comm exam 1

social comparison

"if they can do it, I can do it" bad behaviors or pos

denotative

- Denotation refers to definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole, or the dictionary definition of a word -ex; the denotation of the word cowboy is a man who takes care of cattle

facial expressions

- Most expressive part of the body -happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust

selective distortion

- We have a tendency to adapt information that conflicts with our earlier impressions in order to make it fit within the frame we have established - halo and horn effects - halo effect; occurs when initial positive perceptions lead us to view later interactions as positive - horn effect; occurs when initial negative perceptions lead us to view later interactions as negative

directive language

- are utterances that try to get another person to do something. They can range from a rather polite ask or request to a more forceful command or insist

What is the transactional model of communication?

- describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. - we don't just communicate to exchange messages; we communicate to create relationships, form intercultural alliances, shape our self-concepts, and engage with others in dialogue to create communities - social context, relational context, cultural

chap 4 nonverbal communication

- is a process of generating meaning using behavior other than words. - right side of brain -vocal; pitch -nonvocal; body language

connotative

- refers to definitions that are based on emotion- or experience-based associations people have with a word

self-serving bias

- the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors -Just as we tend to attribute others' behaviors to internal rather than external causes, we do the same for ourselves, especially when our behaviors have led to something positive - When our behaviors lead to failure or something negative, we tend to attribute the cause to external factors -the self-serving bias is a perceptual error through which we attribute the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while attributing our failures to external factors beyond our control -we are likely to judge ourselves more favorably than another person, or at least less personally.

chap 3 Language is productive— what does this mean?

- there are an infinite number of utterances we can make by connecting existing words in new ways - there is no limit to a language's vocabulary, as new words are coined daily - also includes verbal/nonverbal communication - language is symbolic; - A symbol is something that stands in for or represents something else. Symbols can be communicated verbally (speaking the word hello), in writing (putting the letters H-E-L-L-O together), or nonverbally (waving your hand back and forth).

list some cultural norms (social rules) of conversations

- turn taking - clarification - Adjacency pairs are related communication structures that come one after the other (adjacent to each other) in an interaction ex;, questions are followed by answers

fundamental attribution error

- which refers to our tendency to explain others' behaviors using internal rather than external attributions - the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition - ex. illegally parked students attribute the cause of their situation saying they got a ticket because the officer was a mean, which is an internal attribution. Students were much less likely to acknowledge that the officer was just doing his or her job (an external attribution)

monosemic

- words have only one use in a language, which makes their denotation more straightforward. - handkerchief

paralanguage

-A vocal element of nonverbal communication is paralanguage, which is the vocalized but not verbal part of a spoken message, such as speaking rate, volume, and pitch -CRIES

Body Gestures: Know what each of the following mean: (if you were provided an example of a behavior, could you identify which one it is?) · Illustrators · Emblems Adaptors

-Illustrators are the most common type of gesture and are used to illustrate the verbal message they accompany. For example, you might use hand gestures to indicate the size or shape of an object. -Emblems are gestures that have a specific agreed-on meaning, like thumbs up or middle finger -Adaptors are touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typically related to arousal or anxiety. Adaptors can be targeted toward the self, objects, or others. In regular social situations, adaptors result from uneasiness, anxiety, or a general sense that we are not in control of our surroundings. Many of us subconsciously click pen

What are some ways to improve your nonverbal communication skills, what does each of the following mean? Nonverbal congruence Mirroring

-Nonverbal congruence refers to consistency among different nonverbal expressions within a cluster. Congruent nonverbal communication is more credible and effective than ambiguous or conflicting nonverbal cues. -mirroring; which refers to the often subconscious practice of using nonverbal cues in a way that match those of others around us

territorality

-Territoriality is an innate drive to take up and defend spaces

types of time?

-biological, personal, physical, and cultural time -Biological time; refers to the rhythms of living things. Humans follow a circadian rhythm, meaning that we are on a daily cycle that influences when we eat, sleep, and wake -Personal time; refers to the ways in which individuals experience time. The way we experience time varies based on our mood, our interest level, and other factors -Physical time; refers to the fixed cycles of days, years, and season (seasonal depression) -Cultural time; refers to how a large group of people view time (Polychronic & Monochronically) -A polychronic or monochronic orientation to time influences our social realities and how we interact with others.

head movement and posture

-both used to acknowledge others and communicate interest or attentiveness -In terms of head movements, a head nod is a universal sign of acknowledgement in cultures where the formal bow is no longer used as a greeting -There are four general human postures: standing, sitting, squatting, and lying down -In terms of sitting, leaning back shows informality and indifference, straddling a chair is a sign of dominance

vocalics

-characteristics of the voice -We learned earlier that paralanguage refers to the vocalized but nonverbal parts of a message. Vocalics is the study of paralanguage, which includes the vocal qualities that go along with verbal messages, such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers

eye behavior— what do we read from eye bahvaior?

-communicate through eye behaviors, primarily eye contact -pupil dialation -ranging from regulating interaction to monitoring interaction, to conveying information, to establishing interpersonal connections

mixed messages

-or messages in which verbal and nonverbal signals contradict each other -Mixed messages lead to uncertainty and confusion on the part of receivers, which leads us to look for more information to try to determine which message is more credible

what are the three main divisions for territory?

-primary territories; they are marked or understood to be exclusively ours and under our control ex. person's house, yard, -Secondary territories; don't belong to us and aren't exclusively under our control, but they are associated with us, which may lead us to assume that the space will be open and available to us when we need it without us taking any further steps to reserve (a schools desk, is urs but also someone else's) -Public territories are open to all people. People are allowed to mark public territory and use it for a limited period of time, but space is often up for grabs, which makes public space difficult to manage for some people and can lead to conflict

chronemics

-refers to the study of how time affects communication

Know the approximate distances and situations for each of the following: · Intimate distance · Personal distance · Social distance · Public distance

-the public zone (12 or more feet from our body), -social zone (4-12 feet from our body), -the personal zone (1.5-4 feet from our body), -the intimate zone (from body contact to 1.5 feet away).

study of communication; What are Cicero's Five Canons of Rhetoric?

1. Invention refers to the use of evidence and arguments to think about things in new ways and is the most studied of the five canons 2. Arrangement refers to the organization of speech 3. Style refers to the use of language, and 4. Delivery refers to the vocal and physical characteristics of a speaker 5. Memory is the least studied of the five canons and refers to the techniques employed by speakers of that era to retain and then repeat large amounts of information.

Name four specific areas of need that communication meets:

1. Physical needs include needs that keep our bodies and minds functioning 2. Instrumental needs include needs that help us get things done in our day-to-day lives and achieve short- and long-term goals 3. Relational needs include needs that help us maintain social bonds and interpersonal relationships 4. Identity needs include our need to present ourselves to others and be thought of in particular and desired ways. What adjectives would you use to describe yourself? Are you funny, smart, loyal, or quirky?

list the 5 functions of language

1. expressive , go over 3.2 2. powerful 3. fun 4. dynamic 5. relational. ??????

four principles of nonverbal communication:

1. nonverbal communication typically conveys more meaning than verbal communication 2. nonverbal communication is more involuntary than verbal communication 3. nonverbal communication is often more ambiguous than verbal communication 4. nonverbal communication is often more credible than verbal communication.

what 3 processes do people use to form perception from sensory information

1. selection; is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information, uses SALIENCE smth attracts our attention in a particular context 2. organizing; in which we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns. Three ways we sort things into patterns are by using proximity, similarity, and difference (the 3 ways says if or doesnt go with a group) 3. Interpretation; we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata. Schemata are like databases of stored, related information that we use to interpret new experiences.

Individuals bring identity to each communication encounter. A person's identity is central to how he/she functions in the world. What is identity and the three parts that influence it?

1.Personal identities; include the components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences (dog lover) 2. social identities; are the components of self that are derived from involvement in social groups with which we are interpersonally committed (member of a group or society) 3. Cultural identities are based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for social behavior or ways of acting (female, gay, etc)

what makes up; racial national gender age social class disability religion

????????

what does it mean that your identity is both fixed and dynamic?

????a person born male, changes to boy,teenager,man,old. he is still male but his social expectations change regarding what a boy and men should be

abstract language

Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places.

semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

Schemata

Mental models of the world that we use to guide and interpret our experiences

using time monochronically

Monochronic people tend to schedule their time more rigidly and do one thing at a time

using time polychronically

Polychronic people do not view time as a linear progression that needs to be divided into small units and scheduled in advance. Polychronic people keep more flexible schedules and may engage in several activities at once.

syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

performance of identity

The process by which we show the world who we think we arec

what factors influence what we: organize

Three ways we sort things into patterns are by using proximity, similarity, and difference look up 2.1 lol

what are the vocal/nonvocal elements of verbal and nonverbal communication?

Verbal Communication: Vocal- Spoken words Nonvocal- Writing, sign language Nonverbal Communication: Vocal- Paralanguage (pitch, volume, speaking rate, etc.) Nonvocal- Body language (gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, etc.)

self-fufilling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fufillment

prototypes

a mental image or best example of a category ???

phonemes

any distinct units of sound in that distinguish one word from another, - for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

neologisms langauge

are newly invented or used words. Newly coined words are those that were just brought into linguistic existence.

tie signs

are nonverbal cues that communicate intimacy and signal the connection between two people (sharing same glass)

participants

are the senders and/or receivers of messages in a communication encounter

immediacy behaviors

are verbal and nonverbal behaviors that lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators and include things like smiling, nodding, making eye contact, and occasionally engaging in social, polite, or professional touch (

Commissives

commit a speaker to a course of action: promises, pledges, threats, vows

disconfirmations language

dismisses value of a person

looking glass slef

explains that we see ourselves reflected in other people's reactions to us and then form our self-concept based on how we believe other people see us

scripts

general descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation ?????

polysemic

having many meanings

feedback

includes messages sent in response to other messages

psychological context

includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter.

relational context

includes the previous interpersonal history and type of relationship we have with a person

cultural context

includes various aspects of identities such as race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class, and ability

Communication accommodation

is a theory that explores why and how people modify their communication to fit situational, social, cultural, and relational contexts

what is cultural bias of language

is a way of viewing or talking about a group that is typically negative. Bias has a way of creeping into our daily language use, often under our awareness. Culturally biased language can make reference to one or more cultural identities, including race, gender, age, sexual orientation, and ability

environmental noise

is any physical noise present in a communication encounter

noise

is anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a communication encounter

salience

is the degree to which something attracts our attention in a particular context. The thing attracting our attention can be abstract, like a concept, or concrete, like an object. For example, a person's identity as a Native American may become salient when they are protesting

2, 8.1, 8.2 perception

is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information

what is decoding?

is the process of turning communication into thoughts

interpretation

is the third part of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata.

deception

it is estimated that we actually only detect about half the lies that we are told, meaning we all operate on false information without even being aware of it. Although this may be disappointing to those of you reading who like to think of yourselves as human lie detectors, there are some forces working against our deception detecting abilities.

convergence

meaning a person makes his or her communication more like another person's. People who are accommodating in their communication style are seen as more competent, which illustrates the benefits of communicative flexibility

divergence

meaning a person uses communication to emphasize the differences between his or her conversational partner and his or herself.

self-concept

overall idea of who a person thinks he or she is

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

people understand their world through language and that language in turn, shapes how people experience their world

Who are "digital natives"?

people who can't remember a time without CMC (computer medicated communications)

code switching

refers to changes in accent, dialect, or language

what is personal presentation and environment?

refers to how the objects we adorn ourselves and our surroundings with, referred to as artifacts, provide nonverbal cues that others make meaning from and how our physical environment—for example, the layout of a room and seating positions and arrangements—influences communication.

semantic noise

refers to noise that occurs in the encoding and decoding process when participants do not understand a symbol ex: ppl talking diff langauges or even in the same language bc words could be misunderstood

self-esteem

refers to the judgments and evaluations we make about our self-concept

What is communication competence and what are the elements of it?

refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts 1. knowledge; knowing how to do something and understanding why things are done the way they are 2. the ability to use; Individual factors affect our ability to do anything 3. adapt to various contexts; What is competent or not varies based on social and cultural context, which makes it impossible to have only one standard for what counts as communication competence... power and status? 1.4

level of abstraction

refers to the range of communication behaviors from specific or micro-level skills to general or macro-level skills 3.3 picture

social context

refers to the stated rules or unstated norms that guide communication. As we are socialized into our various communities, we learn rules and implicitly pick up on norms for communicating

proxemics

refers to the use of space and distance within communication. US Americans, in general, have four zones that constitute our personal space: the public zone (12 or more feet from our body), social zone (4-12 feet from our body), the personal zone (1.5-4 feet from our body), and the intimate zone (from body contact to 1.5 feet away). Proxemics also studies territoriality, or how people take up and defend personal space.

study of communication; what are Aristotle's three tools of persuasion?

rhetoric; ethos, pathos, logos

channel

sensory route on which a message travels, to the receiver for decoding

haptics

study of touch

attribution theory

suggests how we explain someone's behavior—by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. more.... are links we make to identify the cause of a behavior. In the case of aggressive or abusive parents, they are not as able to distinguish between mistakes and intentional behaviors, often seeing honest mistakes as intended and reacting negatively to the child

physical context

tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place

attribution, part of interpretation

the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others 1. Internal attributions; connect the cause of behaviors to personal aspects such as personality traits 2. External attributions; connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors

1. communication

the process of generating meaning by sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal symbols and signs that are influenced by multiple contexts

what is encoding?

the process of turning thoughts into communication

reflected appraisal

the process whereby a person's self-concept is influenced by his or her beliefs concerning what other people think of the person

oculesics

the study of eye behavior

message creation

the verbal or nonverbal content being conveyed from sender to receiver. For example, when you say "Hello!" to your friend, you are sending a message of greeting that will be received by your friend.

internal noise

thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening

what factors influence what we: select

using salience 1. visual and aural stimulation; attracts our attention 2. needs and interests 3. expectations

artifacts

which are the objects and possessions that surround us, also communicate our identities. Examples of artifacts include our clothes

truth bias

which leads us to believe that a person is telling the truth, especially if we know and like that person.

kinesics

which means "movement," and refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and face movements.

concrete language

words and statements that are specific rather than abstract or vague