Communication Arts 100 (EXAM 1)

three major types of supporting materials

1. examples 2. statistics 3. testimony

guidelines for a speaking outline

1. follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline 2. make sure the outline is legible 3. keep the outline as brief as possible 4. give yourself cues for delivering the speech

tips for preparing main points (3)

1. keep main points separate 2. try to use the same pattern of wording for main points 3. balance the amount of time devoted to main points

Public Speaking and Conversation

1. organizing your thoughts logically 2. tailoring your message to your audience 3. telling a story for maximum impact 4. adapting to listener feedback

differences between public speaking and conversation

1. public speaking is more highly structured 2. public speaking requires more formal language 3. public speaking requires a different method of delivery

tips for an introduction

1. relate the topic to the audience 2. state the importance of your topic 3. startle the audience 4. arouse curiosity of the audience 5. question the audience 6. begin with a quotation 7. tell a story

tips for formulating the specific purpose statement

1. write the purpose statement as a full infinitve phrase, not as a fragment 2. express your purpose as a statement, not as a question 3. avoid figurative language in your purpose statement 4. limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea 5. make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general

specific purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech To inform my audience about __________.

concept

a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle or the like

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

speaking outline

a brief outline used to job a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech build to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

adrenaline

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

topical order (main points)

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech ;the main idea leading to the main points

informative speech

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

ice breaker speech

a speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

contrast

a statement of the difference among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

comparison

a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.

description

a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

process

a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product

cliché

a trite or overused expression

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

connectives

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another

simile

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

stage fright

anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

event

anything that happens or is regarded as happening

interference

anything that impedes the communication of a message ____ can be external or internal to the listeners

object

anything that is visible, tangible and stable in form

strategic order of main points (5)

chronological, spatial, causal, problem-solution, topical

external interference

comes from outside the audience i.e. traffic outside, clatter of a radiator, a room that is too hot or too cold, etc.

internal interference

comes within the listener i.e. a pay a person is having, a test the next period, etc.

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

questions to ask about your specific purpose

does my purpose meet the assignment? can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? is the purpose relevant to my audience? is the purpose too trivial for my audience? is the purpose too technical for my audience?

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about such things as logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between facts and opinions

ethical decisions

involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

plagiarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

tips for a conclusion

signal the end of the speech and reinforce the central idea: 1. summarize your speech 2. end with a quotation 3. make a dramatic statement 4. refer to the introduction

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

general purpose

the broad goal of a speech i.e. to inform, to persuade

conclusion

the final section of a speech

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

body

the main section of a speech

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech; they expand on the central idea *** most speeches contain 2-5 _____ _____

supporting material

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

feedback

the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

introduction

the opening section of a speech

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

visual framework

the pattern or symbolism and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speakers

speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair of series of related words, phrases, or sentences

topic

the subject of a speech

frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. no two people can have exactly the same reference point

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

generic "he"

the use of "he" to refer to both women and men

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

personalize

to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

choosing a topic

topics you know a lot about, topics you want to know more about

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in the speech

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects