Community Nutrition Exam II

performance appraisal

-formal method of providing feedback to the employee -designed to influence the employee in a positive, constructive manner and involves defining the organization's expectations for employee performance and discussing how the employee's recent performance compares with those expectations -used to help define future performance goals, determine training needs, merit pay increases, and assess the employee's potential for advancement -good time for reviewing and changing both organizational goals and personal goals

balance sheet

financial statement that depicts, at given intervals, an organizations assets and the claims against those assets at the time

cultural values

-"principles or standards that members of a cultural group share in common" -grounding forces that provide meaning, structure, and organization in our lives

cultural knowledge

-both knowledge and awareness developed through the processes of exploring unfamiliar cultures -provides the tools needed to develop culturally effective and relevant programs -without cultural understanding, there is a risk that the program developed could conflict with common beliefs, values, and customs of the group

diversity

-consists of differences among groups of people -can be visible (physical differences or abilities) or invisible (sexual orientation or gender identification)

Situational Analysis

-detailed assessment of the environment, including the evaluation of the consumer, the competition, and any other factors that may affect the business or the program Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

cultural competence

-developing attitudes, skills, and levels of awareness that enable one to provide culturally appropriate, respectful and relevant interventions -foundation: development of an awareness of one's own cultural matrix and an understanding that cultural beliefs influence our behavior and our conscious and unconscious thoughts -understanding that culture strongly influences food behavior and interventions need to be culturally appropriate as well as nutritionally sound for clients

Organizational Chart (define what it does and what does it tell you?) Staff vs. line position

-helps establish the lines of communication and procedures, but they did not depict rigid systems -informal structure rises spontaneously from interactions -departmentalization, when employees are split up into departments LINE POSITION-position with the authority and responsibility to achieve the organizations main goals and objectives STAFF POSITION- a position whose primary purpose is to assist those in line positions

cross-cultural

-interaction between or among individuals who represent distinctly different cultures -all interactions between two people can be viewed as linking cultures -cross-cultural only if cultures are substantially different

Budgeting

-process of stating in quantitative terms, usually dollars, the planned organizational activities for a given period of time -can be planned for an organization or a subunit -process of stating in quantitative terms the planned organizational activities for a given period of time -budgeting is both financial and a program planning activity

culture

-shared history, consisting of 'the thoughts, communication, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or societal groups ( gender age sexual orientation)' -develop cultural characteristics and beliefs, including health beliefs through life experiences and education -directly and indirectly influences the how we view the world and inexact with others

Barriers to Cross Cultural Communications

-similar words may not have the same meaning -nonverbal behavior can be misinterpreted -stereotyping &assuming that individuals will act a certain way based on the culture they are from

multicultural

-since 1970s, US moving toward a cultural plurality, no ethnic group is the majority -diverse racial and ethnic groups in the US have moved from one-fourth to one-third of the population -changes brought about by immigration laws, by corporate expansions into the global market, and tendency for the minorities and immigrants to have higher birth rates

ethnocentric

-tendency to consider the beliefs, values, customs and and viewpoints of their own group superior to those of every other group -taught best or only one

Controlling (explain) as a management function

-the management function concerned with regulating organizational activities so that performance meets accepted organizational standards and goals -involves determining which activities need control, establishing standards, measuring performance, and correcting deviations -managers set up control systems: mechanisms for ensuring that resources, quality of products and services, client satisfaction, and other activities are regulated properly

List the Primary reason for food insecurity and what are some of the problems associated with this in the U.S.?

1 reason: poverty serious domestic problem that may lead to physical, social, and mental health problems, including overweight and obesity the need to maximize caloric intake, tradeoff between food quantity and quality, overeating when food is available

List and briefly explain the four relationship building skills used Nutritional Counseling? (A, R, L, SR)

1) attending- attentive behavior and listen actively in order to understand your clients' needs clearly 2) reflection- provide a vehicle for expressing empathy 3) legitimation- acknowledge a persons feelings; responses affirm that it is normal to have such feelings and reactions 4) Show respect- can show respect through words if and body language that convey unconditional positive regard for their clients and a sincere interest in their welfare

Characteristics of Effective Objectives

1) concentrate on the learner and not the teacher 2) clearly communicate a specific instructional intent 3) be stated in terms of the end product and not in terms of the process of learning 4) describe one type of learning outcome per objective that is specific in describing the learners performance

Three Rules of Writing—Being an Effective Writer

1) know what you want to say- decide what points you want to make before writing 2) eliminate clutter- whenever possible, eliminate clutter and jargon; simple sentences 3) edit, edit, edit- edit repeatedly, paying attention to grammar and any possible mistakes

Components of a Lesson Plan

1) lesson title- one sentence summary of your topic 2) target audience- clearly identify target audience and grade or educational level 3) duration 4) general objectives- goal for the class: a statement of what will be accomplished or learned 5) specific objectives- identify the expected outcomes using measurable statements 6) procedure- introduction, body of the lesson,and closure 7) learning experiences or activities- list the different activities and/or the learners to be involved with during the educational session 8)method of evaluation- how the learner will assess whether the expected outcomes have been achieved 9) materials needed- all necessary materials needed for use by the educator and those needed but the learner

Evaluate your Marketing Program (10 Truths)

1) the market is continually changing 2) people forget quickly 3) your competition won't quit 4) marketing strengthens your identity 5)marketing is essential to survival and growth 6) marketing enables you to keep your customers 7) marketing maintains morale 8) your marketing program gives you an advantage over competitors who have ceased to market 9) marketing allows your business to continue operating 10) you stand to lose out on the money, time, and effort you've invested

Four types of behavior change (list) in order of increasing difficulty

1)Cognitive Change (what you know by end of presentation) 2)action change-poeple have to understand the reason for change 3) Behavior Change-it costs the consumer more in terms of personal involvement on a continuing basis 4) Value change- changes the value of the customer (i.e. sustainable systems to decrease ecological footprint)

Table 16-8: Common cultural foods; list 2 dietary concerns/issues

1)European Americans- high intake of fat, salt sugar and fast foods 2)American Indians- broad differences among the groups; lack of refrigeration; high intake of refined sugar, cholesterol, fat and energy; lactase deficiency and obesity are common 3)Mexican Americans- high intake of carbonated beverages; limited dental care among migrant workers

Four Functions of Management

1)Planning - basis for good management; strategic, operational, and 2)organization- carefully formulated plans are carried out (organization sturcture, span of control, delegation, and and human resource management) 3)leading-influencing others to acheive organization's goal and objectives; communicating )verbal, nonwritten 4)Controlling

cultural competence models: Campinha- Bacote vs. Competence Continuum Model (compare/contrast 564)

Campinha-Bacote:views cultural competence as a process rather than as an end result A)wareness-become appreciative of the influence of culture; awareness of ones own culture S)kill- learn to provide culturally sensitive assessments and interventions K)nowledge- develop a sound educational background concerning various world views in order to understand behaviors E)ncounters -seek and engage in cross-cultural encounters D)esire- appear genuine and to be effective cross-culturally, true inner feeling of warmth to engage in the process of becoming culturally competent Cultural Competence: the process of gaining cultural competence is envisioned as a succession of stages 1) destructiveness- attitudes, practices, beliefs that are destructive to other cultures 2) incapacity- paternalistic attitude towards the "others", no capacity to help 3) blindness- belief that culture makes no difference 4) pre competence- weaknesses in serving culturally diverse populations are realized 5) competence- differences are accepted and respected, situations can be evaluated from multiple frames of reference 6) proficiency- engages in activities that add to the knowledge base

Food Secure vs. Food insecure What is the goal of Healthy People 2020 in reducing food insecurity in the U.S

FOOD SECURE-access by all people at all times to sufficient food for an active and healthy life; includes at a minimum the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods and the ability to acquire them in socially acceptable ways FOOD INSECURE- limited or uncertain ability to acquire or consume an adequate quality or sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways HEALTHY PEOPLE 2020-set a goal of reducing food insecurity among US households from 14.6 percent to 6 percent and, in so doing, reducing hunger by the end of the decade

Job design vs. job analysis

JOB DESIGN-the specification of the tasks and activities associated with a particular job JOB ANALYSIS- the systematic recording and collection of information about a job's purpose, its major duties, the conditions under which it is performed, and the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform the job effectively

LEARN (define)

LISTEN-active listening, learning and demonstrating that what client has to say is very important EXPLAIN- making sure understood correctly by explaining back perception of information ACKNOWLEDGE- the similarities and differences in perspectives regarding the cause and/or treatment of the problem RECOMMEND-client should be given several options that are culturally relevant, concise and practical NEGOTIATE- after reviewing options, negotiate a culturally sensitive plan of action

Information Management (what is it and why is it important?)

NUTRITION INFORMATICS- the effective retrieval, organization, storage, and optimum use of information, data, and knowledge for food-based and nutrition-related problem solving and decision-making DATA-unanalyzed facts and figures INFORMATION- data that have been analyzed or processed into a form that is meaningful for decision-makers -the primary purpose of information is to help managers make decisions -organize data into usable information

Briefly define Social Marketing and list the six steps

SOCIAL MARKETING- makes a comprehensive effort to influence the acceptability of social ideas in a population, usually for the purpose of changing behavior 1) planning and strategy 2) selecting channels and materials 3)developing materials and pretesting 4) implementation 5) Assessing Effectiveness 6)Feedback to Refine Program

bias

a mental slant or leaning to one side; a highly personal and unreasoned distortion of judgement

value

any belief or quality that is important, desirable, or prized

Developing a nutrition education plan

assess needs, set goals and objectives, specify the format, develop a lesson plan, specify nutrition messages, choose program identifiers, develop a marketing plan, specify partnerships, conduct evaluation research

Table 17-2 Things to consider when teaching across the lifespan

children- message short and clear; emphasize positive points; relate the message to the child's interests; make practical, concrete suggestions; involve the child; show the child how to, not why adolescents- relate to interests; consider peer pressure; consider client's rebelliousness and attitudes towards authority; address insecurities about physical changes; discuss mood changes and impulsiveness pregnant women- relate present needs to expected labor outcomes; address anxieties and concerns; consider impact of changes in body taking place; acknowledge her needs adults- acknowledge clients needs and concerns; consider his or her prior experiences with and knowledge of the subjects discussed; personalize your interaction to the client's current health profile older adults- anxieties and concerns associated with isolation, chronic disease, and economic constraints; consider impact of chronic conditions; relate to a clients needs with empathy; consider recommendations in the contexts of clients quality of life

Guidelines for Cross Cultural interaction (Table 16-11) Briefly List and Define

emotional expressiveness- use of body language volume of speech- how loud when speaking touching- use of touch to other person when communicating vocal style- using lengthy conversation or none before "getting down to business" verbal following-being direct and indirect in conversations eye contact- direct eye contact or not when having conversation physical space- comfortable distance between people when they are talking silence- duration of time when formulating a response question authority- whether or not they question authority when told something aggression- learned that bribery or aggressive behavior required to get what they want gender roles- different cultures prescribe who will talk during interviews

Formative vs. Summative Evaluation (definition)

formative- process of testing and assessing certain elements of a program before it is implemented fully; ex. focus group sessions held early in design phase and additional focus group testing of dietary messages and program instructional material summative-research conducted at the end of a program that helps determine whether the program was effective and how it might be improved

cultural awareness

foundation- awareness of your own beliefs, values, and attitudes and an understanding these attributes reflect own biases and one viewpoint among many without- tendency to be ethnocentric, devalue alternative cultural practices, blindly impose own cultural procedures, and miss seeing opportunities for successful interventions worldview- perception of the world including opinions, judgements, and beliefs biased by culture, values and experience

General vs. Specific Objectives

general- overreaching goal specific- has a measurable outcome

job Specifications

list of minimum hiring requirements, usually derived from from the job analysis: it includes the skill requirements for the job, such as educational level, licensure requirements, and experience, and any specific knowledge, advanced training, manual skills, and communication skills required to do the job; includes the physical demands of the job

Target Marketing; Segmentation and Segmentation Variables

market research enables community nutritionists to target specific groups for health promotion and disease prevention in terms of their geography, demography, and psychography -helpful: targeting those at risk, carrying out strategic marketing planning, developing marketing media strategies, examining feasibility of various promotional tools and determining the appropriate mix of nutrition programs and services to offer 4 classes: 1) demographic: grouping of individuals based on age, sex, income, religion, family size, etc 2) geographical: grouping of people according to location of work or residence 3) psychographic- based on personal beliefs, values, attitudes 4) behavioristic- based on criteria such as purchase frequency and occasion, benefits sought, and attitude towards a product

Social Marketing (definition) (5 P's)

product- behavior or health idea that campaign planners would like the targeted audience to adopt price- the costs associated with "buying" the product place- the distribution channels used to make the product available to target audiences promotion- the efforts taken to ensure that the target audience is aware of the campaign positioning- the efforts to place the product so as to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Marketing Strategy (4 P's)

product- refers to all the characteristics of the product or service that are to be exchanged with the target market (characteristics such as style, packaging, quality) all must fit the needs and preferences of market place- the actual physical location where the exchange takes place; accessibility, convince and comfort should all be considered with the client price-both tangible (fee for service) and intangible costs (time, effort, inconvenience) that the consumer must bear in the marketing exchange promotion- consists of the agency's or organization's informative or persuasive communication with the target market;has 4 different general objectives: 1)inform and educate consumers 2) remind present and former users of existence of product 3) persuade perspective buyers that product is worth buying 4)inform consumers where and how to obtain product

Applications of Educational Principals (relevance, feedback, facilitation)

relevance- degree to which intervention is geared to clients, including reading level and visual acuity feedback- helps clients learn by providing a measuring stick to determine how much progress they are making facilitation- measures taken to accomplish desired actions or eliminate obstacles

job duties

section of the job description is a detailed statement of the specific duties of the job and how these duties are carried out

Job summary

short statement of the purpose of the job and its major tasks and activities

Marketing Plan (definition) describe

will outline the steps for achieving the goals and objectives of the overall intervention strategy and the program plan -describes precisely how and in what form the nutrition and health messages will be delivered to the target population 1)determine the needs and wants of the target population 2) identify benefits of the product or service to the target population 3) conduct a situational analysis 4)develop a marketing strategy (product, place, price, promotion) 5) develop a budget and timeline 6) implement the marketing strategy 7)Evaluate the marketing plan