Community Dental Health

Used when comparing the statistical difference between three or more mean scores.

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) is located where?

Atlanta, Georgia

Caries management by risk assessment encompasses a methodology of identifying the cause of disease through assessment of risk factors for each individual patient and then managing those risk factors through behavioral, chemical, and minimally invasive procedures.

CAMBRA

Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs -Determines periodontal needs versus periodontal status -Requires special probe

CPITN

Simple, valid, reliable, clear, sensitive, quantifiable, objective, accepted

Characteristics of an ideal index

What is the reason for a needs assessment?

Collects baseline data

*MUST KNOW* What is this? -Survey and Needs assessment -Data analysis -Program planning -Program Operation -Funding -Appraisal or Evaluation

Community Health Practice

Determines the strength of relationship between two variables. Shows probable cause and effect. Given as a number between +1 and -1. The closer the correlation is to either +1 or -1 te stronger the correlation

Correlation co-efficient

What general category of indices measures all the evidence of a condtion (both past and present)

Cumulative

Decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, missing filled surfaces. --Irreversible -Measures past and present caries experience in populations with adult dentitions

DMFT/DMFS

Designed to describe the extent of a disease or condition within a population and its relationship with other variables. Determines who is geting the disease and where and when the disease is occurring.

Descriptive studies

This is a board alert: When data is plotted using a NORMAL curve, the mean... median.. and mode are all...

EQUAL!!!!!!!!!!!

A disease that occurs regularly in a population as a matter of course.

Endemic

An unexpectedly large number of cases of disease in a particular population at a particular place and time

Epidemic

What is the CDC an example of? (level of government)

Federal

What level of government acts on oral health problems of national significance?

Federal

What level of government is primarily within the jurisdiction of the deparment of health and human services?

Federal

Gingival index -Reversible -Based on severity versus extent of inflammation -Can be used in individuals or study participants

GI

what is another name for null hypothesis

H0

What is another name for alternate hypothesis?

H1

DHHS published what?

Healthy People 2010

Consistent performance between different examiners; is increased by calibration

INTERexaminer reliability

Consistent performance by the same evaluator

INTRAexaminer reliability

Refers to the annual diagnosis rate or the number of new cases of a particular disease diagnosed each year

Incidence

What general category of indices measures cumulative conditions that CANNOT be resolved. Caries and periodontal disease indices are examples

Irreversible

what level of govt directly administers county and city programs

Local

What is the first step in planning a program?

Needs assessment

As the value of x increases, the value of y decreases; as the value of x decreases, the value of y increases. The score on one scale's predicts an opposite score on the other scale.

Negative correlation

Simplifies Oral Hygiene Index -Reversible -Measures oral hygiene status by assessing sub- and supragingival plaque and calculus -better for group versus individual assessment

OHI-S

Periodontal Disease Index -Both irreversible and reversible because if measures gingivitis and periodontitis separately

PDI

Patient Hygiene Performance -Reversible -Measures plaque after toothbrushing

PHP

Periodontal Index -Irreversible -Looks at surrounding tissue -Questionable for validity (no CAL)

PI

Periodontal Screening and Recording -Rapidly assesses periodontal health -Requires a special probe -Useful as a preliminary screening technique and for use in large populations

PSR

An outbreak of disease over a wide geographical area; often worldwide

Pandemic

Plaque Index -Reversible -Used in conjunction with the Gingival Index -Scores plaque according to its thickness at the gingival margin

PlI

As the value of x increases, the value of y increases. As the value of x decreases, the value of y decreases. Reflects a direct association between the variables.

Positive correlation

The estimated population of people who are managing a disease at any given time.

Prevalence

*MUST KNOW* What is this? -Health History and Examination -Diagnosis -Treatment Planning -Treatment -Payment -Evaluation

Private Practice

Root caries index -Irreversible -Requires recession. Only takes into consideration areas of root exposure

RCI

The extent to which the method of measurement CONSISTENTLY performs

Reliability

What general category of indices measures conditions that can be resolved or reversed?

Reversible

Sulcular bleeding index -Reversible -Detects early signs of gingivitis -Useful in short-term trials

SBI

What general category of indices measures the presence or absence of a disease?

Simple

What level of govt provides consultation services to local health departments?

State

Statistical measure used to test the hypothetical difference between two mean scores

T-test

-Collecting data to describe normal biological processes -Understanding the natural history of a disease process -measuring the distribution of a disease in a given population -identifying determinants of disease -testing hypotheses for prevention and control of a disease through studies -planning and evaluating health care services

Uses for epidemiology

Volpe-Manhold Index -Reversible -Used to test agents for plaque control and calculus inhibition -Measures supragingival calculus formation following prophylaxis

VMI

Degree that a study or procedure can be conclusive yet sufficiently realistic. 'Does the test measure what it claims to be measuring?'

Validity

What is an example of international government levels of community dental health?

World Health Organization (WHO)

An alternate way to explain the phenomenon.

alternate hypothesis

Researcher is unaware of whether test subject is in the control or treatment group during the study; helps prevent bias.

blind study

Experimental treatment is withheld; test subjects receive placebo

control group

Sample group is chosen based solely on convenience

convenience sample

Frequency of occurrence of scores up to and including any given value in the data set.

cumulative scores

Decayed, need for extraction, filled teeth. -Irreversible -Measures observable caries experience in deciduous teeth -Does not take into account teeth that have been extracted or exfoliated due to past caries experience

deft

The outcome of interest. Should change in response to some intervention. The dependent variable depends on the independent variable

dependent variable

Used to describe, summarize, and organize numerical data. Measures of central tendency

descriptive statistics

Decayed, filled teeth/decayed, filled surfaces -Irreversible -Measures observable caries experience in deciduous teeth

dft/dfs

What way of conducting needs assessment is ... time consuming, not cost effective, and not recommended for large groups

direct observation

Neither the researcher nor subject knows who is receiving experimental treatment; best way to prevent bias

double blind study

What way of conducting needs assessment is ... research based

epidemiological survey

Tests hypotheses to establish cause.

experimental studies

What level of govt is Health resources and services administration?

federal

What level of govt is the national institute of health

federal

Measures how often each score occurs.

frequency of distribution

Grouping variables into consecutive intervals

grouped scores

Suggested explanation of a phenomenon

hypothesis

Manipulated to produce a response to the dependent variable

independent variable

Allows one to generalize findings from the sample study to a larger population.

inferential studies

What way of conducting needs assessment is ... not time or cost effective, not recommended for large groups

interview

Select every nth to participate

judgement sample

What level of govt initiates dental health legislative measures, such as fluoridation

local

Group is studied over an extended period of time

longitudinal study

The arithmetic average of scores. Most common measure of central tendency. To calculate: add all the scores together and divide by the number of scores.

mean

Frequency of distribution is plotted out an x-y graph resulting in a pictorial representation of the data. Mean, median, and mode. When data is plotted using a normal curve: the mean, median, and mode are equal.

measures of central tendency

Describes how wide the scores are around a central point (in a normal curve, the central point would be the mean, median, and mode.

measures of dispersion

Divides the distribution of scores into two equal parts. To calculate: place scores in a data matrix and locate midpoint

median

The most frequently occurring score within the data matrix. To calculate: using an ungrouped tally system, identify the score that occurs most often.

mode

When more scores fall in the higher range

negative skew

A hypothesis which a researcher tries to disprove or nullify.

null hypothesis

Used when testing hypothesis. Refers to the probability that a condition or circumstance would happen just by chance without experimental intervention. Standard acceptability is 1 out of 20 or a p-value of ≤0.05; a p-value greater than 0.05 will affect study results.

p-value (probability value)

When more scores fall in the lower range

positive skew

Involves preventive therapies. Techniques are designed to prevent, reverse, or arrest a disease process. Common examples include mechanical plaque removal, dietary restriction of sucrose, and fluoride treatments.

primary services

Study in which subjects are observed and data is collected over time to determine if a disease or condition develops.

prospective study

What way of conducting needs assessment is ... a good choice for large groups, and must be well written and understandable

questionnaire

Every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected; reduces the chance of bias

random sample

The difference between the high and low scores of a data matrix; affected by extremely high or low scores.

range

What way of conducting needs assessment is ... time consuming and access dependent

records, documents, charts

Examines whether a past association exists between an exposure of interest and development of a present condition

retrospective (Case control) study

What general category of indices.... gingivitis indices are example

reversible

Treating or controlling a disease or condition after it occurs. Examples include periodontal therapy and restorative procedures.

secondary services

The ability of a test to correctly identify the presence of a disease

sensitivity

The ability of a test to identify the absence of a disease

specificity

Represents the square root of the sample variance. The most commonly used method of dispersion in oral hygiene research and reflects the range within the data matrix; the bigger the range or 'standard deviation', the wider the distribution curve.

standard deviation

What level of govt directly administers some programs, esp statewide programs

state

Selecting an element according to certain subgroups; accomplished by selecting a proportionate number of participants from each subgroup for the sample

stratified sample

What way of conducting needs assessment is ... the best choice for large groups and must be well written and understandable

survey

Involves replacing lost tissues in order to rehabilitate oral structures. Examples include implants and bridges.

tertiary services

Receives experimental treatment

treatment group

Data is presented in ascending or descending order along with the frequency of each score. (ex: hatch marks)

ungrouped scores