbal, nonverbal, and __________ behaviors. A. affective B. well intentioned C. environmentally oriented D. reciprocal
C. environmentally oriented*
3. A person's interest in maintaining one's own face or the face of others is called A. face need B. face acceptance C. face concern D. facework
C. face concern*
9. Uncertainty Reduction Theory is considered by many to be a "good" theory because of its ability to generate new research. This refers to the criterion known as A. utility B. parsimony C. heurism D. scope
C. heurism*
7. A group's belief that it is special enough to overcome any obstacles or setbacks is referred to as: A. belief in its inherent morality B. collective rationalization C. illusion of invulnerability D. self-censorship
C. illusion of invulnerability*
19. Ellison, Heino, & Gibbs (2006) found that online daters present all of the following "selves" EXCEPT A. ought B. actual C. imaginary D. ideal
C. imaginary*
11. All of the following are symptoms of Groupthink EXCEPT A. overestimation of the group B. closed-mindedness C. insulation of the group D. pressures toward uniformity
C. insulation of the group*
16. Which of the conflict management styles reflects a high degree of concern for yourself and for others? A. tact facework B. compromising C. integrating D. approbation facework
C. integrating*
9. Nancy has learned that it is important for her to maintain a social distance of personal space from her supervisor when communicating face-to-face. She also makes an effort to look her supervisor directly in the eye during interactions. These behaviors reflect Nancy's _________ expectations. A. pre-interactional B. post-interactional C. interactional D. conversational
C. interactional*
11. Studies have shown that online relationships may be perceived as more __________ than those developed face-to-face. A. superficial B. hostile C. intimate D. impersonal
C. intimate*
15. Research on relational uncertainty in long-distance relationships revealed that uncertainty is a critical variable affecting levels of A. relational satisfaction B. information-seeking C. jealousy D. self-disclosure
C. jealousy*
3. Sabatelli and Shehan use the metaphor of a(n) _________ to describe the social exchange that takes place in relationships. A. grandfather clock B. bank C. marketplace D. onion
C. marketplace*
14. Sanjay and Shari are having a conflict over which film to see this evening. Sanjay's usual strategy for managing conflict is to finally just go along with whatever Shari wants. This passive accommodation that tries to go along with what the other wants is called the _________ style. A. avoiding B. compromising C. obliging D. integrating
C. obliging*
18. Some scholars have suggested that Groupthink may have been operating when the U.S. made the decision to go to war in Iraq in 2003. Among other arguments, they cite the fact that some government and military leaders predicted that victory in Iraq would be swift because the terrorists/insurgents were not organized or technologically advanced enough to fight U.S. forces successfully. This could be considered an example of A. belief in the inherent morality of the group B. collective rationalization C. out-group stereotypes D. self-appointed mindguards
C. out-group stereotypes*
1. The invisible "bubble" that surrounds individuals and is used to define one's preferred distance from others is known as A. territoriality B. the proxemic zone C. personal space D. affiliative space
C. personal space*
6. In the _________ phase of interpersonal communication, self-disclosure increases as parties begin to reduce their uncertainty about one another. A. initial B. primary C. personal D. exit
C. personal*
9. All of the following are representative of an individual's public image EXCEPT A. sex B. race C. political orientation D. height
C. political orientation*
12. Which approach to knowing characterizes the research undertaken using EVT? A. ontological B. interpretive/hermeneutic C. positivistic/empirical D. critical
C. positivistic/empirical*
18. If Lawrence and Ethan do a project together for class, they will be engaging in a(n) A. generalized exchange B. direct exchange C. productive exchange D. economic exchange
C. productive exchange*
9. Olivia tells herself that the children normally like to be left with her but balked this time only because she had told them they would have to spend some time doing homework. This strategy is likely to A. increase her dissonance B. anger the children C. reduce her dissonance D. none of the above
C. reduce her dissonance*
19. Which of these communication traditions is associated with Social Exchange Theory? A. phenomenological B. semiotic C. socio-psychological D. rhetorical
C. socio-psychological*
20. With which communication tradition is CDT most closely related? A. socio-cultural B. interpretive C. socio-psychological D. critical
C. socio-psychological*
9. The communication tradition to which Social Information Processing Theory is related is: A. socio-cultural B. socio-phenomenological C. socio-psychological D. socio-semiotic
C. socio-psychological*
6. The three factors that influence the magnitude of dissonance a person will feel are A. the degree of inconsistency, the dissonance relationship, and the dissonance recovery B. the degree of amplitude, the dissonance rehearsal, and the dissonance propensity C. the degree of importance, the dissonance ratio, and the dissonance rationale D. none of these
C. the degree of importance, the dissonance ratio, and the dissonance rationale*
13. In their comparison of low-and high-context cultures, Gudykunst and his colleagues discovered that A. the frequency of communication predicts uncertainty in high-context cultures, but not in low-context cultures B. the quality of communication predicts uncertainty in low-context cultures, but not in high-context cultures C. the frequency of communication predicts uncertainty in low-context cultures, but not in high-context cultures D. the quality of communication predicts uncertainty in high-context cultures, but not in low-context cultures
C. the frequency of communication predicts uncertainty in low-context cultures, but not in high-context cultures*
17. In Cognitive Dissonance Theory, rationale refers to A. the fact that the theory is logical and consistent B. the amount of consonant cognitions relative to dissonant ones C. the reasoning process employed to explain an inconsistency D. the perception of dissonance experienced by another person
C. the reasoning process employed to explain an inconsistency*
2. Social distance usually ranges from _________ to _________. A. 12 feet; beyond B. 18 inches; 4 feet C. 0 inches; 18 inches D. 4 feet; 12 feet
D. 4 feet; 12 feet*
7. Which of the following statements underscores the Cognitive Dissonance Theory assumption that human beings desire consistency in their beliefs, attitudes and behaviors? A. People do not enjoy inconsistencies in their thoughts and beliefs. B. Cognitions must be psychologically inconsistent with one another to arouse cognitive dissonance. C. Dissonance is a drive state possessing arousal properties. D. All of these
D. All of these*
4. All of the following are assumptions that guide Groupthink Theory EXCEPT A. Group problem solving is primarily a unified process. B. Decision-making processes are frequently complex. C. Conditions in groups promote high cohesiveness. D. Groups work in ways that discourage homogeneity.
D. Groups work in ways that discourage homogeneity.*
15. _________ refers to the similarity among group members. A. Hegemony B. Heterogeneity C. Homophily D. Homogeneity
D. Homogeneity*
12. To which communication tradition is Uncertainty Reduction Theory related? A. Phenomenological B. Socio-cultural C. Semiotic D. Socio-psychological
D. Socio-psychological*
14. All of the following are criticisms of Social Exchange Theory presented in the text EXCEPT A. The theory is not testable because the concepts of costs and rewards are not clearly defined. B. The theory views humans as rational calculators who are able to come up with numerical representations of their relational lives. C. The theory fails to focus on the importance of group solidarity and the importance it plays on individual needs fulfillment. D. The theory has not stood the test of time.
D. The theory has not stood the test of time.*
9. All of the following statements about comparison levels (CL) are true EXCEPT A. Comparison levels vary due to their subjective nature. B. CL often measures relationships in terms of one's own past experiences. C. Relationships that are portrayed in the media can serve as a basis of comparison for our own relationships. D. There is a typical standard on which to base comparison levels.
D. There is a typical standard on which to base comparison levels.*
14. Which of the following is NOT an example of overattribution? A. a receiver believing a sender has more similarities than differences B. a receiver comparing the sender to someone else he or she knows C. a receiver forgetting that the relationship is based upon words D. a receiver ignoring perceptions that are incomplete or missing altogether
D. a receiver ignoring perceptions that are incomplete or missing altogether*
6. Which of the following is an option an online communicator might use to indicate that they are already in a romantic relationship? A. provide dialogue about their partner B. display relationship status C. utilize a picture that displays a partner D. all of the above
D. all of the above*
18. We can reduce dissonance by A. reducing the importance of our dissonant beliefs B. adding to our consonant beliefs C. eliminating the dissonance in some way D. all of these
D. all of these*
1. All of the following are concepts identified by Berger and Calabrese as being related to uncertainty EXCEPT A. self-disclosure B. verbal output C. information seeking D. argumentativeness
D. argumentativeness*
17. Your ability to influence your relational partner's actions, such as when you convince her or him to spend time alone with you rather than go out with friends, is called A. fate control B. stability control C. relational control D. behavior control
D. behavior control*
10. Tucker and Sophie have been roommates for 2 months. Although they feel quite close, they still find themselves in conflicts. For instance, Tucker has accused Sophie of telling others about some personal information he revealed to her a few months ago. Sophie, however, felt that Tucker didn't clearly state that the information should be kept private. This episode represents which concept of Communication Privacy Management Theory? A. boundary ambiguity B. boundary permeability C. boundary ownership D. boundary turbulence
D. boundary turbulence*
17. A ninth axiom was suggested by Neuliep and Grohskopf (2000), which indicates a negative relationship between uncertainty and A. communication compulsion B. communication aversion C. communication apprehension D. communication satisfaction
D. communication satisfaction*
13. The _________ matrix is used to illustrate the way in which two people believe that rewards should be exchanged between them in the relationship. A. given B. chosen C. effective D. dispositional
D. dispositional*
4. Sometimes in conversation when we say something that embarrasses the other person, we try to change the subject in order to reduce potential face loss. Such actions that are taken to deal with the face needs/wants of self and others are called A. face need B. face acceptance C. face concern D. facework
D. facework*
4. The fact that SPT has spurred hundreds of studies on a variety of relationships means that it is a highly ___________ theory. A. useful B. consistent C. broad D. heuristic
D. heuristic*
17. All of the following are specific structural faults that may put a group at high risk for Groupthink EXCEPT A. insulation of the group B. lack of impartial leadership C. lack of decision-making procedures D. illusion of unanimity
D. illusion of unanimity*
4. Elena posts a status update on Facebook celebrating her new job, but she never mentions that she was fired from her previous position, fearing that her friends might think she's unreliable or even a thief. This is an example of: A. feedback B. overattribution C. asynchronous communication D. impression management
D. impression management*
16. Which communication context is the focus of CPM? A. intrapersonal B. small group C. public D. interpersonal
D. interpersonal*
16. Walther contends the ______ relational affection the other communicator is, the ________ message editing in message composition. A. less; less B. more; less C. less; more D. more; more
D. more; more*
10. Berscheid and Walster (1978) found that most people interpret close friends' attitudes as more congruent with their own than is actually true. This is an example of which of the following? A. cognitive mirroring B. dissonance self-perception C. impression management D. none of these
D. none of these*
10. Which of the following components is NOT part of the hyperpersonal perspective? A. channel management B. feedback C. sender D. nonverbal cues
D. nonverbal cues*
11. Face threat occurs when A. excuses and justifications are made to cover one's actions B. individuals present an image of who they are in interactions with others C. efforts are made to prevent the occurrence of events that may elicit vulnerability D. one's projected self-image is challenged
D. one's projected self-image is challenged*
3. Which of the personal space zones is described as typically being reserved for family and close friends? A. intimate B. personal* C. social D. public 4. All of the following statements about Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) are true EXCEPT A. expectations for personal space and distance in conversations have received considerable attention in the study of expectancy violations B. EVT was initially developed to examine the influence of nonverbal communication on message production C. the focus of EVT lies in examining the impact that deviations from expectations for others' behaviors have on the communication process D. people typically are uncertain about what to expect with regard to the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of others
D. people typically are uncertain about what to expect with regard to the verbal and nonverbal behaviors of others*
13. Which approach to knowing is most closely associated with CDT? A. epistemological B. interpretive/hermeneutic C. critical D. positivistic/empirical
D. positivistic/empirical*
4. If Miranda was concerned about disclosing information that mattered deeply to her, she is wary of communicating which of the following? A. intimate information B. personal information C. a dialectical rationale D. private information
D. private information*
14. While watching television, you generally tune out the commercials. However, when you see an advertisement about the car you just purchased and how great it is, your ears perk up and you watch the commercial eagerly. This is an example of which type of selection? A. selective retention B. selective interpretation C. selective exposure D. selective attention
D. selective attention*
16. With which communication tradition is SPT most closely associated? A. interpersonal B. socio-cultural C. phenomenological D. socio-psychological
D. socio-psychological*
13. Julianne and Ricardo have reached the point in their relationship at which they openly express their thoughts and feelings with one another. Their communication is viewed as being efficient. Which stage of social penetration describes the current state of their relationship? A. orientation B. exploratory affective C. affective exchange D. stable exchange
D. stable exchange*
6. The "Prisoner's Dilemma" is a simulation game that was created to illustrate A. the value of conflict in relational exchanges B. the impact of time and change on relational life C. the importance of refraining from revealing private information about oneself to others D. that social exchange is a function of interdependence
D. that social exchange is a function of interdependence*
18. Athena isn't usually bothered by distance violations of others, which is something Artemis cannot understand. When someone comes within a distance Artemis considers "too close for comfort," she becomes angry and starts inching away from the person. Athena and Artemis differ greatly in their A. violation valence B. intimate distance C. perception of arousal D. threat threshold
D. threat threshold*
1. Communication Privacy Management Theory has its roots in economics.
False
1. Dyadic uniqueness emerges in the affective exchange stage of social penetration.
False
1. Expectancy violations are always evaluated negatively.
False
1. I in the obliging strategy of conflict management, interactants try to collaborate with others to find a solution to a problem in order to satisfy the expectations of all parties.
False
1. The dispositional matrix represents the variety of alternative behaviors and outcomes that guide an individual's choice for behavior in the social exchange.
False
10. Groupthink has been criticized because it has not withstood the test of time.
False
2. Avoiding and obliging are both active in their attempts to manage conflict.
False
2. Dainton and Aylor found that in established relationships, as uncertainty increased, jealousy decreased.
False
3. Groups that have a clearly defined plan for the procedures that should be followed in the decision-making process will be more susceptible to Groupthink.
False
3. Prediction is defined as attempts made to interpret the meaning of past actions in a relationship.
False
3. SET would say that a relationship in which the partners have no power over each other will be the most satisfying and least costly.
False
3. The greater the depth of disclosure, the fewer opportunities there are for an individual to be concerned about feeling vulnerable in the relationship.
False
4. Boundary ownership refers to a person's decision to cross over appropriate relational guidelines.
False
4. Cognitive dissonance theorists argue that there are both psychological and physiological causes of dissonance
False
4. In an initial interaction setting, as nonverbal affiliative expressiveness increases, uncertainty levels will increase.
False
4. Pre-interactional expectations refer to a person's ability to carry out the interaction itself.
False
5. Cognitive Dissonance Theory predicts that people will remember and learn inconsistent information more easily than consistent information.
False
5. Collective rationalization refers to a group member's tendency to minimize his or her doubts and to refrain from presenting counterarguments.
False
5. If no rewarding options are available, an individual will choose the option that is most costly to him or her.
False
5. Media Richness Theory considers the telephone to be a rich medium.
False
5. Personal distance typically ranges from 0 to 18 inches.
False
5. Relational communication begins at a superficial level and gets less personal as the relationship progresses.
False
5. Solidarity facework allows others the freedom to behave according to their own will without imposing restrictions.
False
6. Being sedentary and eating junk food despite believing that diet and exercise are integral parts of a healthy and happy lifestyle is a prime example of a consonant relationship.
False
6. Most relationships reach the stable exchange level.
False
6. Petronio is convinced that despite what others believe, all relationships are essentially the same in terms of intimacy.
False
6. Walther has never addressed critics who believe Social Information Processing Theory has too much breadth.
False
6. When a culture values personal expression, independence, and privacy, the culture is collectivistic.
False
6. When a group is closed-minded, it tries to entertain all options before a final decision is made.
False
6. While URT has enjoyed relevance to initial interaction and developed relationships, it has no applicability to other contexts, such as mass communication.
False
7. Cognitive Dissonance Theory predicts that dissonance motivates efforts to achieve consonance through selective regeneration.
False
7. Saying that humans are rational decision-makers is essentially the same thing as saying they engage in rationalization.
False
8. Depenetration always leads to relational dissolution.
False
8. Social Information Processing Theory was developed as a critique of Communication Privacy Management Theory.
False
8. When arousal occurs, we tend to pay more attention to the message in order to understand the source of the arousal.
False
9. EVT is often criticized because it has not led to research on a variety of topics.
False
9. Groupthink has been criticized because it has not been applied to political contexts.
False
1. Consistency theories posit that the mind operates as an intermediary between stimulus and response.
True
1. Groups are generally better at solving problems in the long run than individuals because members have access to more information.
True
1. Relationships developed online require more time to achieve the same level of intimacy as relationships developed face-to-face.
True
1. The entry phase of interpersonal communication is guided by the implicit and explicit rules and norms that we have for conversations.
True
10. A single message can both support and threaten face needs simultaneously.
True
10. Individuals in the affective exchange stage may begin to form private ways of expressing a relationship's intimacy, known as personal idioms.
True
2. Cognitive Dissonance Theory proponents believe that human beings desire consistency in their cognitions.
True
2. Groupthink is associated with both the small group and organizational contexts.
True
2. Human beings, in Communication Privacy Management Theory, are viewed as choice makers who make decisions regarding rule-making and rule-following.
True
2. If the CLalt is greater than the CL, which is greater than the outcome, the relationship will be viewed as being unsatisfying and unstable.
True
2. One assumption of Social Information Processing Theory is that online communicators are motivated to form favorable impressions of themselves to others.
True
2. Relationships with a reservoir of positive reward/cost experiences are better equipped to handle conflict.
True
2. We frequently lay claim to various spatial areas that we want to protect or defend.
True
23. High levels of uncertainty produce high rates of reciprocity.
True
3. Buyer's remorse refers to the dissonance one feels after making a purchase.
True
3. Computer-mediated communication is a process in which people perceive, interpret, and exchange information via large networked telecommunications systems.
True
3. If we like a person, it is likely that we will positively evaluate most violations of expectancies.
True
3. Private disclosures, rather than self-disclosures, are emphasized in communication privacy management.
True
3. The Chinese have been found to use compromising as a management style more than other cultural groups.
True
4. Behavioral sequences are series of actions designed to achieve one's goals.
True
4. In synchronous communication, both sender and receiver are online at the same time.
True
4. Negative face refers to a desire to be autonomous and unconstrained.
True
4. Outside pressures are stressful for a group that is involved in making a decision.
True
4. Social penetration views relationships as being dynamic and changing.
True
5. Increases in uncertainty level produce decreases in liking.
True
5. When private information is shared, the boundary around it is called a collective boundary.
True
6. Social Exchange theorists believe that all relationships require time and effort on the part of the participants.
True
6. Territory that is the exclusive domain of an individual is known as primary territory.
True
7. CPM Theory is a dialectic theory, although it has been criticized for reflecting more of a dualistic approach.
True
7. Cultural norms may influence our expectancies.
True
7. Individuals in all cultures hold various self-images and continually negotiate these images.
True
7. New research, which expanded the theory, found an inverse relationship between uncertainty and interaction with social networks.
True
7. One of Janis's suggestions for avoiding Groupthink or its negative consequences is to have a contingency plan for failed recommendations or suggestions.
True
7. Social Information Processing Theory is a positivistic/empirical theory.
True
7. The rate of penetration depends, to a large extent, on the number of relationship rewards available to a communicator.
True
8. A prevailing belief in Social Exchange Theory is that people are rational decision-makers.
True
8. The primary concern related to Groupthink is that the group may arrive at a flawed decision if the desire for unanimity overrides the desire for a thorough consideration of all relevant information.
True
8. The theorists argue that privacy can only be understood in a dialectical tension with disclosure; if we disclosed everything, we wouldn't have a concept of privacy, and vice versa.
True
8. Ting-Toomey found that the Chinese use higher degrees of avoidance as a conflict style than other cultural groups investigated in her research.
True
9. Some of Ting-Toomey's subsequent research has revealed some discrepancies in the theory.
True
9. We can be highly self-disclosive to another person, but not reveal too much personal and significant information about ourselves.
True