Communication Theory REVIEW

Paralanguage

all the nonverbal elements involved in using the voice

Values

are centrally located or important beliefs that guide behavior in terms of action and goal attainment.

Attitudes

are learned, mediated, evaluative responses

Beliefs

are probability statements about existence, inferences we make about the world, our selves and others.

Monroes Motivated Sequence

attention, need, satisfaction ,visualization and action

Entropy

(communication theory) a numerical measure of the uncertainty of an outcome

Classical Rhetorical Theory

Rhetorical theory is based on the available means of persuasion. A speaker who is interested in persuading an audience must consider rhetorical proofs: Logical, emotional, ethical

List the Theories of Verbal Coding

Semantics- meaning of signs Pragmatics- how signs effect human behavior syntactics- sign relating to other signs

List concepts of Scientific Method

Statement, Observation, Classfication, Generalization

According to Katz, what four functions do attitudes serve

The Adjustment Function Ego-Defensive Function The Value-Expressive Function The Knowledge Function

Theories of Meaning

The image or frame of reference or view of the world is the net effect of an individual experiences

Haptics

The interpretation of touch

Abstraction

The process of leaving out details in perceiving, thinking about and labeling events

Context

The specific communication situation, scene or setting within a broader social milieu or environment

Proxemics

The study of how people unconciously structure the distance between people, objects, and houses

State the Sapir-Whorf Linguistic relativity principles and give two examples

his principle states that one's language shapes one's view of reality. What you see is based on what you you

cognitive dissonance

inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

Peripheral routing

involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content.

Channel

the form of communication used

Self-reflexiveness

the human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it

Kinesics

the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions

Communication Process

the transfer of a message from a sender to a receiver

Burkes Dramtistic Pentad

1. Act: What happened? What is the action? What is going on? What action; what thoughts? 2. Scene: Where is the act happening? What is the background situation? 3. Agent: Who is involved in the action? What are their roles? 4. Agency: How do the agents act? By what means do they act? 5. Purpose: Why do the agents act? What do they want?

Non Identity

A is not A. A map is not the territtory is represents.

Multi ordinal

A word could mean a number things to different people

Noise

Any interruption in the communication process

Encoding

Creates message

Distinguish the two broad definitions of Propaganda

Doob: viewed propaganda as an attempt to affect the personalities and to control the behavior of individuals toward ends considered unscientific or of doubtful value in a society at a particular time Ellul: viewed propaganda as universal phenomenon, necessary and essential. It must appeal to human massness AND individuality. He observes that propaganda could not exist without the mass media.

five general types of nonverbal behaviors that are based on origin, coding, and usage

Emblems: have a verbal translation such as "peace" Illustrators:accent or emphasize Adaptors:facilitate release of bodily tension Regulators:used to coordinate interaction Affect display: display of emotions or feelings

Social Judgment Theory

Individual judgments of things and people are highly situation and depend's one ones initial orientation toward the world

Information Theory

Information-Information reduces uncertainty it may involve data, process, channel, and outcomes Entropy- refers to the amount of chaos, randomness, turbulence Piece-a unit of information Bit- a unit of information that reduces the alternatives by half; a decision between two alternatives Turbulence-the degree of stability/instability in the environment; affects entropy Uncertainty Reduction - quantity of information combined with relative difficulty in transmission; burnout may result from under load or overload.

Chronmetics

How time relates to communication

All A's are B's under conditions 1, 2, 3, . . . etc." - best describes the ____________ perspective in theory construction.

Laws

Perspectives of Theory Construction

Laws: All A's are B's under conditions 1,2.3 System:A->B->C->D->E->A Rules: A does B in order to effect/bring about C

Inoculation Theory

McGuire's theory on resistance to persuasive messages

Mystification

Mystification is about the creation of authority, sometimes through elevated distance ( a stage, or a thrown for a king). It seems to become more important in performance the higher up in the social ladder you move because people want you to be a mystery to maintain majesty.

Non-allness

No statement says all there is about an event

types of Necessity in theory building

Nomic necessity-refers to casual relationships Logical necessity- refers to internally consistent system of relationships in the system Practical necessity- refers to the amount of force act

Types of Data in theory construction

Nominal- Listing Ordinal- Rank ordering Interval- Statistically weighed

Uncertainty Reduction

People seek information to reduce uncertainty; they may also create uncertainty by the information they transmit. Studied by Charles Berger.

Define Ellul's Four Kinds of Propaganda

Political: employed by the government or political party to bring about change Sociological: purpose is to integrate individuals Integration: messages to stabilize, unify

What are the three stages of "self" as defined by Mead's Symbolic Interaction Theory?

Prepatory, Play, Game

Characteristics of a System

Wholeness- the whole is grater than the sum of the individual parts Interdependence- each part affects the other parts; he effects are rippling Equilibrium- How systems adapt and adject to achieve balance Equilifinlity- goal seeking behavior of a system Hierarchy- lines of power and control Change-when systems adjust in order to survive

Inductive reasoning

Works from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. We begin with specific observations, begin to detect patterns and regulations, formulate some tentative hypotheses and then develop general conclusions or theories.

Theory

a body of statements that represent a clear rounded and systhematic view of a subject

Attitude

a predisposition to behave in a positive or negative way toward an object/event person or concept

inartistic proofs

categorized by aristotle. exist independently from the arguer, such as contracts, witness testimony, or data

Environmental factors

contextual elements such as color, comfort, temperature, amount of space and so forth affect communication outcomes

Cybernetics

control and self-regulation via communications with emphasis on feedback

Semiotic Triangle

famous triangle of meaning implies that the referent of an expression (a word or another sign or symbol) is relative to different language users: With the terminology of Peirce: "A sign, or representamen, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity. It addresses somebody, that is, creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign

System

is a set of parts or objects that structured form a unique whole in an environment and it is set a part by a boundary.

taxonomy

list things in numerical order

artifacts

objects that communicate, such as clothing, glasses, jewelery

Indexing

recognizing that student #1 is not student #2

Information

reduces uncertainty, involves data, process, channel, outcome

Deductive reasoning

works from the more general to the more specific we might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic or interest. We then narrow it down into more specific hypotheses we can test.