Nutrition Exam 2

To maintain a healthy body weight Shaundra needs to eat 1850 calories per day to be within the DRIS recommendations for total fat intake. which of the following amounts of total fat should be her upper limit?

72 grams

Where is starch found?

A carbohydrate found in plants, made up of many glucose molecules linked in straight or branched chains.

Where there is not sufficient carbohydrate to completely metabolize fatty acids these molecules form ______

Ketones

Swollen belly is a characteristic of ______

Kwashiorkor

An inadequate production of the enzyme lactase

Lactose Intolerant

Fiber and other indigestible carbs are partially broken down by the bacteria in the ____

Large intestine

The best known phospholipid used by the food industry to prevent oil from separating from other ingredients is

Lecithin

The ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration relative to the body's needs

Limiting

What is a monosaccharide made up of?

Only one sugar unit

Where is Glucagon produced?

Pancreas

Where is insulin produced?

Pancreas

A _____ bond joins amino acids together

Peptide

What does starch provide energy for?

Plant growth and reproduction

What are complex carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides. They are generally not sweet tasting the way simple carbs are

Omega-6 and omega-3 are molecules of ______ fatty acid

Polyunsaturated

Someone whose nitrogen intake is greater than their nitrogen output is said to be in ________

Positive nitrogen balance

The main function of carbs in the body is to ____

Provide energy

Protein ______ is a measure of how good the protein in food is at providing the essential amino acids the body needs

Quality

Oats, apples, beans, and seaweed are examples of what type of fiber?

Soluble

____ is found around and inside plant cells, and dissolves in water.

Soluble fiber

Insoluble fiber comes primarily from ______

Structural parts of plats

Lactose Intolerance

The inability to completely digest lactose due to a reduction in the levels of the enzyme lactase

Diets high in fiber have been found to ______ the risk of heart disease

Reduce

______ Lipids that are consumed in the diet are absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells. From here all of the following molecules with the exception of ______ are not soluble in water and are thus packaged for transport.

Short chain fatty acids

Those who cannot tolerate any lactose can get their calcium where?

Tofu, legumes, dark green vegetables, and canned salmon

Correct sequence of steps that occur in protein synthesis

Transcription - mRNA - takes genetic code to ribosomes - translation

The lipid that makes up most of the lipids in our body is

Triglyceride

_____ make up most of the lipids in our food and our bodies

Triglyceride

T/F All omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids are unsaturated

True

T/F Body proteins that are broken down to make glucose are no longer available to do their job like to speed ip a chemical reaction or to construct a muscle

True

T/F Fiber cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes

True

T/F Glucose circulates in the blood

True

T/F Glycogen storage is not one of the primary functions of protein in the body

True

T/F In both muscle cells and liver cells, insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage.

True

T/F Sucrose is the only sweetener that can be called "sugar" in an ingredient list

True

T/F The ability of the body to store excess triglycerides is theoretically limitless

True

T/F The glycemic index is a measure of how quickly and how high blood glucose levels rise after carbs are consumed

True

T/F The process by which amino acids enter the body involves an energy requiring amino acid transport system

True

T/F Women who have gestational diabetes are at risk for developing Type 2 diabetes later in life

True

T/F Insoluble bacteria cannot be broken down in the large intestine

True

T/F Soluble fiber helps lower blood cholesterol

True

_______ is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells in the pancreas

Type 1

Autoimmune disease in which insulin-secreting pancreatic cells are destroyed by the bloods immune system.

Type 1 Diabetes

Women with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing which type of diabetes?

Type 2

The form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency.

Type 2 Diabetes

Which type of diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all cases

Type 2 Diabetes

Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triglycerides in chylomicrons into _____

fatty acids and glycerol

Do we consume glycogen in our diet?

we don't consume it in our diet because the glycogen in animal muscles is broken down soon after the animal is slaughtered.

In populations in which the diet is high in whole grains, the risk of developing type ____ diabetes is lower than in populations in which the diet is high in refined starches and added sugars.

2

Matt weighs about 185 pounds and he wants to make sure that he is getting the RDA requirement for protein. How many grams of protein should ge be getting to meet the RDA?

67 grams

Type 1 Diabetes leads to _____ insulin deficiency

Absolute

The _______ is compromised of the protein molecules consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body proteins

Amino acid pool

How is sucrose made?

By linking glucose to fructose.

______ is needed in the body to make vitamin D, bile acids, and cortisol

Cholesterol

Which lipoprotein had the high proportion of triglyceride?

Chylomicron

Wich two lipoproteins deliver triglycerides to body cells

Chylomicrons and VLDL

There are certain conditions under which some of the nonessential amino acids cannot be synthesized to meet the body's needs. When this occurs these amino acids are referred to as _____ amino acids.

Conditionally essential

A disease characterized by elevated blood glucose due to either insufficient production of insulin or decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin.

Diabetes Mellitus

If the diet is deficient in one or more of the _____ acids the body must break down existing proteins to provide the amino acids

Essential

T/F All cis and trans fatty acids are saturated

False

T/F Glucose is the most common disaccharide in our diet

False

T/F Hydrogenation makes a saturated fatty acid more unsaturated

False

T/F The DRI for protein is 1.8 grams per kilogram of body weight

False

A molecule made up of a chain of carbons linked hydrogen's, with an acid group at one end of the chain.

Fatty Acid

________ is a type of complex carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by human enzymes. And cannot be absorbed in the small intestine.

Fiber

Where is fructose found?

Fruits and vegetables. Honey and high-fructose corn syrup

An elevation of blood sugar that is first recognized during pregnancy.

Gestational Diabetes

What are the three main components of monosaccharides?

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

Protein requirements per unit of body weight are ______ for infants and children than for adults

Greater

_____ return cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells to liver

HDLS

Soluble fiber comes primarily from ______

Inside and around plant cells

Fiber that does not dissolve in water

Insoluble fiber

Wheat and rye bran, broccoli, and celery are all examples of what type of fiber?

Insoluble fiber

The rise in blood glucose levels after eating stimulates the pancreas to secrete the hormone ______ causing blood levels to _____

Insulin, drop

Foods containing soluble fiber reduce the risk of heart disease by ______

Lowering blood cholesterol levels

Since chylomicrons are too large to enter the capillaries in the small intestine they pass into the ______

Lymph

What are the three main components of disaccharides?

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose

What is galactose part of?

Milk sugar

What are simply carbohydrate?

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

Carb digestion begins in the _____

Mouth

Someone whose nitrogen output is greater than their nitrogen intake is said to be in _______

Negative nitrogen balance

Someone whose nitrogen intake is equal to their nitrogen output is said to be in ______

Nitrogen balance

Can human enzymes digest soluble fiber?

No. Bacteria in the large intestine can break it down.

Which of the following types of vegetarians consume no form of animal product?

Vegan

Rapid initial weight loss achieved on a low card diet is primarily due to ____ loss

Water

When is Maltose formed?

When starch is digested

Insulin Resistance

body cells lose their sensitivity to insulin or when the amount of insulin secreted is reduced.

Where is glycogen stored in humans?

liver and muscles

Low-carb diets lead to weight ___ beacuse they reduce insulin levels and blood ketone levels, both of which suppress appetite

loss