Community Health

Which was the nation's first comprehensive nutrition survey?

Ten-State Nutrition Survey

If a community nutritionist has chosen girls at a day camp as the target population of a community assessment and decides to complete food frequencies on 100 of the 500 girls at the camp, what term below would be used to describe the 100 girls?

sample

Define health promotion

the process of enabling people to achieve their maximum potential for good health

Which of the following is not a quality of entrepreneurs with strong self-management skills?

Being willing to change one's behavior (wrong)

Suppose Mr. Johnson's physician is trying to determine his nutritional status and decides to have his serum albumin and blood lipids measured. What type of assessment is this?

Biochemical assessment

Which record are considered vital statistics?

Birth date, age at death, age at marriage

Which term best describes the occurrence of a health outcome during a specific time period?

Incidence

What is a major concern in planning meals for older persons compared to younger persons?

Increasing nutrient density

Which trait is considered the "essence" of entrepreneurship?

Innovation

Which tool should be used as a functional assessment of an older individual?

Instrumental activities of daily living

Within a family, which individual is most likely to first show the effects of undernutrition?

3-year-old child

Define community nutrition

A discipline that strives to prevent disease and to improve the health, nutrition, and well-being of individuals and groups within communities

Define community.

A group of people who are located in a particular space (including cyberspace), have shared values, and interact within a social system

Which of the following statements best describes a determinant in the definition of "epidemiology"?

A host or environmental factor that affects the risk of disease

When applying social cognitive theory to increase breastfeeding among women who work in a large manufacturing facility, what might a community nutritionist develop?

A peer-support breastfeeding group

What is needed for oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to be effective?

A safe water supply

What five things are needed simultaneously for developing nations to be able to increase their local food production?

Access to land, capital, water, technology, and knowledge

Define health

According to the World Health Organization, a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.

Which group would be considered a stakeholder of a community assessment that addresses the health needs of older persons in a community?

Adult children of citizens ages 65 and older in the community

Which action by the community nutritionist is an example of policy making?

Advising the city council about the need for a food bank

Define surveillance

An approach to collecting data on a population's health and nutrition status in which data collection occurs regularly and repeatedly

What is the meaning of self-efficacy?

An individual has the ability to make a behavior change.

Which method of determining the nutrition needs of a homeless population would utilize measurements of stature, weight, and circumference of the head?

Anthropometric method

Which type of technology uses local resources and is considered labor-intensive?

Appropriate technology

Which statement is an example of prevalence?

Approximately one third of men between the ages of 30 and 45 living in sub-Sahara Africa are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive.

Define sustainability

Capacity of being maintained over the long term in order to meet the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Which type of study would compare the dietary fat intake of women who have had breast cancer with similar women who have not had breast cancer?

Case-control

Which resource is most likely to be a good source of demographic data and trends for a community assessment?

Census data

What is the foundation of motivational interviewing built upon?

Client-centered counseling model

Which determinant of health is classified as a community condition?

Climate and geography

In addition to statistical significance, what is another assessment criterion for the findings that researchers must review in a clinical study?

Clinical significance

Which behavioral strategy of cognitive-behavioral theory includes the application tips of helping the client replace irrational thoughts with more rational ones and coaching a client to replace negative self-talk?

Cognitive restructuring

According to the Evidence Analysis Library of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, which theory has a plethora of evidence to support its use in targeting weight loss, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease?

Cognitive-behavioral theory

Which behavioral change theory is the one best applied when people are actively ready to make a change in behavior?

Cognitive-behavioral theory

Define social determinants of health

Condition in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, workshop, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes and risks. The range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status. It's the interrelationship among these factors that determine individual and population health.

How did colonialism contribute to undernutrition?

Converting land use to growing cash crops that are exported

After observing, which step in the epidemiologic method should be done next?

Counting cases or events

Define entrepreneurship

Creating something of value through the creation of organizations

Which type of study would administer a one-time survey that includes questions about dietary intake and body weight?

Cross-sectional

Once nutrient intake data are collected, which reference data is used to compare information?

Daily reference intakes (DRIs)

Which of the following choices is an example of an ecological study?

Data comparing olive oil consumption and colorectal cancer incidence in European countries

What has resulted from the urbanization of developing countries?

Decline in breastfeeding

Which of the following can be attributed to damages caused by our current food system?

Deforestation

Which agency administers The Older Americans Act Nutrition Program?

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

Which policy serves as the foundation for all federal nutrition guidance in food assistance programs, nutrition education efforts, and decisions about national health objectives?

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

When trying to increase participation in nutrition classes at a senior citizens center, a nutritionist encourages a few of the informal leaders at the center to attend the classes. Which behavior theory model is being applied?

Diffusion of innovation model

Kurt, a popular and respected local business owner, begins reading Nutrition Facts labels carefully after his doctor advised him to control his sodium intake to help manage his high blood pressure. Kurt's employees notice him reading labels, and he openly discusses how he used the labels to improve his diet with employees and friends in the local tennis league. Soon, some of these people began reading Nutrition Facts labels when grocery shopping. This best illustrates which theory?

Diffusion of innovations theory

Which of the following criteria should be used for evaluating the strength of the association between variables?

Duration of the exposure

Which program was released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to improve fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity among older adults?

Eat Smart, Live Strong

What is the single greatest thing an individual can do to help stop climate change?

Eat less meat or none at all

Define built environment

Encompasses a variety of community design elements such as street layout, zoning, transportation options, stairs, public and green spaces and business areas

Which academic field studies how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution?

Epidemiology

Which practice is noted to support healthy aging as individuals approach older age?

Establishing healthy and engaged habits early on in life

Which is a factor to consider when conducting interviews as part of a cultural assessment?

Etiquette and social customs of the target culture

What is the first step that a community nutritionist should take when interpreting epidemiologic research data?

Evaluate the criterion for a causal association carefully

Define health disparities

Exists when segment of the population bears a disproportionate incidence of a health condition or illness

Define risk factors.

Factors associated with an probability of acquiring a disease

Which adult nutrition education program is associated with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)?

Family Nutrition Program (FNP)

Define social-ecological model (SEM)

Focuses on the nature of people's interaction with their surrounding physical and sociocultural environments

Which agency studies issues of national importance pertaining to the safety and adequacy of the nation's food supply; establishes principles and guidelines for adequate nutrition; and renders authoritative judgment on the relationships among food intake, nutrition, and health, at the request of various agencies?

Food and Nutrition Board

Which method is the primary approach for assessing the available food supply at the national level?

Food balance sheets

Which dietary measurement is considered the best method for assessing dietary intake of individuals?

Food record or diary

Which area is a target for progress in the Sustainable Development Goals?

Food security

Which community-based service could be provided for an older adult who demonstrates a mid-level need for support?

Food shopping assistance

About 60% of calories in an average American's diet come from ultra-processed food. Which definition describes an ultra-processed food and categorizes its impact on health?

Food that is energy-dense and nutrient-poor produced by the industrial food system; diet-related chronic diseases

According to MyPlate, which is considered the foundation of a healthy diet?

Fruits and vegetables

Which factor would most likely trigger a community needs assessment?

Government mandate

Define coalition

Group of people and/ or organization working to influence outcome on a specific problem or common interest

Goals and objectives for improving public health in the United States can be found in which document?

Healthy People 2030

Which document would be most helpful in prioritizing problems to be addressed by a community?

Healthy People 2030

Which example of qualitative data might be collected in a community assessment?

High school counselors' opinions about why teenagers have unprotected sexual intercourse

What is the most common chronic condition that causes disability in older adults?

Hypertension

Define COVID-19 pandemic

In humans, several coronavirus are known to cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The most recently discovered coronavirus was coronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19). On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic (a global outbreak of disease) due to the number of individuals and countries affected.

In the theory of reasoned action, which is considered a strong predictor of behavior?

Intentions

Which is a health promotion activity designed to change a preexisting condition related to the target audience's behavior?

Intervention

Which deficiency is a major preventable cause of cognitive and intellectual disorders in children globally?

Iodine deficiency

Worldwide, nearly two billion people are deficient in which micronutrients?

Iron, iodine, and vitamin A

Define cognition.

Knowledge and awareness that people have of their environment and the judgments they make related to it.

The BRFSS and YRBS are data sources for which component of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Program?

Knowledge, attitudes, and behavior assessments

In the Healthy People 2020 final review, which area of adult nutrition and health saw improvements?

Leisure-time physical activity

What factor commonly contributes to a developing country's international debt?

Low export profits

What does Healthy People 2030 emphasize in its nutrition and weight status objectives?

Maintain a healthy body weight in school settings, worksites, health care organizations, and communities.

Which cultural practice is a contributor to the noted longevity of elders living on Okinawa?

Maintaining strong bonds with family and friends

Which program is a private-sector nutrition assistance program?

Meals on Wheels

What type of bias occurs if one researcher completes skinfold measurements on the intervention group and a different researcher completes the same measurements on the control group?

Measurement bias

Which basic dietary guideline encourages a person to enjoy eating food but avoid eating patterns associated with chronic disease?

Moderation

Which of the following interventions might a community nutritionist utilize when working with millennials?

Recommending the use of the smart phone to track physical activity and calories consumed

In the principles of motivational interviewing, what does the acronym RULE stand for?

Resist, understand, listen, and empower

Which method would be most effective in determining why women in a community choose not to breastfeed?

Series of focus groups

Among the following steps in a community assessment, which should be done first?

Set goals and objectives for the community

Define "Healthy People".

Set of goals and objectives with 10-year targets designed to guide national health promotion and disease prevention efforts to improve the health of all people in the United States

Which theory sees behavior, personal factors, and the environment as interacting constantly so that a change in one of the three results in a change in the other?

Social-cognitive theory

Which theory/model includes observational learning as a key concept?

Social-cognitive theory

Which term refers to the proportion of individuals in a sample without a disease or condition who have a negative test?

Specificity

Which organization or institution would more likely include a public health nutritionist?

State mental health agency

Which community program incorporate nutrition education, food budgeting, and physical activity recommendations for eligible people?

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance program-education (SNAP-e)

The four components of a community include people, location, social interaction, and shared values.

TRUE

How did the initial six months of the COVID-19 pandemic impact American households' food insecurity rate?

The food insecurity rate more than tripled

What are the three components of the health belief model?

The perception of a threat to health, expectation that a behavior change will have benefits, and perception that behavior can change

Why is it important to understand baby boomer trends?

They make up nearly a quarter of the population.

Which of the following is one of the overarching goals of Health People 2030?

To achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and attain health literacy to improve the health of all

Which reason best explains the purpose of the educational requirements and registration as a dietitian?

To ensure minimum standards of practice

What is the role of the community nutritionist?

To identify a nutritional need in the community

Which statement below defines the overall purpose of a community needs assessment?

To provide a better understanding of how the community addresses the public health of its citizens

Which of the following is not an objective of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Surveillance System?

To provide nutrition recommendations as the sole prevention measures for developing disease

Which survey conducted annually by the FDA is designed to assess the levels of various nutritional components and organic and elemental contaminants of the U.S. food supply?

Total Diet Study

To reduce congenital heart defect (CHD) risk in the general population, epidemiological evidence supported the elimination of what type of fat from the diet.

Trans

What are the two main federal agencies that deal with food and nutrition issues in the United States?

USDA and DHHS

Who developed the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)?

USDA and National Cancer Institute

Which term refers to the ability of a test to measure what is intended to be measured?

Validity

Which term best applies to life events, such as births, deaths, and marriages?

Vital statistics

Which nutritional component has the greatest within-person variation and thus requires the most recorded days of intake to estimate the true average intake for groups of individuals?

Vitamin A

Which deficiency is the most preventable cause of child blindness and vision impairment globally?

Vitamin A deficiency

The acronym DETERMINE is meant to help nutrition specialists remember what?

Warning signs of poor nutritional health

What is the name of the dietary interview component of NHANES?

What We Eat in America Survey (WWEIA)

Define sustainable food system

When production, processing, distribution, and consumption are integrated and related practices that regenerate rather than degrade natural resources, are socially just and accessible, and support the development of local communities and economies.

Define intervention

a health promotion activity aimed at changing the behavior of a target audience

Define policy

course of action chosen by public authorities to address a given problem

Define health equity

everyone has fair and just opportunities to be as health as possible by reducing disparities experienced by marginalized groups

Define Attitudes

individual's likes or dislikes evaluation of performing a behavior or engaging in a activity

Define ecology

interactions between individuals and their environment

Define bioterrorism

the intentional release of disease-causing toxins, microorganisms, or other substances

Define entrepreneur

One who undertakes the risk of a business or enterprise

What is the best definition of the term "healthy"?

Physical, mental, and spiritual capacity to live, work and interact joyfully with others

What entity typically controls much of the fertile farmlands in developing countries?

Multinational corporations

What is expected to happen to the number of elderly persons aged 65 and older in the United States by 2040?

Nearly double

Which term best describes the measurement of indicators of dietary status and nutrition-related health status used to identify the possible occurrence, nature, and extent of impaired nutritional status?

Nutrition assessment

International nutrition programs have tended to place emphasis on which nutrition intervention?

Nutrition education

Which is defined as the continuous assessment of nutritional status for the purpose of detecting changes in trends or distributions so that corrective measures can be taken?

Nutrition surveillance

What is the interpretation for the statement, "Obese people have a relative risk of 4.0 for myocardial infarction as compared with non-obese persons"?

Obese propel are four time more likely to have a myocardial infarction than non-obese people.

Define national health objective

Objectives that challenge the nation to improve the health of Americans through a coordinated and comprehensive emphasis on prevention

The NHANES and Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) were combined into a single, more cost-effective survey. Which group is oversampled for data collection with this combined survey?

Older persons age 60 and over

What is the primary cause of food insecurity throughout the world?

Poverty

A person with hypertension who is unaware of the need to reduce sodium in the diet is at what transtheoretical model stage of change?

Precontemplation

A person who has joined a health club and plans to begin exercising next week is at what transtheoretical model stage of change?

Preparation

Which term refers to the instrument used by community nutritionist to seek behavior change that should improve nutritional status and health?

Programs

Define public health

Promotes and protects people's health and the communities where live, learn, work and play

Define ethnicity

Property of a group that consists of its sharing cultural traditions, having a common linguistic heritage, and originating from the same land

Which practice or activity is an example of secondary prevention?

Providing cholesterol screening at a local health fair