Comm 464 Midterm

Campbell predictors of sexting

-Mobile phone use with peers positively predicts sexting -Mobile phone use with family negatively predicts sexting -Paying for their own bill almost positively predicts sexting -Parent monitoring almost positively predicts sexting

Copresence

A perceived sense of being with and feeling connected to another individual's mind during a given social exchange. Different than being copresence which is just being with someone.

Campbell and Russo 2003

A study comprised of a survey and interviews to test if perceptions and uses of mobile phones are socially constructed in close personal networks (social Influence theory.) Survey found that the following factors were more similar within the networks than across the whole study: perceptions of the handset as a means of display, use for safety and security, attitudes about use in public, microcoordination, hypercoordination, and comfort with technology. Interviews found social interaction contributed to perceptions and uses in four key areas: mobile phone adoption, attitudes about products and services, perceptions of non-normative use, and collective use Overall social Influence model is upheld here. Social connections contribute to perceptions and use of mobile communication.

Ling on adolescence

Adolescence is the transition between childhood and adulthood. Emancipation is the development of these skills: - learning to function outside of their family. Their identity shifts away from parents/home to peers. -interaction with institutions/burocracies (banks, working) -sex and dating -style and fashion (phones indicative of social status too) -personal economy -expanding freedom and social circle -using phones for safety and coordinating plans THREE KEY USES OF MOBILE PHONES -safety and security -microcoordination (making plans) -macrocoordination (relationships, fashion, norms, etc)

Saker and Frith on MVR

Coin the term disclocated space to describe how MVR discloates the user and makes the physical space less meaningful. An interesting regression from hybrid space but not completely back to separate and competing stages. MVR is VR (creation of simulated space which we occupy) untethered

What is mobile communication?

Devices and services that supported mediated social connectivity while the user is in physical motion. Such devices are necessarily used while on the go, but rather that they afford - i.e., make possible - mobility during mediated communication. It is a technology and a process of communicating. Can be used for interpersonal or mass communication.

Rituals in 1800s

Emile Durkheim tried explaining suicide and concluded people do it because they fall through the cracks in social life and experience disconnectedness (anomie) He identified rituals as things that keep people connected. They attach them to the broader social sphere. They generate social cohesion. He focused on large scale rituals like church or sporting events.

Hasinoff on sexting

Emphasizes the need to distinguish between sexual harassment and consensual sexting (media authorship) 2 major themes in discourse around sexting: 1) anonymity. But this helps teens find refuge and ask advice 2) girls disinhibition. Talking about sex online can help girls express themselves and their sexual desires. (But people think this leads to a casual hookup culture) She wants to focus on privacy to recognize malicious behaviors.

Kobayashi et al (2015)

Experiment. Findings seem to show that telecocooning does not apply so much in the smartphone era. Reminders to connect with a weak tie (someone they hadnt talked to in 60 days) led to more communication with weak ties especially for former classmates. So perhaps social media serves as a reminder to communicate with weak ties as well. This could be the subject of additional research. Mobile comm in the smartphone era can support interaction with both strong and weak ties.

How people deal with people on phones (Ling 1997)

Face work to counteract the incidents. -Civil inattention: recognizing that it's happening but not acknowledging it -Gazing: just using your eyes to curb the behavior -Attribution: assuming that because they're on their phone they are a terrible, low class person -Non-observance: refusing to acknowledge that it's happening at all

Humphreys and Liao - Socialight App

Findings indicated how users communicate about place to help build social familiarity with urban places and communicate through place to allow users to create place‐based narratives and engage in identity management

Kadylak et al 2018

Focus group Interviewed older adults about mobile phone use during face to face interactions and found they view mobile phone use during face-to-face interactions as disruptive to communication quality, offensive, and a potential signal of inattention, which may curtail intergenerational communication and hinder their sense of copresence. Older adults are also very sensitive to nonverbal cues. They had a lot of problems with cell phones during the holidays.

Rituals in 1900s

Goffman shifted focus from macro level studies to look at small scale ritual interactions. First to say that ritual doesn't have to happen in a big group. He saw them as having a beginning and an end.

Ling 2008 on rituals

He looks at small scale rituals and ongoing ritual chains and says rituals can take place over mobile communication/other media. You lose the totem in mobile communication but the symbolically mediated totem is the sense that we are all perpetually available.

Confido by Vonnegut

He takes a dystopian perspective - technology is harmful and society is harmful. In this class we should take a theoretical perspective to explain how and why things happen.

Ling 2008 on bonding/bridging

He thinks the scale is tipped in favor of strong ties. He thinks in person comm is best but mobile comm can maintain ties and form close groups. Instead of talking to strangers at the bus stop you call and text your friends. We directly connect with the person we want to talk to through mobile comm and he calls this our "intimate sphere" Mobile rituals are the way people carry out their relationships/bonding. This leads to bounded solidarity.

Telecocooning

If we connect with strong ties at the expense of weak ties, this impacts how we see the world (tolerance, caution, and trust)

Zero sum game

Increasing one side at the expense of the other. If we assume our resources for mobile communication are finite, we devote them more to strong ties at the expense of weak ties. Strong ties/bonding increases Weak ties/bridging decreases

Determining if something is mobile

Look at the technology and what it affords BUT ALSO the social context aka how people are using it. (iPads could be considered mobile comm)

Added layer

Mobile comm is not so much a zero sum game because our resources are not finite. We add mobile phone use onto what we are already doing.

Shrock 2016

Online survey looked at parents of young kids and found mobile Facebook increased bridging. Parents were connecting with people who were similar but they didn't really know them. Mobile availability (use) on laptops but not mobile predicted bridging. Mobile activities (sharing photos and videos) predicted bridging Social capital was correlated with mobile Facebook activities beneficial for parents' well-being (question asking and joining online groups) Pourous solidarity

Social Construction

Perspective that says society drives technology/ determines how it will be used. Mobile phones mean what they mean because of the social conditions that shape technology.

Technological determinism

Perspective that says technology drives societal values/changes. Technology is more meaningful than the social conditions. Ex. Suburbs were created by the automobile because the car made it possible for people to get out of rural areas. How you're saying it matters more than what you are saying - like if someone proposed via email it wouldn't even matter what they said you would say no.

Rituals in 2000s

Randall Collins said rituals were a mechanism of mutually focused emotion and attention producing a shared reality. -2+ people assembled face to face -boundaries to outsiders (identifies your in group) -common focus of attention (totem) -strengthens bonds among people Ritual chains are ongoing, they don't always have a beginning and an end. People reflect on previous rituals.

Campbell on what kids think about sexting

Relational contexts -sexting to make romantic interest known or to sustain existing romantic relationship Normative contexts -most kids thought it was no bid deal because everyone does it, their partner has already seen it, or it's just fun -minority said it depends -32% said it's over the line because people could show others and it is just wrong Sexual double standard -boys are almost never judged for sexting but girls are judged for doing it or not doing it. There is pressure on girls to send them Age trend -sexting is more common among older teens, younger teens joke around about sexting (pre-sexting)

Kobayashi et al (2014)

Survey whose findings seem to support telecocooning. More texting associated with less tolerance of other views More texting sssociated with more caution More texting was associated with more trust but this went away when "most people" was controlled. People who text a lot think more narrowly about "most people" compared to people who text less and think more broadly about "most people."

Humphreys and Liao - Layar

Talked to people using Layar augmented reality app. Found that they were... 1. Creating content. The people they interviewed were not just users but makers. 2. Private/public: they might create layers for public use or they may personalize them for loved ones. 3. Historicizing/memorial: altering a place to raise awareness of what has happened there. Enhancing its meaning. 4. Questioning authority: they don't need permission to alter the making of a place

Dramaturgy

The back stage is where we hide things from the audience, the front stage is where we do face work.

Affordances

The features of technology that make things possible (but human action is needed to complete it) because they don't cause anything. This perspective is more closely aligned with technological determinism. Studying what is made possible by different tech features and what people are doing with them. We all have the same possibilities but we use it differently.

De Souza e Silva 2006

Theory piece about hybrid space. Connecting the physical and digital. 3 major shifts in the interaction between mobile technology and spaces. - Connected spaces: the use of mobile technologies as connection interfaces blurs the traditional borders between physical and digital spaces (we don't feel like we are entering the internet) - Mobile spaces: the shift from static to mobile interfaces brings social networks into physical spaces. - Social spaces: urban spaces are reconfigured when they become hybrid spaces (phones aren't just used to communicate with people far away but also people right in front of you)

Social Influence Model

Theory under social construction that says how you perceive and use technology is the product of the people you interact with most in your life. Ex. I don't wear a phone on my belt because it isn't cool in my social context.

Media Richness Theory

Theory under technological determinism that says the sense that someone is really there with you comes out of the medium you use. Things that make it more rich: nonverbal cues, nantural language (um), personal focus, and immediate feedback aka the back and forth flow of the conversation. But sometimes really personal things are shared over lean technology like email so this theory doesn't make sense for that. But this theory works well as a prescriptive guideline to determine how people communicate at work.

Domestication

This perspective was developed to explain how computers moved into the home (how does technology become a part of our lives?) NONLINEAR PHASES -imagination: expectations about the tech that change how it functions in our life. -appropriation: you have it and are seeing how it compares to your expectations. -objectification: seeing where it fits into your home. (The material world) -incorporation: seeing where it fits into the functional world. -conversion: realization of the role of the technology in our identity. A framework for how and why two people might use the technology differently. Closer to social constructivism.

Ling 1997

Used focus groups and online interviews to talk about the problems of mobile phones. Talks about Goffmans notion of face and dramaturgy. Problems of mobile phones: people talk louder and this invades the space of surrounding tables, ringing is a technological intrusion, coerced eavesdropping, only hearing one side of the conversation, it is vulgar, and there are parallel front stages because you're in multiple conversations.

Bounded solidarity

We are much more connected because of the technology and we form an exclusive network. We develop a group ideology which them forms our decisions rather than handling them individually.

Goffmans notion of face

We present ourselves to people the way that we want to be seen.

Pourous solidarity

We're open so we have connections to weak ties but we don't lose connection to strong ties by going on Facebook, we have an added layer of communicating with strong and weak ties.

Richard Smith - calling it the mobile phone signifies that it is distinct from the landline phone in the way that people use it, not just because it's mobile. Campbell - 1) unprecedented rate of adoption a and use, 2) mobility, 3) connected presence and individual address ability, 4) change in space, 5) small devices can be carried and used anywhere, and 6) affordable so now everyone is connected. Even if you're not using it, societal norms have changed.

Why study mobile communication?