Nutrition Exam 2
To maintain a healthy body weight Shaundra needs to eat 1850 calories per day to be within the DRIS recommendations for total fat intake. which of the following amounts of total fat should be her upper limit?
72 grams
Where is starch found?
A carbohydrate found in plants, made up of many glucose molecules linked in straight or branched chains.
Where there is not sufficient carbohydrate to completely metabolize fatty acids these molecules form ______
Ketones
Swollen belly is a characteristic of ______
Kwashiorkor
An inadequate production of the enzyme lactase
Lactose Intolerant
Fiber and other indigestible carbs are partially broken down by the bacteria in the ____
Large intestine
The best known phospholipid used by the food industry to prevent oil from separating from other ingredients is
Lecithin
The ______ amino acid is the essential amino acid that is available in the lowest concentration relative to the body's needs
Limiting
What is a monosaccharide made up of?
Only one sugar unit
Where is Glucagon produced?
Pancreas
Where is insulin produced?
Pancreas
A _____ bond joins amino acids together
Peptide
What does starch provide energy for?
Plant growth and reproduction
What are complex carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides. They are generally not sweet tasting the way simple carbs are
Omega-6 and omega-3 are molecules of ______ fatty acid
Polyunsaturated
Someone whose nitrogen intake is greater than their nitrogen output is said to be in ________
Positive nitrogen balance
The main function of carbs in the body is to ____
Provide energy
Protein ______ is a measure of how good the protein in food is at providing the essential amino acids the body needs
Quality
Oats, apples, beans, and seaweed are examples of what type of fiber?
Soluble
____ is found around and inside plant cells, and dissolves in water.
Soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber comes primarily from ______
Structural parts of plats
Lactose Intolerance
The inability to completely digest lactose due to a reduction in the levels of the enzyme lactase
Diets high in fiber have been found to ______ the risk of heart disease
Reduce
______ Lipids that are consumed in the diet are absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells. From here all of the following molecules with the exception of ______ are not soluble in water and are thus packaged for transport.
Short chain fatty acids
Those who cannot tolerate any lactose can get their calcium where?
Tofu, legumes, dark green vegetables, and canned salmon
Correct sequence of steps that occur in protein synthesis
Transcription - mRNA - takes genetic code to ribosomes - translation
The lipid that makes up most of the lipids in our body is
Triglyceride
_____ make up most of the lipids in our food and our bodies
Triglyceride
T/F All omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids are unsaturated
True
T/F Body proteins that are broken down to make glucose are no longer available to do their job like to speed ip a chemical reaction or to construct a muscle
True
T/F Fiber cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes
True
T/F Glucose circulates in the blood
True
T/F Glycogen storage is not one of the primary functions of protein in the body
True
T/F In both muscle cells and liver cells, insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen for storage.
True
T/F Sucrose is the only sweetener that can be called "sugar" in an ingredient list
True
T/F The ability of the body to store excess triglycerides is theoretically limitless
True
T/F The glycemic index is a measure of how quickly and how high blood glucose levels rise after carbs are consumed
True
T/F The process by which amino acids enter the body involves an energy requiring amino acid transport system
True
T/F Women who have gestational diabetes are at risk for developing Type 2 diabetes later in life
True
T/F Insoluble bacteria cannot be broken down in the large intestine
True
T/F Soluble fiber helps lower blood cholesterol
True
_______ is caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells in the pancreas
Type 1
Autoimmune disease in which insulin-secreting pancreatic cells are destroyed by the bloods immune system.
Type 1 Diabetes
Women with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing which type of diabetes?
Type 2
The form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency.
Type 2 Diabetes
Which type of diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all cases
Type 2 Diabetes
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triglycerides in chylomicrons into _____
fatty acids and glycerol
Do we consume glycogen in our diet?
we don't consume it in our diet because the glycogen in animal muscles is broken down soon after the animal is slaughtered.
In populations in which the diet is high in whole grains, the risk of developing type ____ diabetes is lower than in populations in which the diet is high in refined starches and added sugars.
2
Matt weighs about 185 pounds and he wants to make sure that he is getting the RDA requirement for protein. How many grams of protein should ge be getting to meet the RDA?
67 grams
Type 1 Diabetes leads to _____ insulin deficiency
Absolute
The _______ is compromised of the protein molecules consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body proteins
Amino acid pool
How is sucrose made?
By linking glucose to fructose.
______ is needed in the body to make vitamin D, bile acids, and cortisol
Cholesterol
Which lipoprotein had the high proportion of triglyceride?
Chylomicron
Wich two lipoproteins deliver triglycerides to body cells
Chylomicrons and VLDL
There are certain conditions under which some of the nonessential amino acids cannot be synthesized to meet the body's needs. When this occurs these amino acids are referred to as _____ amino acids.
Conditionally essential
A disease characterized by elevated blood glucose due to either insufficient production of insulin or decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus
If the diet is deficient in one or more of the _____ acids the body must break down existing proteins to provide the amino acids
Essential
T/F All cis and trans fatty acids are saturated
False
T/F Glucose is the most common disaccharide in our diet
False
T/F Hydrogenation makes a saturated fatty acid more unsaturated
False
T/F The DRI for protein is 1.8 grams per kilogram of body weight
False
A molecule made up of a chain of carbons linked hydrogen's, with an acid group at one end of the chain.
Fatty Acid
________ is a type of complex carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by human enzymes. And cannot be absorbed in the small intestine.
Fiber
Where is fructose found?
Fruits and vegetables. Honey and high-fructose corn syrup
An elevation of blood sugar that is first recognized during pregnancy.
Gestational Diabetes
What are the three main components of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, and fructose
Protein requirements per unit of body weight are ______ for infants and children than for adults
Greater
_____ return cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells to liver
HDLS
Soluble fiber comes primarily from ______
Inside and around plant cells
Fiber that does not dissolve in water
Insoluble fiber
Wheat and rye bran, broccoli, and celery are all examples of what type of fiber?
Insoluble fiber
The rise in blood glucose levels after eating stimulates the pancreas to secrete the hormone ______ causing blood levels to _____
Insulin, drop
Foods containing soluble fiber reduce the risk of heart disease by ______
Lowering blood cholesterol levels
Since chylomicrons are too large to enter the capillaries in the small intestine they pass into the ______
Lymph
What are the three main components of disaccharides?
Maltose, sucrose, and lactose
What is galactose part of?
Milk sugar
What are simply carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
Carb digestion begins in the _____
Mouth
Someone whose nitrogen output is greater than their nitrogen intake is said to be in _______
Negative nitrogen balance
Someone whose nitrogen intake is equal to their nitrogen output is said to be in ______
Nitrogen balance
Can human enzymes digest soluble fiber?
No. Bacteria in the large intestine can break it down.
Which of the following types of vegetarians consume no form of animal product?
Vegan
Rapid initial weight loss achieved on a low card diet is primarily due to ____ loss
Water
When is Maltose formed?
When starch is digested
Insulin Resistance
body cells lose their sensitivity to insulin or when the amount of insulin secreted is reduced.
Where is glycogen stored in humans?
liver and muscles
Low-carb diets lead to weight ___ beacuse they reduce insulin levels and blood ketone levels, both of which suppress appetite
loss
