COMM MIDTERM

Refutation

*refute STRONGEST COUNTER-ARGUMENT against your case Respond to 1-2 of the strongest counter arguments against your side Some might say...(X) I would respond by saying (Y). The reason (Y) is true is... *cite a source here (so you can end really impactfully)

What are the components of an introduction? How can a speaker use these components to write a strong introduction?

5 parts: 1. Link to topic 2. Reasons to listen 3. Appearing credible; not a part, more of a characteristic, cite research in intro, explain why you're competent with the topic due to experience or proof of extensive research; trustworthisness-use reputable sources; establish sense of goodwill/caring 4. thesis statement: a short, declarative sentence that states the purpose, intent, or main idea of a speech. 5. Preview of Speech

What is rhetorical exigence? How can you tell if a problem is an exigent problem?

????

Oral mode

????? Oral communication, while primarily referring to spoken verbal communication, can also employ visual aids and non-verbal elements to support the conveyance of meaning. Oral communication includes speeches, presentations, discussions, and aspects of interpersonal communication.

Concrete language

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What is included at the very end of a full-sentence outline, right after the conclusion?

A references section

Which of the following resources generally contains the most accurate information? A. Books written for a public audience B. Academic publications C. An unbiased news station on TV D. A highly influential newspaper

Academic publications

Academic source

Academic sources, also called scholarly sources, are sources which can include books, academic journal articles, and published expert reports. The content in academic sources has usually been peer-reviewed, which means that it's been reviewed by experts on its topic for accuracy and quality before being published.

public speaking is an _____________ activity

Audience-centered; meaning Act of public speaking is a SHARED ACTIVITY "Speakers do not give speeches to audiences; they jointly create meaning with audiences."

How can a speaker work to adapt language to the oral (rather than written) mode?

By using personal pronouns; By including rhetorical questions in the speech

What is the rhetorical situation? What are the components? How does understanding the rhetorical situation help speakers?

Components: audience, occasion (rhetorical exigence, constraints, opportunities) & speaker. These elements are pre-existing or called into being by the speaker (ex: 9/11 sometimes the situation precedes the speech).

What are the purposes of a full-sentence outline?

DEVELOPS THE FULL DETAIL OF THE MESSAGE

Full sentence outline

DEVELOPS THE FULL DETAIL OF THE MESSAGE Why is this important? 1. you have a full plan of everything you intend to say to your audience, so that you will not have to struggle with wordings or examples 2. you have a clear idea of how much time it will take to present your speech 3. it contributes a fundamental ingredient of good preparation, part of your ethical responsibility to your audience -Full references at the end of the outline, match the citations within the outline

How can you make your speech audience-centered?

DONT Stereotype (assume that members of certain group share similar traits or characteristics); racism, sexism, heterosexism(assuming everyone is straight), classism, ethnocentrism, audience analysis DONT ASSUME ANYTHING ABOUT THE AUDIENCE

ETHOS vs. LOGOS vs. PATHOS

Ethos: trying to convince someone of the character or credibility of the persuader, an appeal to ethics Pathos: trying to convince someone of an argument by creating an emotional response, an appeal to emotion Logos: a way of persuading an audience by reason, an appeal to logic

What are the purposes of a speaking outline?

HELPS YOU STAY ORGANIZED IN FRONT OF THE AUDIENCE WITHOUT READING TO THEM

Speaking outline

HELPS YOU STAY ORGANIZED IN FRONT OF THE AUDIENCE WITHOUT READING TO THEM Less detail whenever possible, you will use key words and phrases, but in some instances, an extended quotation will need to be fully written on your speaking outline. Why will you feel tempted to read, and not SPEAK, your speech? Carefully crafted full-sentence outline Desire for a safety-net Since your speech has 5 parts (introduction, main point one, main point two, main point three, and the conclusion), use 5 notecards (4x6) Read fully from card when quoting something The "trick" to selecting the phrases and quotations for your cards is to identify the labels that will trigger a recall sequence.

When do speakers typically experience the highest levels of anxiety?

Immediately before they speak

Impromptu speaking

Impromptu speaking is the presentation of a short message without advance preparation. advantage: spontaneous and responsive in an animated group context disadvantage: given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of his or her message. As a result, the message may be disorganized and difficult for listeners to follow.

Janie's thesis statement states, "Today, I accuse the documentary The Matter of Food of providing false information to consumers and failing to promote healthy eating habits." What is wrong with Janie's thesis?

It expresses more than one main idea

Which of the following is a disadvantage of extemporaneous speaking?

It requires a great deal of preparation and practice

Logical flow of main points

LOGICAL FLOW OF MAIN POINTS: it is what it sounds like, just think logically about the flow of your points; here are some organizaitonal pattersn to help you create a logical flow Categorical/Topical Compare/Contrast Spatial: how things fit together in physical space The chronological speech pattern places the main idea in the time order in which items appear—whether backward or forward As you might guess, the biographical speech pattern is generally used when a speaker wants to describe a person's life—either a speaker's own life, the life of someone they know personally, or the life of a famous person. The causal speech pattern is used to explain cause-and-effect relationships. Another format for organizing distinct main points in a clear manner is the problem-cause-solution speech pattern. In this format you describe a problem, identify what you believe is causing the problem, and then recommend a solution to correct the problem. A further way to organize your main ideas within a speech is through a psychological speech pattern in which "a" leads to "b" and "b" leads to "c."

Manuscript speaking

Manuscript speaking is the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids. advantage: exact repetition of original words (sometimes this is necessary) disadvantage: uninteresting, the presentation tends to be dull. Keeping one's eyes glued to the script precludes eye contact with the audience.

Memorized speaking

Memorized speaking is the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory can be useful when the message needs to be exact advantage: enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech disadvantage: unless you also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer. You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern. You might also present your speech in a rapid "machine-gun" style that fails to emphasize the most important points. Second, if you lose your place and start trying to ad lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong. More frighteningly, if you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going.

Thesis statement

One sentence main claim Use the word accuse or defend Ex: "I am accusing the Victoria Secret Fashion show of contributing to low levels of self-esteem in young women" (make it specific) Clear, concise and controversial

In the middle of his speech, Carter realizes he seems to be missing one of his notecards. How should he handle this unexpected situation?

Pause for a moment to decide what to do

What are the three components of an effective conclusion?

Restatement of thesis, review of main points, and a concluding device

Your textbook recommends speaking in a conversational style. What does a conversational style entail?

Speaking in a natural, expressive tone.

You want to make a direction action claim in your speech. Which of these rules should you follow in choosing what kind of action you want your audience to take? A. The audience should be able to engage in the action now. B. The action should require a high level of audience commitment. C. The audience should find the action highly controversial D. Convincing the audience to take this action should require little to no effort from the speaker.

The audience should be able to engage in the action now.

What is especially important in the "need" section of Monroe's Motivated Sequence?

The problem should be stated clearly and concisely.

Why is it important to write a full-sentence outline?

To have a visual plan of what you will say

Why is it important to link your speech topic to your attention-getter?

To maintain audience attention and to make the relevance of the attention-getter clear to your audience

Which of the following is the best example of a strong thesis statement? A. Today, I want to discuss the issues of legalization of marijuana. B. Today in my speech, I will first offer a detailed review of the "facts." Second, I will levy my argument of accusation against Dr. Garrels and prove to you why he is guilty of malpractice. Finally, I will refute a common counterargument against my case. C. Today, I will defend the CDC in its decision to bring Ebola patients to Atlanta for studying and treatment. D. My speech is going to be about the Ray Rice controversy and the NFL's decision.

Today, I will defend the CDC in its decision to bring Ebola patients to Atlanta for studying and treatment.

What question is a speaker attempting to answer in concluding with a reference to the audience?

What's in it for the audience?

Statement of Facts

Who, what, when, where, how Agreed upon/background information

Which of the following is a potential outcome of choosing a personal hobby as a speech topic?

Your hobby may not appeal to your audience

Exigence

a problem that can only be resolved through speaking or writing

Asking a rhetorical question is a good strategy for starting off a speech. What is a rhetorical question?

a question for which there is no expected reply from the audience; rhetorical questions are asked for effect

Rhetorical question

a question to which no actual reply is expected.

Authoritative source

a work known to be reliable because its authority or authenticity is widely recognized by experts in the field one that has been written by an expert who is recognized in his or her field of expertise; some examples include peer-viewed journal articles, government websites, public records and books by reputable, well-known publishers.

Rhetorical situation

an opportunity to make meaningful change through speaking and writing

Ethnocentrism

assuming one's cultural standards are superior and/or should be shared by others

How can a speaker enhance her/his ethos, or credibility?

by being sincere

Peer-reviewed

evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others working in the same field.

In providing reasons for your audience to listen to your speech, you should: A. Demonstrate your own connection to the topic as well as your connection to the audience, so as to implicitly suggest a connection between your audience and the topic B. Craft a speech that is relevant to them and allow them to make their own connections to your material C. explicitly tell them how the information will be useful/relevant to them D. Provide a shocking statistic, or another effective attention getting device

explicitly tell them how the information will be useful/relevant to them

TRUE OR FALSE: A good way to reduce speech anxiety is to focus on yourself, rather than on your audience.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: A speaker should never allow research findings to influence the focus of their thesis statement.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: Although you should speak using key-word notes rather than a full-sentence outline, it's a good idea to bring a full-sentence outline with you to the podium in case you get nervous.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: Experts agree that the more main points, the better. For example, it's better to have five or even six main points, as opposed to just two or three.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: It is best to avoid speaking on controversial topics.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: To enhance your credibility as a speaker, it is a good idea to manipulate your sources to make them appear more credible than they actually are.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: Under no circumstances should you include a full-sentence on your speaking outline.

false

When looking for research sources, it is important to carefully read an article or book from beginning to end before determining if it will be useful for your speech.

false

How to enhance ethos?

find ways to relate by: -being sincere -goodwill -trustworthiness

How many notecards does your textbook suggest using in order to aid an effective delivery?

five

Inclusive language

language that is free from words, phrases or tones that reflect prejudiced, stereotyped or discriminatory views of particular people or groups. It is also language that doesn't deliberately or inadvertently exclude people from being seen as part of a group

Nonacademic source

not written by an expert in the field purpose: for the mass public

Logos

persuade by reason, an appeal to logic

Ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age.

Sexism

prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.

Speakers should strive to engage in extemporaneous delivery in almost all speaking contexts. Extemporaneous speaking involves...

speaking in a natural, conversational tone and relying on key-word note cards

Extemporaneous speaking

speaking in a natural, conversational tone and relying on notes rather than a prepared script

In a transition sentence, a speaker

summarizes what was said in one point and previews what is to come in the next point

Elitism

the advocacy or existence of an elite as a dominating element in a system or society.

Racism

the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.

As a public speaker, you should avoid ethnocentrism. This term refers to...

the belief that one's own culture is the standard to which other cultures should aspire

Attention getter

the device a speaker uses at the beginning of a speech to capture an audience's interest and make them interested in the speech's topic.

Plagiarism

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. Ways to avoid it: do your own work, Allow yourself enough time to research the assignment, Keep careful track of your sources, Take careful notes, make it clear who is speaking.If you use an idea, a quotation, paraphrase, or summary, then credit the source.Learn how to cite sources correctly both in the body of your paper and in your List of Works Cited (Reference Page).Quote accurately and sparingly. Paraphrase carefully.Do not patchwrite (patchspeak: mixing several sources together).

Audience analysis

the process of gathering information about the people in your audience so that you can understand their needs, expectations, beliefs, values, attitudes, and likely opinions. 1. Who are my audience members? 2. What characteristics do my audience members have demographic makeup Age Cultural attributes Females, males, both? As ethical speakers, we want to make sure that we do not offend people by insensitive topic selection. DON'T ASSUME ANYTHING about your audience 3. What opinions and beliefs do they have? 4. What do they already know? 5. What would they be interested in knowing more about? 6. What do they need? READ ALL NOTES FROM CHP 5

Why is it important to evaluate audience characteristics?

to help make sure you are sensitive to different people within your audience and avoid stereotyping

Paraphrasing

to take a source's basic idea and condense it using your own words

TRUE OR FALSE: Having a clear, solid preview can enhance a speaker's credibility.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: In the "satisfaction" section of Monroe's motivated sequence, it is recommended that a speaker respond to possible objections to her or his claim.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Incorrect paraphrasing is one of the most common forms of student plagiarism.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: One of the biggest differences between written and oral communication is the necessity of repetition in oral communication.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Stepping out from behind a speaking lectern can help establish more immediate contact with your audience.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: To avoid confusing your audience, it is important to signal that you are about to conclude.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Using key-word notecards is one of the best strategies to help accomplish an extemporaneous delivery.

true

Pathos

trying to convince someone of an argument by creating an emotional response, an appeal to emotion

Ethos

trying to convince someone of the character or credibility of the persuader, an appeal to ethics the term Aristotle used to refer to what we now call credibility: the perception that the speaker is honest, knowledgeable, and rightly motivated. It builds the respect of your audience. -the character and credibility of the speaker

Biased source

unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something.

Parallel structure

we mean that you should structure your main points so that they all sound similar the idea that the three main points follow the same structure or make use of the same kind of language allows you to check for inconsistencies and self-contradictory statements ^ these make you sound dumb, confused and less credible Important part of parallelism is your conclusion; should do two things come "full circle" in order to show the audience that you have covered all the territory you laid out in your preview it should provide satisfying, decisive, psychological closure; your audience should know when your speech is over

Which of the following is a disadvantage of trying to speak from manuscript?

you risk giving a dull presentation