Communication Theory REVIEW
Paralanguage
all the nonverbal elements involved in using the voice
Values
are centrally located or important beliefs that guide behavior in terms of action and goal attainment.
Attitudes
are learned, mediated, evaluative responses
Beliefs
are probability statements about existence, inferences we make about the world, our selves and others.
Monroes Motivated Sequence
attention, need, satisfaction ,visualization and action
Entropy
(communication theory) a numerical measure of the uncertainty of an outcome
Classical Rhetorical Theory
Rhetorical theory is based on the available means of persuasion. A speaker who is interested in persuading an audience must consider rhetorical proofs: Logical, emotional, ethical
List the Theories of Verbal Coding
Semantics- meaning of signs Pragmatics- how signs effect human behavior syntactics- sign relating to other signs
List concepts of Scientific Method
Statement, Observation, Classfication, Generalization
According to Katz, what four functions do attitudes serve
The Adjustment Function Ego-Defensive Function The Value-Expressive Function The Knowledge Function
Theories of Meaning
The image or frame of reference or view of the world is the net effect of an individual experiences
Haptics
The interpretation of touch
Abstraction
The process of leaving out details in perceiving, thinking about and labeling events
Context
The specific communication situation, scene or setting within a broader social milieu or environment
Proxemics
The study of how people unconciously structure the distance between people, objects, and houses
State the Sapir-Whorf Linguistic relativity principles and give two examples
his principle states that one's language shapes one's view of reality. What you see is based on what you you
cognitive dissonance
inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions
Peripheral routing
involves being persuaded in a manner that is not based on the arguments or the message content.
Channel
the form of communication used
Self-reflexiveness
the human ability to think about what you are doing while you are doing it
Kinesics
the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions
Communication Process
the transfer of a message from a sender to a receiver
Burkes Dramtistic Pentad
1. Act: What happened? What is the action? What is going on? What action; what thoughts? 2. Scene: Where is the act happening? What is the background situation? 3. Agent: Who is involved in the action? What are their roles? 4. Agency: How do the agents act? By what means do they act? 5. Purpose: Why do the agents act? What do they want?
Non Identity
A is not A. A map is not the territtory is represents.
Multi ordinal
A word could mean a number things to different people
Noise
Any interruption in the communication process
Encoding
Creates message
Distinguish the two broad definitions of Propaganda
Doob: viewed propaganda as an attempt to affect the personalities and to control the behavior of individuals toward ends considered unscientific or of doubtful value in a society at a particular time Ellul: viewed propaganda as universal phenomenon, necessary and essential. It must appeal to human massness AND individuality. He observes that propaganda could not exist without the mass media.
five general types of nonverbal behaviors that are based on origin, coding, and usage
Emblems: have a verbal translation such as "peace" Illustrators:accent or emphasize Adaptors:facilitate release of bodily tension Regulators:used to coordinate interaction Affect display: display of emotions or feelings
Social Judgment Theory
Individual judgments of things and people are highly situation and depend's one ones initial orientation toward the world
Information Theory
Information-Information reduces uncertainty it may involve data, process, channel, and outcomes Entropy- refers to the amount of chaos, randomness, turbulence Piece-a unit of information Bit- a unit of information that reduces the alternatives by half; a decision between two alternatives Turbulence-the degree of stability/instability in the environment; affects entropy Uncertainty Reduction - quantity of information combined with relative difficulty in transmission; burnout may result from under load or overload.
Chronmetics
How time relates to communication
All A's are B's under conditions 1, 2, 3, . . . etc." - best describes the ____________ perspective in theory construction.
Laws
Perspectives of Theory Construction
Laws: All A's are B's under conditions 1,2.3 System:A->B->C->D->E->A Rules: A does B in order to effect/bring about C
Inoculation Theory
McGuire's theory on resistance to persuasive messages
Mystification
Mystification is about the creation of authority, sometimes through elevated distance ( a stage, or a thrown for a king). It seems to become more important in performance the higher up in the social ladder you move because people want you to be a mystery to maintain majesty.
Non-allness
No statement says all there is about an event
types of Necessity in theory building
Nomic necessity-refers to casual relationships Logical necessity- refers to internally consistent system of relationships in the system Practical necessity- refers to the amount of force act
Types of Data in theory construction
Nominal- Listing Ordinal- Rank ordering Interval- Statistically weighed
Uncertainty Reduction
People seek information to reduce uncertainty; they may also create uncertainty by the information they transmit. Studied by Charles Berger.
Define Ellul's Four Kinds of Propaganda
Political: employed by the government or political party to bring about change Sociological: purpose is to integrate individuals Integration: messages to stabilize, unify
What are the three stages of "self" as defined by Mead's Symbolic Interaction Theory?
Prepatory, Play, Game
Characteristics of a System
Wholeness- the whole is grater than the sum of the individual parts Interdependence- each part affects the other parts; he effects are rippling Equilibrium- How systems adapt and adject to achieve balance Equilifinlity- goal seeking behavior of a system Hierarchy- lines of power and control Change-when systems adjust in order to survive
Inductive reasoning
Works from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. We begin with specific observations, begin to detect patterns and regulations, formulate some tentative hypotheses and then develop general conclusions or theories.
Theory
a body of statements that represent a clear rounded and systhematic view of a subject
Attitude
a predisposition to behave in a positive or negative way toward an object/event person or concept
inartistic proofs
categorized by aristotle. exist independently from the arguer, such as contracts, witness testimony, or data
Environmental factors
contextual elements such as color, comfort, temperature, amount of space and so forth affect communication outcomes
Cybernetics
control and self-regulation via communications with emphasis on feedback
Semiotic Triangle
famous triangle of meaning implies that the referent of an expression (a word or another sign or symbol) is relative to different language users: With the terminology of Peirce: "A sign, or representamen, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity. It addresses somebody, that is, creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign
System
is a set of parts or objects that structured form a unique whole in an environment and it is set a part by a boundary.
taxonomy
list things in numerical order
artifacts
objects that communicate, such as clothing, glasses, jewelery
Indexing
recognizing that student #1 is not student #2
Information
reduces uncertainty, involves data, process, channel, outcome
Deductive reasoning
works from the more general to the more specific we might begin with thinking up a theory about our topic or interest. We then narrow it down into more specific hypotheses we can test.