Comp. Vertebral Column

Match the position / projection of the cervical vertebrae with the structure best demonstrated: RPO 1. Left intervertebral foramina LPO 2. Right intervertebral foramina Lateral 3. Right apophyseal joints LAO 4. Left apophyseal joints RAO 5. Superimposed Apophyseal joints 6. Superimposed intervertebral foramina

RPO - 1 LPO - 2 Lateral - 5 LAO - 1 RAO - 2

Match the position / projection of the lumbar spine with the structure best demonstrated: RPO position 1. Left intervertebral foramina RAO position 2. Right intervertebral foramina LAO position 3. Right apophyseal joints Lateral projection 4. Left apophyseal joints LPO position 5. Superimposed apophyseal joint 6. Superimposed intervertebral foramina

RPO - 3 RAO - 4 LAO - 3 Lateral - 6 LPO - 4

An abnormal or exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine is called: Lordosis Scoliosis Spondylolysis Kyphosis

Scoliosis

Which of the following statements are true regarding for the x-table lateral cervical spine? 1. 72 inch SID is used to reduce magnification 2. A slight caudal angulation of 3-5 degrees is used to help separate the shoulders 3. A horizontal x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the level of C5

1 and 3 only

The CR angle used when performing the AP axial projection of the sacrum is: 15 degrees cephalad 10 degrees cephalad 10 degrees caudad 15 degrees caudad

15 degrees cephalad

Where is the CR directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar spine? Perpendicular to the level of the ASIS Perpendicular to the level of the iliac crest 1 inch superior to the iliac crest 2 inches superior to the symphysis pubis

1 inch superior to the iliac crest

Where is the CR directed for the AP projection of the lumbar spine? 1 inch superior to the level of the iliac crest Perpendicular to the level of the iliac crest Perpendicular to the level of the ASIS 2 inches superior to the symphysis pubis

1 inch superior to the level of the iliac crest

Which of the following statements are true regarding positioning for the soft tissue lateral neck? 1. 72 inch SID is used to reduce magnification 2. An increase in exposure factors is needed to visualize the structures of the anterior neck 3. A horizontal x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the level of C5

1. 72 inch SID is used to reduce magnification 3. A horizontal x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the level of C5

A typical vertebra is composed of which of the following components? 1. Body 2. Vertebral arch 3. Articular pillar

1. Body 2. Vertebral arch

To demonstrate the intervertebral disc spaces when performing the AP projection of the cervical vertebrae, the CR is directed: 25 degrees cephalad 15 degrees cephalad Perpendicular 15 degrees caudad

15 degrees cephalad

Which of the following statements are characteristic of a typical cervical vertebrae? 1. They have transverse foramina for transmission of the vertebral arteries and veins 2. Their spinous processes have bifid tips 3. They contain three foramina

1. They have transverse foramina for transmission of the vertebral arteries and veins 2. Their spinous processes have bifid tips 3. They contain three foramina

How should the CR be directed when performing the AP projection of the coccyx? Perpendicular 10 degrees cephalad 10 degrees caudad 15 degrees cephalad

10 degrees caudad

All of the following anatomical structures are included on Atlas except: 1. Transverse foramen 2. Odontoid 3. Anterior and posterior arches

2 only

Which of the following vertebrae have a normal convex posterior curvature? 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar

2 only

The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic vertebrae can be demonstrated by rotating the patient ____ degrees from a lateral position 0 degrees 20 degrees 45 degrees 70 degrees

20 degrees

When performing the AP projection (Ferguson method) for demonstration of the L5-S1 joint space, the CR should be directed: 15 degrees cephalad 30-35 degrees cephalad Perpendicular 30-35 degrees caudad

30-35 degrees

How many vertebrae make up the entire vertebral column? 24 27 33 40

33

The apophyseal joints of L1-L4 form an angle of _______ degrees posteriorly with the midsagittal plane 15 degrees 45 degrees 70 degrees 90 degrees

45 degrees

The oblique position of the cervical vertebrae requires the body to be rotated: 25 degrees 30 degrees 45 degrees 70 degrees

45 degrees

The zygapophyseal of the thoracic vertebrae form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane? 15-20 degrees 45 degrees 70 degrees 90 degrees

70 degrees

The sacrum contains _____ pairs of sacral foramina 4 6 8 16

8

Which radiographic projections / positions of the cervical vertebrae require a CR angle of 15 degrees cephalad? 1. AP 2. AP oblique 3. PA oblique

AP and AP oblique

The articular pillar of the cervical spine is best demonstrated on which of the following projections / positions? Lateral projection AP axial projection Bilateral oblique positions

AP axial projection

Which radiographic position / projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the odontoid process imaged within the foramen magnum? AP or PA oblique positions AP projection - Fuchs method AP projection - with open mouth Lateral projection

AP projection - Fuchs method

Which projection uses the anode heel effect to improve image quality?

AP projection of the thoracic spine

What positioning modification can be made if the lumbar vertebrae are not in a true lateral position? Angle the CR 5-8 degrees cephalad Angle the CR 5-8 degrees caudad Extend the legs

Angle the CR 5-8 degrees caudad

The tough outer portion of an intervertebral disk is called the: Annulus pulposis Nucleus fibrosis Nucleus pulposis Annulus fibrosis

Annulus fibrosis

What structures are best demonstrated on the AP oblique positions of the lumbar spine? Apophyseal joints - farthest from the IR Apophyseal joints - closest to the IR Intervertebral foramina

Apophyseal joints closest to the IR

Which part of the sacrum form the joints with the ilium of the pelvis? Sacral cornua Sacral promontory Sacral crest Auricular surfaces

Auricular surfaces

How would you correct the positioning procedure when performing the AP open mouth projection of the cervical vertebrae if the bottom of the top teeth are superimposed over the odontoid process? Bring the chin up Tip the chin down

Bring the chin up

What vertebral level are these structures at: Mastoid process Vertebral prominens Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Gonion Cricoid cartilage

C1 C7 C3-4 C5 C2-3 C6

The AP axial projection of the cervical spine will best demonstrate the vertebrae from: C1 to C7 C1 to T1 C3 to C7 C5 to T3

C3 to C7

Indicate below the type of curvature located in each part of the vertebral column: Cervical Thoracic 1. Kyphotic Sacrum 2. Lordotic Lumbar

Cervical - 2 Thoracic - 1 Sacrum - 1 Lumbar - 2

Which two vertebral curvatures are secondary lordotic curves? Cervical and lumbar Thoracic and lumbar Cervical and sacral Thoracic and sacral

Cervical and lumbar

The x-table lateral swimmer's projection is performed to demonstrate the: Articular pillar of the cervical vertebrae Cervicothoracic vertebrae Apophyseal joints of the thoracic vertebrae Atlas and Axis

Cervicothoracic vertebrae

A ring of cartilage which forms the inferior and posterior margin of larynx is called the: Glottis Cricoid Thyroid Epiglottis

Cricoid

What positions / projections of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae would be considered functional studies? AP and lateral Standing AP and lateral Bilateral oblique positions Flexion and extension laterals

Flexion and extension lateral projection

Ruptured or prolapse of the disk into the spinal canal is called: Lordosis Scoliosis Kyphosis Spina Bifida Spondylolisthesis HNP

HNP

Which of the following structures articulate with the vertebral demifacets? Tubercles of the ribs Head of the ribs Zygapophyseal joints Transverse processes

Head of the ribs

Which of the following is not visualized on a properly positioned AP projection of the atlas and axis? Apophyseal joints between C1 and C2 Odontoid process Lateral masses of C1 Intervertebral foramen between C1 and C2

Intervertebral foramen between C1 and C2

Which structures are demonstrated on the PA oblique positions of the cervical spine? Intervertebral foramina closest to the IR Apophyseal joints farthest from the IR Apophyseal joints closest to the IR intervertebral foramina farthest from the IR

Intervertebral foramina closest to the IR

Abnormally increased convexity in the thoracic curvature is called: Lordosis Scoliosis Kyphosis Spina Bifida Spondylolisthesis HNP

Kyphosis

Which of the following structures is best demonstrated on the AP axial projection image using the Ferguson method? Odontoid process L5-S1 joint space Articular pillar C-7 through T2

L5-S1 joint space

Match the position / projection of the thoracic spine with the structure best demonstrated: LPO position 1. Left intervertebral foramina Lateral projection 2. Right intervertebral foramina LAO position 3. Right Apophyseal joints RAO position 4. Left apophyseal joints RPO position 5. Superimposed apophyseal joints 6. Superimposed intervertebral foramina

LPO - 3 Lateral - 6 LAO - 4 RAO - 3 RPO - 4

Which position will best demonstrate the right SI joint? 1. AP oblique - LPO 2. AP oblique - RPO 3. PA oblique - RAO 4. PA oblique - LAO

LPO and RAO position

The flattened posterior portions of a typical vertebra that join to form the spinous process are called the: Laminae Transverse processes Inferior and superior articular processes Pedicles

Laminae

Exaggerated concave forward curvature of the spine is called: Lordosis Scoliosis Kyphosis Spina Bifida Spondylolisthesis HNP

Lordosis

Which structures are best demonstrated when performing the lateral projection - twinning method? Cervical intervertebral foramina Thoracic apophyseal joints L5-S1 joint space Lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

Lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

The soft semi-gelatinous portion of an intervertebral disk is called the: Annulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Nucleus fibrosus Annulus pulposus

Nucleus pulposus

Which plane or positioning baseline is used and how is it placed in relation to the IR when performing the AP open mouth projection of the cervical vertebrae? Occlusal plane perpendicular to the IR Orbitomeatal line at a 37 degree angle to the plane of the IR Occlusal plane parallel to the IR Mentomeatal line perpendicular to the IR

Occlusal plane perpendicular to the IR

Which of the following projection of the cervical spine require a 15 degree caudal angle? A. AP axial B. PA oblique C. AP oblique D. Lateral - Pawlow method E. A and C are both correct

PA oblique

The short, thick processes that project posteriorly on either side of the vertebral body are called the: Laminae Spinous processes Pedicles Transverse processes

Pedicles

Which of the following structures forms the vertebral arch? 1. Pedicles 2. Laminae 3. Superior and inferior articular processes

Pedicles and laminae

What type of joint classification is the atlantoaxial joint? Hinge Condyloid Gliding Pivot

Pivot

What structures are best demonstrated on the 45 degree RPO position of the lumbar spine? Left apophyseal joints Right apophyseal joints Right intervertebral foramina Left intervertebral foramina

Right apophyseal joints

A concave, prominent ridge of bone on the upper anterior margin of the 1st sacral segment is called the: Sacral alae Sacral promontory Sacral auricular surface Sacral cornua

Sacral promontory

A condition in which the laminae fail to unite, causing the spinal cord to protrude posteriorly, is called: Spondylolysis Scoliosis Spina bifida Spondylolisthesis

Spina bifida

A condition of the lumbar vertebrae in which there is anterior displacement of one vertebra over another is termed: Lordosis Spondylolisthesis Scoliosis Spondylolysis

Spondylolisthesis

An individual intervertebral foramen is formed by the: Superior and inferior notches of the pedicles Superior and inferior articular processes Vertebral body and vertebral arch Pedicle and lamina

Superior and inferior notches of the pedicles

The ear of the "scotty dog" visualized on oblique images of the lumbar vertebrae corresponds to the: Superior articular process Transverse process Pars interarticularis Inferior articular process

Superior articular process

Which of the following segments of the vertebral column have primary curvatures at birth? Cervical / Thoracic Lumbar / Sacrum Thoracic / Sacrum Cervical / Lumbar

Thoracic and sacrum

How would you correct the positioning procedure when performing the AP open mouth projection of the cervical vertebrae if the base of the skull is superimposed over the odontoid process on the image? Bring the chin up Tip the chin down

Tip the chin down

Why is it recommended that the patient flex the hips and knees when performing the AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae? To increase the kyphotic curvature To increase the lordotic curvature To decrease the kyphotic curvature To decrease the lordotic curvature

To decrease the lordotic curvature

To take advantage of the heel effect, where should the cathode be placed when performing the AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae? A. Toward the head B. Toward the feet C. Over the lower cervical spine D. Both a and c are correct

Toward the feet

Which lumbar vertebral structures are best demonstrated if a patient in the supine position is rotated 45 degrees with the right side elevated? Intervertebral foramina on the left side Zygapophyseal joints on the right side Zygapophyseal joints on the left side Intervertebral foramina on the right side

Zygapophyseal joints on the left side

What position / projection of the thoracic vertebrae will best demonstrate the intervertebral formina? Lateral projection Anteroposterior projection 45 degree oblique 70 degrees oblique

lateral projection

The vertebral arteries and veins are transmitted through an opening in the cervical vertebrae called the: Cervical foramen Intervertebral foramen Transverse foramen Vertebral foramen

transverse foramen

How many foramina are present in the sacrum? 2 4 8 16

16

The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic vertebrae form an angle of how many degrees with the midsagittal plane? 15-20 degrees 45 degrees 70 degrees 90 degrees

90 degrees

Which of the following organs is suspended by the hyoid bone in the anterior neck? Pharynx Trachea Larynx Esophagus

Larynx

The apophyseal joints of the cervical vertebrae are best demonstrated on which of the following positions / projections? A. AP axial projection B. Lateral projection C. AP oblique position D. PA oblique position E. C and D above are both correct

Lateral projection

The intervertebral foramina of the lumbar vertebrae are best demonstrated on which of the following positions / projections? PA oblique position - closest to the IR AP oblique position - closest to the IR AP projection Lateral projection

Lateral projection

The LPO position of the lumbar spine best demonstrates which of the following? Right intervertebral foramina Left apophyseal joints Right apophyseal joints Left intervertebral foramina

Left apophyseal joints

To ensure that the odontoid process will be free of superimposition when performing the AP open mouth projection, a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the ______ is placed perpendicular to the IR TEA EAM Mastoid process Inion

mastoid process