Community Exam 3

Which statement, when made by the nurse, demonstrates a biomedical view of health and wellness? "I understand that you believe that your breathing problems are a result of a sin you've committed." "I've been told that your culture considers respiratory problems as a result of being out of rhythm with nature." "Your respiratory problems are definitely a result of a bacterial infection." "Please tell me how your family generally treats breathing problems like the one you are having."

"Your respiratory problems are definitely a result of a bacterial infection."

homeless youth

- 36,000 unaccompanied youth were experiencing homelessness in the United States - Due to lack of education or job training skills, many resort to prostitution or survival sex (exchanging sex for food, shelter, or other basic necessities). - Many have been victims of abuse and have spent time in foster care. - They may be overlooked during homeless counts because they are often difficult to locate.

Unique Methods of Health Care Delivery and Primary Prevention

- Farmworker Justice and the Migrant Clinician's Network working together to monitor initiatives to improve children's health (MCN, 2017b). Migrant education programs, especially with Mexican American resource teachers as role models, have also been helpful. - Mobile health vans staffed with bilingual community health nurses and lay workers can travel to migrant camps; this provides an effective strategy for outreach health screening and education. - Mobile dental vans can provide services to migrant worker's children, often with arrangements made through school nurses and dental care provided by dental schools or through partnerships.

significant risks to rural lifestyles

- Small communities commonly have strong social networks, but this type of familiarity may lead to problems with privacy and confidentiality, as well as stigma regarding mental health or substance abuse treatment. - Because cost, travel, weather, and distance are barriers to obtaining health services from formal health care providers, rural clients may employ a variety of folk treatments and home remedies before consulting a nurse or a physician. - The low population density in rural areas makes service delivery more difficult, especially for those with special health needs.

secondary prevention for homeless

- The focus of secondary prevention measures is on the early detection and treatment of adverse health conditions. This requires a thorough assessment of client needs, including the need for housing, health care, education, social services, and employment (Box 26-13). Clients also benefit from secondary prevention measures such as screening for communicable and chronic diseases (i.e., hepatitis, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infection, HIV, hypertension, diabetes, cancer).

Between the 2000 and 2010 censuses

- Urban population growth was about twice than in rural areas. - The elderly are a rapidly growing population in rural communities.

urban areas

2,500 to 49,999 people

what percent of men are homeless?

61%

The community health nurse has determined that several people in the community are homeless. Which person most closely fits the demographics related to homelessness? A 65-year-old male, African American A 40-year-old male, White, non-Hispanic veteran An 18-year-old female, with a minimum-wage part-time job A 25-year-old female, married with three children

A 40-year-old male, White, non-Hispanic veteran

Which is an example of health care addressing cultural plurality? An acute care hospital that provides interpreters for its Chinese-speaking clients A community health nurse who runs a well-baby clinic for the area's Cuban clients A health care clinic that has staff that represents its African American, Hispanic, and Latin American client populations A mental hospital that provides its staff with in-services that focus on Hispanic beliefs regarding mental illness

A health care clinic that has staff that represents its African American, Hispanic, and Latin American client populations

When dealing with the homeless population, the community health nurse wants to be involved in primary prevention strategies. Which strategy might the nurse use? Advocating for affordable housing Offering counseling services Beginning a screening clinic for communicable diseases Encouraging local churches to open a soup kitchen

Advocating for affordable housing

The county community health nurse is conducting an assessment to determine the rates of poverty within the counties various communities. Which statement reflects the differences when comparing urban and rural communities? Rural communities are primarily made up of migrant workers. Cars are essential to urban communities. Poverty is two times greater in urban communities. There is a narrow income gap between rural and urban communities.

Poverty is two times greater in urban communities.

When considering accepting a position that involves working with the urban poor, what must the public health nurse do first? Be willing to aggressively advocate for the urban poor population that will be the nurse's clients. Understand what behaviors and personal limitation are usually responsible for a population's poverty. Self-reflect on personal beliefs, values, and biases related to those who live in poverty. Recognize that poverty is usually a result of circumstances that the poor cannot control.

Self-reflect on personal beliefs, values, and biases related to those who live in poverty.

The community health nurse is planning an educational program for resident adults at the homeless shelter in the community. For which group should the nurse focus the program's topic? Widowed older women Widowed older men Single adult men Single parent women

Single adult men

McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act

The primary piece of federal legislation dealing with the homeless.

urban sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

When visiting the home of a Mexican American client, the nurse declines a cup of tea explaining that, "I'm really rushed today; maybe next time." The nurse has demonstrated: a lack of understanding of the tacit nature of culture and its effect on the nurse-client relationship. a lack of social skills required of appropriate cultural socializing. an understanding of need to remain professional when managing in home client care. an understanding of good time management regarding client care.

a lack of understanding of the tacit nature of culture and its effect on the nurse-client relationship.

Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

a multibillion-dollar industry in the United States, includes a broad array of healing resources

why is it difficult to estimate the number of homeless people?

because being homeless is temporary

A client who adheres to a vegetarian diet refuses to accept meat as a protein source when recovering from surgery. The nurse recognizes that this refusal reflects which? Select all that apply. cultural value that identifies eating meat as being unhealthy or religious practice belief that eating meat can cause heart disease example of unacceptable client behavior norm that meat eating is an undesirable practice personal preference that meat isn't an acceptable food and unhealthy

cultural value that identifies eating meat as being unhealthy or religious practice belief that eating meat can cause heart disease personal preference that meat isn't an acceptable food and unhealthy

Environmental resources

deal mostly with access to health care and the quality of that care.

cultural assessment

he nurse obtains health-related information about the values, beliefs, and practices of a cultural group

To best improve the success rate of chemotherapy treatments among members of a rural community, the nurse helps to: identify specific cancer risk factors present in the community. advocate for a cancer specialist to open a satellite office in the community. form a support group that provides meals for community members involved in chemotherapy. provide reliable transportation options to and from the urban cancer treatment center.

provide reliable transportation options to and from the urban cancer treatment center.

two-phase cultural assessment

quicker way to obtain cultural information

Relative risk

refers to exposure to risk factors identified by a substantial body of research as lifestyle, behaviors and choices (e.g., diet, exercise, use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, sexual behaviors), use of health screening services (e.g., mammogram, colonoscopy), and stressful events (e.g., crime, violence, abuse, firearm use).

This direct relationship between social class or income and health has been termed the

socioeconomic gradient

uninsured and underinsured

vulnerable because of their difficulties with health care access and the potential for poor health outcomes, as well as victims of bullying and crime, children in foster care, those in the gay and lesbian community, veterans and returning military personnel, and victims/survivors of torture and terrorism

heat island

when green areas are exchanged for asphalt, resulting in temperature and ecosystem changes that can extend to more rural areas

empowerment strategies

with individual clients can help them to meet their full potential while also providing empowerment to the nurses working with them.

self-awareness

- To avoid stereotyping, prejudice and racism, ethnocentrism, cultural imposition, and cultural conflict (a perceived threat arising from a misunderstanding of expectations between clients and nurses when either group is not aware of cultural differences), self-awareness is crucial for the nurse working with people from other cultures. - Because culture is mostly tacit, it takes conscious effort and hard work to develop true awareness of one's own cultural biases or influence. A nurse can ask selected clients to critique nursing actions in light of the clients' own culture. Developing this awareness will reward you with a more effective understanding of self and an enhanced ability to provide culturally relevant service to clients

ROLE OF THE C/PHN in homelessness

- Trust is an essential ingredient in the development of a therapeutic relationship with the homeless. - To effectively address the multifaceted problems associated with homelessness, a comprehensive and holistic approach is needed. - primary, secondary, tertiary.

primary prevention for homeless

- includes advocating for affordable housing, employment opportunities, and better access to health care to prevent the downward spiral into homelessness. - Health education that addresses primary prevention may focus on positive parenting skills, violence prevention, anger management, coping skills, healthy eating, or principles of basic hygiene.

Which statement is the best example of human capital? A. Marriage status B. Education, such as nursing school C. Maslow's hierarchy D. The make-up of the family

B. Education, such as nursing school

The nurse is having a general discussion with a client who was recently downsized from a line job at a factory. The client asks why the nurse wants to know if the client's friends and family live nearby and finds that is a strange question when the client has just lost the job. The nurse explains that: A. without family, it is important to establish new friendships to help the client through the stress. B. health risks are multiplied several times when family is not nearby. C. they will be of great benefit when making contacts about a new job. D. having a support system nearby can be a benefit to health when stressful events occur.

D. having a support system nearby can be a benefit to health when stressful events occur.

literally homeless

Homeless individuals may also reside in institutional settings providing temporary shelter or in public or private places that are not designed for or used as a regular long-term sleeping accommodation for human beings (e.g., cars, parks, campgrounds)

A community project manager needs assistance and decides to write a grant for monies from the private sector. Which group would the nurse contact? National Coalition for the Homeless Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness (PATH) U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development The U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness

National Coalition for the Homeless

Ethnicity of homeless

Nationally, 47% of people experiencing homelessness are non-Hispanic white, whereas approximately 41% are African American and 22% are Hispanic or Latino. Persons in sheltered situations are more likely to be African American, whereas those in unsheltered settings are more likely to be white (USDHUD, 2017b). Compared with the U.S. population, the sheltered homeless are more likely to be unaccompanied adult males, African Americans, and disabled (USDHUD, 2017c).

Which activity demonstrates that a community health nurse is focusing on a known occupational health risk for an agricultural rural population? Advocating for an increase in funds to support public transportation services Providing mental health staff to conduct depression support groups Organizing an interprofessional taskforce that focuses on air quality control Conducting a housing needs survey that focuses on water and electricity availability

Organizing an interprofessional taskforce that focuses on air quality control

When the urban population begins to move to the suburbs, what are those remaining in the cities likely to experience? A decline in the risk of contracting a communicable disease because of the decrease in population More affordable housing because there are fewer individuals requiring a home in the area The negative effects resulting from the concept of the urban health penalty Better health care because there are fewer people competing for those services and resources

The negative effects resulting from the concept of the urban health penalty

complimentary and alternative medicine (CAM)

Therapies and treatments (juice diets, fasting, coffee enemas, and biofeedback) Exercise activities (T'ai chi, yoga, and dance) Exposure (aromatherapy, music therapy, and light therapy) Manipulation (acupuncture, acupressure, chiropractic, cupping ([Fig. 5-11], and reflexology).

degree for nursing in rural areas

associates

There are numerous definitions of the term rural. In this chapter, some characteristics of rural communities include the following:

- Communities with fewer than 10,000 residents. - A county population density of fewer than 1,000 people per square mile. - Rural areas often have less diversity than urban cities but that is changing in many areas. - Rural clients generally have lower educational levels than urban clients, due in part to less access to higher education and lower-paying jobs. - Income levels and housing costs are frequently lower in rural areas than in larger cities. - Many at-risk populations live in these communities, where there are often fewer employment opportunities, a lack of adequate housing, and limited access to health and social services. - Rural elders may have more limited alternatives for housing if they can no longer live alone. - Mental health services are inadequate, even though the need may be great. Numerous risks are associated with agriculture.

new approaches to improve access

- Faith-based nursing has been a staple in rural areas, as well as with some urban communities, but is gaining momentum as more formal interventions are developed, for instance, mental health promotion for rural Latino immigrants. - One approach that has been successful in numerous rural areas is the use of mobile clinics. - School-based clinics can improve access for school children. - Telehealth

culture is generally tacit

- Mostly unspoken and unexpressed at the unconscious level. - Members of a cultural group, without the need for discussion, know how to act and what to expect from one another. - Culture provides an implicit set of cues for behavior, not a written set of rules -All of these attitudes and behaviors become so ingrained—so tacit—that they are seldom, if ever, discussed. - Because culture is mostly tacit, realizing which of one's own behaviors may be offensive to people from other groups is difficult. It also is difficult to know the meaning and significance of other cultural practices

Homeless men are more likely to be treated with disdain than other homeless subgroups because?

- Some people perceive the homeless male as largely to blame for his plight, believing that he is able bodied and should be able to work. - Often health and social programs give priority to women and children

ethnocentrism

- is a preference for one's own culture and belief that one's culture of origin is the best approach to life - can inhibit a person's capacity for effective communication in a culturally diverse environment

culture is shared

- shared values give people in a specific culture stability and security and provide a standard for behavior, helping them know what to believe and how to act. - When community/public health nurses (C/PHNs) know that culture is shared, their understanding of human behavior expands, and their ability to provide effective care to members of specific cultures increases

Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Population

- this model looks at population characteristics (predisposing and enabling factors and needs) as an explanation for health behaviors and eventual health outcomes - The model has been used in research with homeless adults (Doran et al., 2014) and in examining barriers to interconceptual care

These six categories comprise a general cultural assessment:

1. Ethnic or racial background: Where did the group originate, and how does that influence their status and identity? 2. Language and communication patterns: What language is preferred, and what are the group's culturally based communication patterns? 3. Cultural values and norms: What are the values, beliefs, and standards regarding family roles education, child-rearing, work and leisure, aging, dying, and rites of passage? 4. Biocultural factors: What unique physical or genetic traits predispose this group to certain conditions or illnesses? 5. Religious beliefs and practices: What are the common religious beliefs, and how do they influence roles, health, and illness? 6. Health beliefs and practices: What are the beliefs and practices regarding illness prevention, causes, and treatment?

Using the McKinney Vento Homeless Assistance Act definition, which people would be considered homeless? Select all that apply. A 55-year-old woman staying with her daughter for 2 weeks A 55-year-old woman living in the park A 25-year-old woman sleeping under the bridge A 55-year-old man incarcerated for a felony A 25-year-old man living in a public shelter

A 55-year-old woman living in the park A 25-year-old woman sleeping under the bridge A 25-year-old man living in a public shelter

A community health nurse is preparing to address a group of families who recently immigrated to the United States from Iran on the topic of child care. The nurse best demonstrates an understanding of enculturation when performing which action? Recognizing that it may be difficult to change the women's view of child care basics Asking the group to define the role of women as individuals, mothers, and wives in child care matters Attempting to combine their child care beliefs with those of the American woman Presenting the American way of child care as being modern as well as effective

Asking the group to define the role of women as individuals, mothers, and wives in child care matters

A research project, involving diabetes prevention through a nutritional education program, is being planned by a nurse who wants to make an impact on vulnerable populations. Which concept of vulnerability is the nurse primarily trying to affect? A. Primary prevention B. Relative risk C. Health status D. Resource availability

B. Relative risk

To effectively advocate for a group of clients who immigrated to the United States recently, which action would the community health nurse take first? Understand what the group expects from their health care provider. Become knowledgeable about their health care beliefs and practices. Possess excellent assessment skills. Individualize the health care teaching each individual requires.

Become knowledgeable about their health care beliefs and practices.

A nurse is evaluating the vulnerability of the community the health care organization serves. Which best summarizes why many factors of vulnerability are assessed? Multiple factors can promote a variety of different program development by the health care organization. Complex factors are easier to interpret. Multiple factors provide additional assessments that would not have used before. Complex interactions among the factors impact multiple determinants of health.

Complex interactions among the factors impact multiple determinants of health.

Examples of values include:

Desirable traits: honesty, loyalty, and faithfulness Undesirable traits: lying, stealing, and cheating Eating meat: desirable and healthy versus sacrilegious or unhealthful Response to pain or grief: loud, vocal expressions versus silence and stoicism Speed and efficiency versus patience and thoughtfulness

Which situation would be the most difficult when applying the differential vulnerability hypothesis? Divorce for an unemployed woman Divorce for a college professor The loss of job for a college professor

Divorce for an unemployed woman

The community health nurse is planning a program with the homeless shelter. The program includes which primary, secondary, and tertiary activities? Violence prevention education, blood pressure screening, and HIV screening Blood pressure screening, importance of medication compliance in TB, and Monteux testing Financial counseling, Monteux testing, and foot care instruction for diabetics Financial counseling, parenting skills, and foot care instruction for diabetics

Financial counseling, Monteux testing, and foot care instruction for diabetics

vulnerable populations conceptual model

Flaskerud and Winslow (1998) developed a popular conceptual framework of vulnerability (see Fig. 23-1) that contains three related concepts: resource availability, relative risk, and health status. The model provides evidence of the link between poor health status and socioeconomic resource availability through the loss of income, jobs, and health insurance.

Why is a large urban city likely to have a number of ethnic ghettos? Ghettos supply affordable housing and access to culturally sensitive services. Ghettos are often the only urban areas that welcome immigrants. Ghettos provide their population with the support of others who share their language and culture. Ghettos present the immigrant with employment opportunities that are not reliant of speaking English well

Ghettos provide their population with the support of others who share their language and culture.

How are the jobs in rural America are changing? Agriculture, fishing, and forestry jobs are increasing. Government, manufacturing, and service jobs are increasing. Rural residents are more likely to work for small companies that provide high wages and no health benefits. States with a high proportion of rural population provide unemployment benefits.

Government, manufacturing, and service jobs are increasing.

An urban community health nurse is interested in promoting the health of children with genetic physical disabilities. What should the nurse do first to increase the success of such a project? Form an interprofessional team to focus on the health issues of this population. Identify and approach existing neighborhood networks that already serve this population. Research the literature concerning evidence-based practice for this population. Advocate for additional funds to provide early childhood screenings for physical and mental health disorders.

Identify and approach existing neighborhood networks that already serve this population.

who is considered vulnerable

Income and education Age and gender Race and ethnicity Chronic illness and disability HIV/AIDS Mental illness and disability Alcohol and substance abuse Familial abuse Homelessness Suicide and homicide risk High-risk mothers and infants Immigrants and refugees Military personnel

There are many contributing factors to homelessness. Which factor is a compounding problem related to poverty? Living in a domestic violence situation Lack of affordable housing Living with a mental illness Lack of preventative health care

Lack of affordable housing

Folk practices are common in maternal and child health; some that may be encountered include (Andrews et al., 2020; Spector, 2017) the following:

Pregnant women not reaching above their head, as doing so will cause the umbilical cord to strangle the baby Taping coins over a newborn's umbilical area to prevent hernias Giving catnip tea to infants because it soothes them Holding a baby upside down by the heels to "wake up the liver" Not letting a cat be near a sleeping baby, because it will "suck the life" out of the baby Using vinegar to relieve hypertension and skin irritations

A nurse would like to try to reduce a discriminating factor in health care. Which method would be the easiest way for the nurse to eliminate one factor? Arrange for bus transportation so HIV positive can go to a separate clinic. Have African American practitioners care for African American clients. Provide care using the preferred language of the service area. Teach a class on cultural values to a group of health care providers.

Provide care using the preferred language of the service area.

A community leader wants to direct a project to assist homeless children. Where would be a place to start assessing the need in the community? Churches Walk-in clinics Schools Soup kitchens

Schools

A nurse is consulted by a homeless shelter to conduct screening using a fasting blood glucose testing and a questionnaire about diabetes. Which type of prevention is this considered? Primary prevention Health promotion Secondary prevention Tertiary prevention

Secondary prevention

A community health project involves acquiring funding for housing development and rental assistance. Where do funds for these programs come from? The U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) The White House Office of Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness (PATH

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Which statement is true regarding the effectiveness of the rural health care nurse? Most care is provided by teams of public health nurses. With a smaller population of clients, there is less of a need to prioritize client care. The opportunity to affect positive change to the rural health care system is greater due to its smaller size. Specialization of care is possible since the population is not diverse.

The opportunity to affect positive change to the rural health care system is greater due to its smaller size.

The rural community health nurse plays many roles:

The rural community health nurse plays many roles: 1. Advocate: Assists rural clients, families, and populations in obtaining the best possible care 2. Coordinator/case manager: Connects rural clients with needed health and social services, often assisting with information on transportation 3. Health teacher: Provides education to individuals, families, or groups on health promotion or other health-related topics (e.g., prepared childbirth, parenting, diabetes maintenance, home safety) 4. Referral agent: Makes appropriate connections between rural clients and urban service providers 5. Mentor: Guides new community health nurses, nursing students, and other nurses new to the rural community 6. Change agent/researcher: Suggests new approaches to solving patient care or community health problems based on research, professional literature, and community assessment 7. Collaborator: Seeks ways to work with other health and social service professionals to maximize outcomes for individual clients and the community at large 8. Activist: With a deep understanding of the community and its population, takes appropriate risks to improve the community's health

A community health nurse has been working with a population of men with HIV/AIDS. Which statement regarding this population is true? The Heath Care for the Homeless model does not assist this population. They are at higher risk for homelessness. The prevalence of HIV among homeless is less than the general population. Many with HIV/AIDS have higher than average income

They are at higher risk for homelessness.

When applying for a grant offered by the U.S. Department of Education (DOE), how would the community health nurse define "rural population"? According to the square mileage of the area being considered Relative to distance from urban areas As having a population of less than 2,000 people Using the DOE published definition

Using the DOE published definition

A group of homeless people, including children, are noted to be living under an overpass close to the river. Which phrase best describes this group? Human capital Health disparities Socioeconomic gradient Vulnerable population

Vulnerable population

homeless

a person who lacks a fixed, regular, adequate nightly residence; this definition includes as homeless those who stay in supervised public or private shelters that provide temporary accommodations.

health disparities

are defined as differences in access to quality health care and in health outcomes, particularly along income/class and racial/ethnic lines, and are usually characterized as avoidable and unfair.

home remedies

are individualized caregiving practices, often used before people seek advice from health care professionals. Each of us has a set of home remedies our parents used on us that we are likely to use on ourselves or our own children before or instead of calling the pediatrician. Examples include using baking soda paste on a bee sting, ice on a "cold sore," or cranberry juice to prevent a urinary tract infection.

vulnerable populations

are subpopulations, such as ethnic or racial minorities, the uninsured, those with HIV/AIDS, children, older adults, the poor, and those who are homeless

A nurse demonstrates an understanding of the integrating nature of culture when: respectfully asking a client's Chinese grandmother when it is best to bath her grandchild. recognizing that a Jewish client's family will be bringing specially prepared foods to the client during her recuperation at home. arranging for an interpreter to assist in communicating presurgical information to a client who speaks only Japanese. asking a client how his or her current nursing plan is addressing both his or her religious and dietary needs.

asking a client how his or her current nursing plan is addressing both his or her religious and dietary needs.

tertiary prevention in homeless

attempt is to limit disability and to restore maximum functioning. The goal is to provide rehabilitative care and support to clients who are already experiencing the consequences of homelessness.

who founded the founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA; later changed to United Farm Workers [UFW]), the first union in agricultural labor history to successfully organize migrant farmworkers?

cesar chavez (migrant hero)

built environment

consists of the development of housing, highways, shopping areas, and other man-made features added to the natural environment.

The nurse is attending a continuing education seminar to develop knowledge and skill in serving multicultural clients and an ability to place clients' responses to experiences within the context of their lives. The nurse must attempt to understand and bridge cultural differences when working with others to avoid: cultural relativism. ethnocentric attitudes. transcultural attitudes. enculturation.

ethnocentric attitudes.

While doing an assessment of an impoverished area in a large city, it was noted that there were significantly fewer pharmacies in that area than in the more affluent area of that same city. This is an example of: root cause of vulnerability. human capital. geographic health disparity. environmental resources.

geographic health disparity.

Migrant farmworkers usually have their permanent residence, or

home base

socioeconomic resources

include human capital (e.g., jobs, income, housing, education), social connectedness or integration (e.g., social networks or ties; social support or the lack of it, characterized by marginalization), and social status (e.g., position, power, role).

Complementary therapies are often used in conjunction with Western medicine, an approach known as

integrated health care

empowerment

is "an active, internal process of growth" that is reached by actualizing the full potential inherent within each client, and this occurs "within the context of a nurturing nurse-client relationship"

value

is a notion or idea designating relative worth or desirability

rural

is defined as communities with fewer than 10,000 residents and a county population density of <1,000 persons per square mile.

frontier area

is one with six or fewer persons per square mile, but others include not only population density but also distance and travel time to market service areas

minority groups

is part of a population that differs from the majority and often receives different and unequal treatment

cultural self-awareness

means recognizing the values, beliefs, and practices that make up one's own culture and becoming sensitive to the impact of one's culturally based responses.

From their home base, migrant farmworkers move to locations where new crops are ready for harvest, following the harvest seasons as they move from place to place along predetermined routes called

migrant streams

A 15-year-old client, from a family living in poverty, delivers a 5-pound 7-ounce baby at term. This is an example of: health disparities. socioeconomic gradient. differential vulnerability. social determinants of health

socioeconomic gradient.

differential vulnerability hypothesis

states that there is a relationship between social status and psychological distress; a person's psychological distress is determined by the impact of the stressor event as influenced by social status (this includes class, sex, marital status, and rural vs. urban). The formula Pi = Vi (S)i + ai is defined as (Kessler, 1979, p. 101):

vulnerability

susceptibility or tendency to develop a disorder

human capital

the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience

social capital

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. is sometimes missed, as it can be subtle and less obvious than the lack of money or jobs (Fig. 23-3). But the presence of friends and family or someone to rely on in case of an emergency can be invaluable in assisting individuals through many of life's difficulties. Social support, or a close confidante, can promote social and psychological health and help counteract the effects of stressful events. In our mobile society, many people live great distances from family members and have difficulty establishing new friendships. Those who live alone or who are socially isolated are at greatest risk of vulnerability, increased morbidity and mortality, and decreased overall health.

Community health nurses can help vulnerable populations, communities, individuals, and families reduce their vulnerability by?

using evidence from research, expert opinion, and best practices

folk medicine

verbally passed down from generation to generation and began when access to medical care was limited.