Comps/NCE (with answer explanations)

Which of the following is a reason clients may terminate group counseling? a. A reduction in primary symptoms b. Regression of goal achievement c. Dependent coping d. An independent decision by a group leader

A. A reduction in primary symptoms A reduction in the primary symptoms that initially led the client to seek counseling is a positive outcome of group therapy. Choice B is incorrect; group therapy aims to help clients advance toward their goals. Choice C is the opposite outcome; group therapy encourages independent client coping. Choice D is incorrect because termination of group therapy should be a joint decision by its members.

A counselor who has been working with an anorexic client arranges a session to discuss treatment progress. Which of the following would be the least beneficial in helping the client move toward her treatment goals? a. Asking the client to show the counselor her personal journal b. Showing the client her pre-treatment, mid-treatment, and current psychometric assessment scores c. Asking the client to bring her recent medical tests for discussion d. Asking the client if her family relationships are improving or declining

A. Asking the client to show the counselor her personal journal Asking the client to show the counselor her personal journal could possibly harm the client because she may not want to share this personal record with anyone. Choice B could show the client the progress she is making toward her treatment goals. Choice C could help the client see her food deprivation. Likewise, if the tests show no improvement, the client can see that she has more work to do. Choice D would beneficial when evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, especially if the eating disorder has caused tension between the client and her family members.

Client information is protected by confidentiality. However, in the instance where a client makes a threat against another individual during treatment, the counselor is required to warn the individual, thus breaking confidentiality. What court case established the duty to warn? a. Tarasoff vs. Regents of University of California b. Regents of University of California vs. Bakke c. Blonder-Tongue vs. University of Illinois d. Fisher vs. University of Texas

A. Tarasoff vs. Regents of University of California In this 1976 case, the therapist failed to notify the intended victim of the threat of harm. After the client stopped seeking treatment, he then attacked and killed Tarasoff, prompting her family to sue the University and therefore establishing the duty to warn. None of the other cases directly relate to duty to warn.

A counselor believes that a client's relationship with her fiancé is worsening her depression because he is emotionally abusive. Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate action for the counselor to take? a. Tell the client to stop seeing her fiancé b. Help the client identify her fiancé's abusive treatment c. Have the client bring her fiancé to counseling d. Recommend a book about emotional abuse

A. Tell the client to stop seeing her fiancé The remaining choices are appropriate actions that counselor could take.

Counselors can help clients learn how to handle their negative emotions in a healthy way by having them acknowledge the emotions for what they are and then teaching them how to gain personal distance from the emotions so that they are not controlled by them. This technique is known as which of the following? a. Cognitive delusion b. Psychogenic fugue c. Enmeshment d. Differentiation

A: Cognitive defusion is a term from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The remaining choices are incorrect. *Fugue - a state or period of loss of awareness of one's identity, often coupled with flight from one's usual environment, associated with certain forms of hysteria and epilepsy

What is the approximate rate of divorce for second marriages in the United States? a. 65 percent b. 35 percent c. 50 percent d. 85 percent

A: 65 percent Approximately 65 percent of second marriages end in divorce. The remaining choices are incorrect. Approximately 50 percent of first marriages and 75 percent of third marriages end in divorce.

A counselor is working with a client who is talking to other people who are not present during the session. The client is likely having what experience? a. Auditory hallucinations b. Delusions of grandeur c. Dissociative fugue d. Depersonalization

A: Auditory hallucinations The client is likely experiencing auditory hallucinations. The remaining choices are not evident in the given situation.

What is the main concern of a counselor when their client shows signs of hopelessness? a. The client may be suicidal b. The treatment has been ineffective c. The client needs a referral for medication d. The client is depressed

A: the may be suicidal Signs of hopelessness, when accompanied by other warning signs, may indicate that the client is suicidal. The remaining choices are all possibilities, but the greatest concern for the counselor would be the potential of suicide.

Which of the following is a reason client confidentiality may be breached without consent? a. A client expresses he wants to physically harm his partner. b. A client expresses feelings of sadness throughout the day c. A client's friend calls the counselor to ask about the client's progress. d. The client states he wants to terminate treatment.

A. A client expresses he wants to physically harm his partner. PC's are legally and ethically required to report matters pertaining to harm or self or others. Choice B is symptomatic information that can be used for assessment and diagnosis. Choice C violates the client's privacy unless the client has provided written consent. Choice D is incorrect because clients are free to terminate the relationship at any time while maintaining confidentiality of their records.

Maslows' hierarchy of needs is composed of five levels. Which needs are included in Level 4? a. Cognitive and aesthetic b. Food and shelter c. Safety and order d. Love and belonging

A: Cognitive and aesthetic Maslow's hierarchy of needs is composed of five levels. The fourth level is esteem needs and was updated to include cognitive and aesthetic needs. This includes the need for self-esteem, status, prestige, knowledge, and an appreciation for beauty and balance. Level 1 is the need for food, shelter, warmth, air, sex, and sleep. Level 2 is the need for safety, personal security, stability, laws, and social order. Level 3 reflects the need for love and a senseof belonging. Level 5 ofthe pyramid isself- actualization.

A student receives daily threats from a classmate via text messages. Which of the following defines this kind of bullying? a. Cyberbullying b. Physical bullying c. Relational bullying d. Group bullying

A: Cyberbullying Cyberbullying includes the use of electronic media and technology. Choice B would include physical assaults or property damage. Choice C is the intent to discredit another person's reputation. Choice D is not a defined form of bullying.

When parents disagree over aparenting issue, a counselor should instruct them to do all of the following EXCEPT: a. Disagree calmly in front of the child to display conflict resolution. b. Disagree in private where the child cannot hear what they are saying. c. Concede to each other at times. d. Set the issue aside until they can talk about it with the counselor at the next session.

A: Disagree calmly in front of the child to display conflict resolution. Choice A is not a good strategy because this allows the child to see where the alliance has broken down between the parents, and the child will possibly take sides. The remaining choices are all possible solutions that the counselor could offer.

A counselor is working with a client who has difficulty making and keeping friends. The counselor gives the client feedback about his inappropriate statements at various times toteach him social skills. Which of the following would NOT be an appropriate tool/technique for the counselor to use? a. EMDR b. Modeling socially appropriate statements c. Role playing with the client d. Having the client watch a movie that demonstrates both appropriate and inappropriate social skills

A: EMDR EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) would not be helpful in teaching social skills. The remaining choices are all techniques or tools that the counselor could use.

What is the most difficult part of forgiveness called? a. Emotional b. Decisional c. Situational d. Conditional

A: Emotional Emotional forgiveness is akin to forgiving someone from the heart and requires an emotional release of the wrongdoing. Choice B, decisional, is the first type of forgiveness; it is an intellectual move toward forgiveness.Choice,C situational, and Choice D, conditional, are not components of the forgiveness paradigm.

Which of the following is a holistic model that helps clients focus on the present and work toward personal growth and balance? a. Gestalt b. Person-centered c. Rational Emotive d. Junglan

A: Gestalt Gestalt is a holistic model that helps clients focus on the present and work toward personal growth and balance. Person-centered, Choice B, is a group method designed to help members increase self-awareness, self-acceptance, and openness, and decrease defensiveness. These groups have less structure and focus on listening and reflecting. Rational Emotive group therapy, Choice C, is based on cognitive behavioral theories. The focus is on the present with the goal of improving cognitive, emotional, and behavior functioning. Group members focus on adaptive behaviors. Junglan, Choice D, is a form of therapy but not a specific group therapy. In Jungian therapy, the therapist is an analyst who works with the client to merge the unconscious parts of the psyche with the conscious parts of the self.

According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, in what stage is a five-year-old child? a. Initiative vs. Guilt b. Trust vs. Mistrust c. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt d. Identity vs. Confusion

A: Initiative vs. Guilt Initiative vs. guilt occurs between the ages of three and five. Choice B, trust vs. mistrust, occurs in the first year of life. Choice C, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, begins around eighteen months and lasts until about two or three years of age. Choice D, identity vs. confusion, occurs between the ages of twelve and eighteen.

Which of the following is another term for horizontal interventions in group counseling? a. Interpersonal b. Intrapersonal c. Individual d. Organizational

A: Interpersonal Horizontal interventions in group counseling are referred to as interpersonal and define when the leader works with the group as a whole rather than as individuals. Intrapersonal, Choice B, is another term for vertical interventions, which occurs when the group leader focuses on individuals rather than the group.

Blocking refers to what type of act ni group counseling? a. Leader putting a stop to negative behavior b. Members being disruptive to process c. Leader locking the door to prevent members from exiting d. Existing members not welcoming new members to group

A: Leader putting a stop to negative behavior Blocking refers to a group leader blocking or putting a stop to negative behavior of a group member. This can be harmful comments or anything that violates confidentiality or group norms. Members being disruptive to the process, Choice B, would be an example of conflict within the group. The leader locking the door to prevent exiting, Choice C, is not a technique used in group therapy. Existing members not welcoming new members, Choice D, could be an example of scapegoating agroup member.

What are groups called that provide guidance, problem prevention, and skils building? a. Psychoeducational b. Structured c. Gestalt d. Psychodynami

A: Psychoeducational Groups that provide guidance, problem prevention, and skills building are psychoeducational and may also be called guidance groups. Structured groups, Choice B, refer to how the group is set up whether it is rigid in how it operates or more fluid. Gestalt groups, Choice C, are an alternative to intense psychoanalytic groups. Group members work on emotional awareness, freedom, and self- direction. Psychodynamic groups, Choice D, are long-term therapeutic groups made up of individuals who all have similar mental health diagnoses.

Which of the following indicates that a client is at high risk for suicide? a. The client has attempted suicide previously. b. The client is thinking about suicide but has no definite plan. c. The client has been diagnosed with depression d. The client does not have a healthy support system.

A: The client has attempted suicide previously. Previous suicide attempts put a person at a higher rick for suicide that someone who has never attempted suicide, Choice B is incorrect; if a client is thinking about suicide but has no definite plan, this alone does not put them at high risk for suicide. Choice C is incorrect; lack of a healthy support system does not by itself make the client a suicide risk.

45. A 65-year-old male counselor is working with a 25-year-old male client. When the client comes to sessions, he is often short-tempered. Which of the following would be the most beneficial to the client? a. The counselor talks with the client about his short temper. b. The counselor over looks the client's tone in an effort not to break the therapeutic bond. c. The counselor angrily replies to the client to demonstrate what it feels like to be treated in that manner. d. The counselor refers the client to another counselor.

A: The counselor talks with the client about his short temper. The counselor should talk with the client about his short temper. This would help the client learn how he comes across to others, and he can begin to work with the counselor on that matter. Choice B would not be the most beneficial option because the client may lack self-awareness in this area, or he may falsely believe that it is appropriate to talk this way. fI the counselor handles the interchange appropriately, the therapeutic bond will likely not be damaged. Choice C would be an unhealthy way for the counselor to teach the client how to change his temper, and it may recapitulate childhood traumas. Choice D would be inappropriate because it could send a message of abandonment to the client.

A counselor is providing telemental health services to her clients via email. Under what condition(s) would this be ethical? a. The email server is secure and no one in the counselor's home has access to it. b. The counselor is in the same state as the client. c. The counselor tells her clients that the email service is insecure. d. Email communications are not allowed in telemental health counseling.

A: The email server is secure and no one in the counselor's home has access to it. Communicating via email is ethical so long as the email server is secure and no one in the counselor's home has access to it. ChoiceB is incorrect because a counselor may hold licenses in multiple states, allowing them to counsel clients across state lines. Choice C would not be an ethical safeguard against potential violations of confidentiality. Choice Dis incorrectbecause email communications are allowed.

The phrase "neurons that fire together, wire together" describes which of the following? a. The process of repetition by which neural pathways in the brain are formed b. The process by which memories are formed in the brain c. The process by which neurotransmitters send chemical messages from one to another d. The process by which nuclei of brain cells send chemical messages within the cel body

A: The process of repetition by which neural pathways in the brain are formed Neural pathways in the brain are formed through repetition (this is also known as the Hebbian principle). This describes the process by which behaviors and thoughts become engrained. The remaining choices are not described by the given phrase and are incorrect.

Positive interactions help develop the therapeutic relationship and encourage clients to meet their goals. What are the four stages of a positive interaction in counseling? a. Exploration, consolidation, planning, and termination b. Initiation, clarification, structure, and relationship c. Initiation, consolidation, planning, and termination d. Exploration, clarification, planning, and relationship

A: The stages of positive interaction are exploration, consolidation, planning, and termination. • Stage 1. Exploration of feelings and definition of problem: The counselor will use rapport-building skills, define the structure of the counseling process and relationship, and work with the client on goal setting. • Stage 2. Consolidation: The client integrates the information and guidance from the counselor, allowing him or her to gain additional coping skills and identify alternate ways to solve problems. • Stage 3. Planning: The client begins employing techniques learned in counseling and prepares to manage on his or her own. • Stage 4. Termination: This is the ending of the therapeutic relationship, when i equipped to manage problems independently the client feels and has fully integrated techniques learned in counseling.

Fluid intelligence refers to what type of abilities? a. Thinking and acting quickly, solving new problems b. Utilizing learned skills c. Adapting to new situations d. Developing opportunity from adversity

A: Thinking and acting quickly, solving new problems Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think and act quickly and solve new problems. It is independent of education and culture, making the other choices incorrect.

Which of the following refers to the perspective someone holds about society on a domestic and global scale? a. Worldview b. Cultural Encapsulation (when the dominant cultural view is regarded in counseling as more important than minority values.) c. Ethnicity d. Ethnocentrism (Ones culture group is right/superior to all other cultures -- lack of flexibility/openness to other perspectives and worldviews)

A: Worldview One's worldview is typically comprised of personal beliefs, values, and attitudes about the world around them and beyond, Choice B, cultural encapsulation, refers to a viewpoint wherein the individual refuses to take into account other beliefs and cultures that differ. Choice C ethnicity is belonging to a certain group that has a common cultural tradition. Choice D, ethnocentrism, is a belief that one's culture is superior to another's.

A client starts to consume an addictive substance more frequently after seeing a counselor for several months. The counselor should consider referring the client to a residential treatment facility if: a. the client is unable to perform their daily responsibilities. b. the client's family members keep contacting the counselor about the excessive consumption. c. the client receives a DWI. d. the client does not want to attend Alcoholics or Narcotics Anonymous

A: the client is unable to perform their daily responsibilities. If the client is unable to perform their daily responsibilities, this may indicate a need for intensive treatment in a facility. Choice B is incorrect because a counselor should not talk with a client's family members (unless the client has signed a HIPAA form for each member of their family). Choice C is incorrect because receiving a DWI does not necessitate residential treatment. Choice D is incorrect because there are other forms of outpatient addiction groups that the client could attend instead of going to a residential facility.

What is one of the most important tasks a counselor must accomplish within the first couple of sessions? a. Payment method b. Therapeutic alliance c. Diagnosis d. Treatment Plan

B: Therapeutic alliance It is critical to the client's decision to stay in treatment. Choice A, payment method is not one of the most important tasks in the first session; it should be agreed upon prior to the beginning of treatment. Choice C, diagnosis, might not be possible to formulate in the first couple of sessions. Choice D, treatment plan, may or may not be established in the first couple of sessions.

A counselor is working with a family and observes that whenever the father belittles the mother, the adolescent son corrects the father. This is an example of which of the following? a. Electra Complex b. Parentification c. Paradoxical Intervention d. Motivational Interviewing

B. Parentification Parentification occurs when a child fulfills a parent's role within a family system. Choice A, Electra Complex, is the Freudian term describing a daughter's competition with her mother for her father's affection. Choice C, Paradoxical Intervention, is when a counselor encourages continuation of a negative symptom, therefore showing the client their ability to control it. Choice D, Motivational Interviewing, is a form of therapy.

Which of the following Gestalt therapy techniques focuses on role reversal and engaging the client's thoughts and behaviors? a. The Hunger Illusion b. The Empty Chair c. The Miracle Question d. Virtual reality

B. The empty chair The empty chair technique allows a client to use the chair as a symbol of a person in their life or a part of themselves; the dialogue encourages conflict resolution. (*Choice A is for is used for clients who want to overcome habitual behavior, Choice C is a solution-focused technique that helps clients envision the future and focus on achievable goals, Choice D is used in clients requiring exposure therapy for anxiety or fear disorders)

When a group counselor sees that members' conflict with each other is escalating to an unhealthy level, what is the most beneficial tactic for the counselor to use? a. Address the conflict between the group members, but let it run its course b. Address the conflict and help resolve it because it may cause damage to the group c. Stay out of the conflict entirely d. End the group

B: Address the conflict and help resolve it because it may cause damage to the group When a conflict reaches an unhealthy level, it is important for the counselor step in and help the members successfully resolve it; otherwise, the members may los trust in the effectiveness of the group and may even leave the group. Choice A is not a good option because the conflict has already reached an unhealthy state. Choice C would not help the group navigate to a healthy resolution. Choice D is not warranted and could cause psychological harm to the members.

What occurs during the pre-group preparation phase of group therapy? a. Informed consent is obtained, previous group experiences are discussed, and group members learn about each other's diagnoses. b. Alliance with the leader is established, informed consent is obtained, and client goals and limits of confidentiality are discussed. c. Informed consent is obtained, limits of confidentiality are discussed, and group members learn about each other's diagnoses. d. A waiver of confidentiality is signed and the leader's role and client goals are discussed.

B: Alliance with the leader is established, informed consent is obtained, and client goals and limits of confidentiality are discussed. Choice B correctly describes what occurs during pre-group preparation. Choices A and C are incorrect because clients are not always told what other group members' diagnoses are. Choice D is incorrect because clients do not sign a waiver of confidentiality; instead, they are told about the limits of confidentiality in group counseling.

A large, multi-story building that serves as the primary office for abusiness corporation ni the United States only has stairs available to access each floor and the main front door. There are no elevators within in the building, and there is no ramp anywhere outside of any of the external doors. Additionally, all of the doors that lead into the building are revolving doors, which the corporation cites as being more energy-efficient. This organization is in direct violation of ______________. a. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) b. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) c. Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act d. The Hidden Job Market

B: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) Americans with Disabilities Act of 190 (ADA). This law requires that workplaces in the United States provide the necessary accommodations and structures for access, unless doing so places an unreasonable burden on the entity. In the building above, there are no accommodations for individuals with physical handicaps to enter the building or access any offices. Choice A, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, was enacted in 1975 and also provides communities with extra funding to provide resources for disabled children. Choice C, Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, is designed to streamline training programs in the workforce. Choice D, the Hidden Job Market, is a term used for jobs that aren't advertised.

A client indicates that she recently suffered from ablackout when drinking alcohol. What would be the most appropriate next step for the counselor to take? a. Have the client admitted to an inpatient alcohol treatment program b. Ask additional questions about the client's alcohol consumption c. Begin treating the client for alcoholism d. Refer the client to an outpatient alcohol program such as A

B: Ask additional questions about the client's alcohol consumption The counselor should ask additional questions about the client's alcohol consumption to determine what the client needs. The remaining choices are all potential options after the counselor has ascertained more information.

Desensitization is a behavior modification technique designed to replace an anxiety-producing stimulus with arelaxation response. Which is NOT one of the stages of desensitization? a. Exposure to the object or action of fear b. Avoidance of the object or action of fear c. Creation of a fear hierarchy d. Learning relaxation techniques

B: Avoidance of the object or action of fear Avoidance of the object or action of fear si NOT one of the stages of desensitization. Exposure to hte object, creating afear hierarchy, and learning relaxation techniques while being exposed are stages of systematic desensitization.

A 30-year-old client calls his counselor at 8:00 p.m. indicating that she is "at her wit's end". Upon further probing, the counselor learns that the client has a gun in her home, has thoughts of killing herself, and is feeling hopeless. The client lives alone. Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable step for the counselor to take? a. Call the police and give them the client's name, address, and phone number b. Call the client's neighbor and ask him to check on the client c. Ask the client to drive to the nearest hospital for an evaluation d. Call the client's fiancé who has come to counseling on several occasions

B: Call the client's neighbor and ask him to check on the client Choice B is not an appropriate course of action because the counselor cannot break confidentiality with the client's neighbor; they can only break confidentiality with the appropriate authorities (e.g., the police) in the event of possible self-harm by the client.

What are the stages for Kubler-Ross' five-stagemodel for grief? a. Anger, denial, bargaining, resolution, sadness b. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance c. Denial, panic, sadness, anger, frustration d. Sadness, anger, bargaining, denial, acceptance

B: Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are the five stages ofgrief according to Kubler-Ross. Sadness, frustration, and resolution are not part of her stages, making Choices A, C, and D incorrect.

If a client reports that she has been eating soap for the past two months, the counselor should consider which of the following? a. Admitting the client to a hospital b. Diagnosing the client with pica c. Sending the client for a brain scan d. Diagnosing the client with anorexia nervosa

B: Diagnosing the client with PICA Eating non-nutritive substances for at least one month is a sign of PICA. Admitting the client to a hospital is not warranted based on this information alone, nor is sending the client for brain scan. Therefore, Choices A and C are incorrect. The client showing symptoms of anorexia nervosa, so Choice D is also incorrect.

Which of the following is an index that measures someone's ability to connect with others, develop relationships, and show empathy? a. Intelligence Quotient b. Emotional Quotient c. Emotional Achievement d. Emotional Handling

B: Emotional Quotient Also known as EQ, this index is lesser known then its IQ counterpart. People with high EQ tend to have better interpersonal andleadership achievements. Choice A is an index that measures someone's cognitive and critical thinking abilities, so this choice is incorrect. Choices Cand D are too broad and do not refer to a measurement of emotional intelligence.

Risky shift phenomenon refers towhat aspects of group dynamics? a. Groups becoming increasingly risk-averse b. Groups become less risk-averse c. Leaders encouraging individual members to take risks d. Closed groups considering taking on new members

B: Groups become less risk-averse Risky shift phenomenon refers to groups becoming less risk-averse or riskier in their decisions. The act of sharing the risk among others makes individuals less conservative in their actions. Group leaders encouraging members to take more risks, Choice C, would fall under therapeutic techniques. Closed groups considering taking on new members, Choice D, would involve completely changing the type of group from closed to open.

Which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia? a. Multiple personalities present in one individual b. Hallucinations c. Sleep walking d. Night terrors

B: Hallucinations Hallucinations (both auditory and visual) are symptoms of schizophrenia. Choice Arefers ot dissociative identity disorder. Choices C and D are not common diagnostic symptoms of schizophrenia.

Under what conditions is it appropriate to discuss spiritual issues with clients? a. The client and the counselor are of the same faith. b. The client and the counselor do not attend the same church. c. The client and the counselor are of different faiths. d. The client has agreed todiscuss spiritual issues in counseling.

D: The client has agreed to discuss spiritual issues in counseling. It is appropriate to discuss spiritual issues when the client has agreed to discuss them. The remaining choices are irrelevant when determining whether spiritual issues can be discussed in counseling.

Tina is conducting a research study about underage drinking habits on college campuses on football game days. As she's scoring her collected data, she notices the test group is primarily made up of freshman students and the control group is primarily made up of sophomore students. What does Tina realize about this distinction? a. It's to be expected b. It may confound her results. c. It won't make a difference if she runs enough ANOVA tests. d. It should be tabulated in a chi-square cross section.

B: It may confound her results. Tina realizes that this distinction may confound her results. Confounding occurs when any results found correlate with multiple variables, therefore preventing a clear correlation between a particular independent variable and a particular dependent variable. In this instance, the fact that a majority of the test group and control group are made up of a particular year of students may influence the presence of any habits that Tina is trying to study.

When a person with schizophrenia believes that the world is going to come to an end by a tsunami, that belief would be considered which of the following? a. Persecutory delusion b. Nihilistic delusion c. Grandiose delusion d. Referential delusion

B: Nihilistic delusion Nihilistic delusions are beliefs that a major catastrophic event will occur. Persecutory delusions are beliefs that one is being or will be harmed by another person or agency. Grandiose delusions are beliefs that one possesses talents, beauty, or power that are not supported by objective evidence. Referential delusions are unwarranted beliefs that impersonal gestures or things occurring in the environment are directly related to oneself.

One fundamental difference between probability sampling and non-probability sampling is that probability sampling uses ______________ while non-probability sampling does not. a. Convenience b. Randomization c. Volunteerism d. Referral

B: Randomization Probability sampling uses randomization. In probability sampling, anyone who is eligible to be in the sample has an equal chance of getting randomly selected, whereas non-probability samplingmay choose participants based on convenience, referral, volunteerism, etc., making Choices A, C, and D incorrect.

Which of the following is unethical? a. Referring a client to another counselor because the counselor does not have the proper training to treat the client's issues b. Referring a client to another counselor because the counselor does not like the client's religious preference. c. Accepting a referral from another counselor because the other counselor does not like the client religious preference. d. Accepting a referral from another counselor because the other counselor has not been trained to treat the client's issues

B: Referring a client to another counselor because the counselor does not like the client's religious preference. Choice B is correct because it is unethical to refer a client to another counselor based on religious preference. Counselors must demonstrate acceptance and respect for their clients' religious preferences. The remaining choices describe ethical practices.

A client tells the counselor she has developed healthy coping mechanisms for her anger issues and is ready to terminate therapy. What strategy should the counselor perform next? a. Obtain client feedback prior to ending the therapy session b. Reflect on the client's progress and how they plan to continue growth c. Encourage the client to continue therapy to ensure progress d. Offer the client an opportunity to visit the office as desired

B: Reflect on the client's progress and how they plan to continue growth Reflect on the client's growth and plan for progress can help ease transition. Choice A is important for the counselor but not a priority in transitioning the client out of therapy. Choice C is incorrect; the client choice to terminate therapy due to progress should be respected. Choice D crosses the professional boundary; client should only return when they need therapy again.

A client tells her counselor, "Im' afraid that Im' going to die every time I have a panic attack. It feels like I'm having a heart attack. The counselor responds ,"When you have a panic attack, you feel physical sensations in your heart that can make you feel like something is physically." This is an example of which of the following? a. Modeling b. Reflection c. Congruence d. Unconditional positive regard

B: Reflection Reflection is when a counselor restates the client's words so the client knows that the counselor is listening and understands. The remaining choices are incorrect.

What entity was responsible for supporting and expanding professional counseling services? a. The first mental health clinic ni the United States b. The United States Department ofVeterans Affairs c. The United States Army d. Carl Rogers' first privately funded organization

B: The United States Department ofVeterans Affairs The United States Department of Veterans Affairs helped expand services after World War lI in order to help returning servicemen transition back into civilian life and civilian workforce.

A counselor has been working with a female client who has bipolar disorder for several months. Upon seeing no improvement in her symptoms, the counselor reminds her that completing the homework assignments is akin to taking medication; if she does not comply, she will likely not get better. Under what condition would this be appropriate? a. The psychiatrist agrees with the counselor. b. The counselor believes that the client is not complying with the treatment directives. c. A counselor should not make a comparison between medication compliance and homework assignments. d. The treatment has been occurring for more than 6 months.

B: The counselor believes that the client is not complying with the treatment directives. This would be appropriate if the counselor believes the client is not complying with the treatment directives. The client needs to understand that compliance is required for progress to be made. Choice A is incorrect because whether the psychiatrist agrees with the counselor has no bearing ont h e decision to speak with the client about treatment compliance. Choice C is incorrect because compliance with the counselor's directives is vital to symptom improvement just as medication compliance is essential. Choice D is incorrect because the length of treatment is irrelevant in this case.

Under what conditions would it be inappropriate for a counselor to contact a client who was discharged from treatment six months ago? a. The counselor cares about the client and wants to make sure they are still doing well. b. The counselor remembers that the client had other issues that should be addressed. c. It is the client's birthday. d. It is the client's anniversary.

B: The counselor remembers that the client had other issues that should be addressed. Choice B is correct because additional treatment should be initiated by the client. The remaining choices would be appropriate ways for a counselor to check in with a client and show care. Choice D would be especially appropriate if the client had done marriage counseling with the counselor.

A counselor shares with her client that she was hospitalized for depression years ago. Which of the following is true? a. The counselor should not share personal information because it would derail the client's trust in her. b. This is appropriate if it would benefit the client. c. This is appropriate fi the client had been previously hospitalized for a mental illness. d. This is appropriate if the counselor was about to hospitalize the client for depression.

B: This is appropriate if it would benefit the client. Ethical guidelines regarding counselor self-disclosure indicate that it should occur only when beneficial for the client. Choice A is too broad of a statement, Choices C and D may or may not be true, depending on the client.

Some issues that adults over sixty face and may want to discuss in counseling include what? a. Bereavement, ageism in the workforce, and unemployment b. The Millennial generation, religion, and politics c. Sagging skin, hair loss, and cancer d. None of the above

Bereavement, ageism in the workforce, and unemployment. These are some issues older adults face and report discussing in counseling as they begin to lose friend and family, or if they are forced into retirement or made redundant in their workplace.

When determining whether to give a diagnosis of enuresis or encopresis, the counselor should consider which of the following? a. Chronological age b. Whether the symptoms are voluntary or involuntary c. Developmental age d. Whether the symptoms occur during the day or night

C. Developmental age It is a more appropriate consideration than chronological age since babies cannot control their elimination and yet are not diagnosed with either condition. Choice B is incorrect since the diagnosis can be given whether the symptoms are voluntary or involuntary. Choice D is not a relevant factor; the diagnosis can be appropriate whether the elimination occurs during the day or night.

A psychodynamic therapy group has been meeting for six months. Some group members have formed friendships and want to have dinner together. Is this possible in a psychodynamic group and, if so, under what conditions? a. Yes, if the group leader goes with them. b. Yes, with or without the group leader. c. No, psychodynamic groups cannot have outside d. Yes, if all the group members go out together.

C. No, psychodynamic groups cannot have outside Under no circumstances do members participating in psychodynamic therapy meet outside of group time. Therefore, Choice C is correct, and the remaining choices are incorrect.

In what year did the ACA launch the National Board for Certified Counselors? a. 1963 b. 1973 c. 1983 d. 1993

C: 1983 In 1983, the ACA launched the National Board for Certified Counselors. The establishment of this credential was key in defining fundamental standards for the counseling profession.

What is one of the most important elements of an intake interview? a. Making an accurate diagnosis b. Obtaining a recent medical report from the client's doctor to rule out medical conditions that may masquerade as psychological conditions c. Asking open-ended questions d. Obtaining permission to break confidentiality if the client becomes suicidal

C: Asking open-ended questions This is important because it encourages clients to clearly describe what brought them to counseling and what their presenting symptoms are. Choice A, may not be possible in the initial interview because more data may need to be gathered in future sessions before a diagnosis can be established. Choice B, is important but likely would not occur in the first meeting. Choice D is not possible because permission to break confidentiality is not required when a client becomes suicidal.

A counselor has spent several months working with a woman who was initially diagnosed with anxiety. Her symptoms have greatly improved, and the counselor can see that the end of treatment is approaching. What would be the least appropriate action for the counselor to take? a. Have a discussion with the client about her progress and inform her that treatment is about to end b. Ask the client if she has any other issues that she would like to address c. Avoid talking about the end of treatment to prevent the client's anxiety from returning d. Discuss how ending the counseling relationship may cause feelings of sadness or fear

C: Avoid talking about the end of treatment to prevent the client's anxiety from returning Avoidance would be not be an appropriate way to handle impending termination because it does not address the emotional and psychological issues that may arise for the client when she completes treatment. Choice A would be appropriate because it would remind the client that she has met her treatment goals. Choice B would be appropriate because it would allow the client to bring up any issues that have not been addressed in treatment yet. Choice D would be appropriate because the counselor should prepare the client for the variety of potential feelings that might arise after treatment ends.

When working with a client who has a phobia, a counselor should NOT encourage the client to do which of the following? a. Talk about why they fear the object or situation b. Progressively face the feared object or situation c. Avoid the feared object or situation d. Practice deep breathing

C: Avoiding the feared object or situation This will only solidify the fear in the client's mind. The remaining choices are all components of helping a client overcome a phobia.

A young client who was adopted at age 12 has been skipping school, is verbally aggressive toward his adoptive parents, and does not follow house rules. The counselor should recognize that this maybe occurringfor which of the following reasons? a. The adoptive parents are setting house rules that are too strict. b. The client is going through a normal stage of development. c. Behavior issues are significantly more common in adopted children. d. The client is experiencing bullying at school.

C: Behavior issues are significantly more common in adopted children. Studies show that, due to previous abuse, a lack of security, caregiver deprivation, or early trauma, adopted children are almost twice as likely to develop behavior problems as those who are not adopted. Choice A is not the sole contributing factor to the client's behavior. Choice B is incorrect because extreme behavioral issues are not a normal trait of development. Choice D is not indicative of adoption issues.

During an initial interview, counselors should ask questions pertaining to which of the following realms a. Work, rest, play b. Scholastic, interpersonal, medical c. Biological, social, psychological d. Psychological, occupational, social

C: Biological, social, and psychological are known as the biopsychosocial realms of functioning, and they encompass the areas that counselors should assess to obtain a holistic view of their clients. The remaining choices do not adequately cover the entirety of the human condition.

Which of the psychologists below was a pioneer in humanistic theories? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Sigmund Freud c. Carl Rogers d. Raymond Cattell

C: Carl Rogers Carl Rogers was responsible for developing and influencing many of the theories related to understanding humans holistically. Choice A, Wilhelm Wundt, was a German physician who founded the Institute of Experimental Psychology. Choice B, Sigmund Freud, is considered the founder of psychoanalysis. Choice D, Raymond Cattell, is known for his exploration into empirical psychology and is known for developing theories on fluid and crystallized intelligence.

When working with individuals ni the LGBT community, it's important for acounselor ot do what a. Be an active member of the LGBT community ? b. Assist the client in locating gender-neutral jobs c. Consult with other professionals and refer out when necessary d. Reach out to employers toprovide education about discriminatory hiring practices

C: Consult with other professionals and refer out when necessary It's important for a counselor to consult with other professionals fi they feel they're outside the scope for their practice area. Being ni the LGBT community si not necessary, although awareness and respect for what culture is.

According to Erikson's psychosocial model of development, what is the main task during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage? a. Learning to trust others b. Finding oneself c. Contributing to the next generation d. Developing self-sufficiency

C: Contributing to the next generation Contributing to the next generation is the goal of individuals in the Generatively vs. Stagnation phase. Choice Asi part of the Trust vs. Mistrust phase. Choice B is part of Identity vs. Identity Confusion. Choice Dis part of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt.

Counselors strive to consider cultural impact on individual values. How should cultural differences and values be addressed? a. Cultural values and differences should be pointed out so that the client knows the counselor is aware of them. b. Cultural values and differences should be learned by the counselor and worked around when issues arise. c. Cultural values and differences should be learned by the counselor and used as strengths and to empower change. d. Cultural values and differences should be compared to the greater society to find similarities.

C: Cultural values and differences should be learned by the counselor and used as strengths and to empower change. Cultural values and beliefs should be researched and learned when working with clients from a differentculture. These values should then be used as strengths during goal developmentto aid the client inmaking the changesthey desire.

Which of the following is a method used intherapy toaddress sleep disorders? a. Tell the client how many hours of sleep he or she should be getting b. Encourage the client to take a sleeping aid nightly. c. Have the client keep a sleep diary. d. Suggest the client change the sleep-wake schedule as needed.

C: Have the client keep a sleep diary. Sleep diaries can pinpoint triggers that cause disturbances ni sleep and assist ni developing positive sleep hygiene practices. Choice A can give the client more anxiety fi he or she is not able to meet a certain goal. Choice B should be a collaborative intervention with the client's medical doctor if needed. Choice D is incorrect; sleep-wake schedules should remain as consistent as possible to encourage healthy sleep hygiene.

A small country like Denmark-where most people hold the same cultural beliefs, education status, dress, and traditions-is considered a/an alarger country like the United States--where people come from many diverse backgrounds and many have emigrated from other countries--is considered a/an a. Narrow country; broad country b. Ethnography; demography c. Homogenous society; heterogeneous society d.Heterogeneous society; homogenous society

C: Homogenous society; heterogeneous society. Ahomogenous society is one where the people are very similar in background, attitudes, and beliefs; a heterogeneous society embodies a great deal of diversity within its people.

Sixteen-year-old Jake is at his great-grandfather's 95th birthday party. Jake is talking with his great-grandparents, grandparents, parents, and siblings. Jake's great-grandparents, who have been married for over seventy years, believe couples should stick it out no matter what. Jake and his siblings believe most people will divorce once in their lifetimes. The grandparents believe divorce can usually be avoided, and the parents believe divorce si sometimes necessary. This is an example of which concept of the Murray Bowen's family systems theory? a. Differentiation of Self b. Family Projection Process c. Multigenerational Transmission Process d. Emotional Cutoff

C: Multigenerational Transmission Process This concept explains how the variance in differentiation of self between parents and children over time leads to a widespread difference in beliefs between the oldest generation and the youngest generation of the family. Choice A is incorrect; differentiation of self refers to how much an individual's personal beliefs differfrom that of his or her group's beliefs, and Jake is identifying with his peers here. Choice Bis incorrect; family projection process refers to how parents project emotional conflict onto their children. Choice D is incorrect; emotional cutoff is the act of failing to resolve issues between family members by reducing or eliminating contact with one another.

During couples counseling, one of the clients expresses that she rarely voices her opinions to her partner for fear of starting a conflict. What kind of communication style is characterized by this behavior? a. Aggressive b. Assertive c. Passive d. Obstructing

C: Passive Passive communicators do not openly express their opinions and can be taken advantage of by others. Choice A is a communication style characterized by an inappropriate expression of feelings that violates the rights of others. Choice B is a communication style that is clear, direct, and honest. Choice D is not a type of communication style.

During which stage of the transtheoretical model is the client most motivated to create change? a. Precontemplation stage b. Contemplation stage c. Preparation stage d. Maintenance stage

C: Preparation stage Clients are motivated and ready for change during the preparation stage, so counselors are able to effectively work with clients in this stage. Choice A describes clients who are still in denial and not considering change. Choice B is when clients are only considering making a change. Choice D is the end stage after changes have been implemented.

A counselor is teaching her client about gender differences that are evident in young preschool children's language skills. This is an example of which of the following? a. Racism b. Gender bias c. Psychoeducation d. Shaping

C: Psychoducation This is an example of Psychoeducation. The counselor is describing research on language in young children. Choice A and B are not evident here. Choice C is not what the counselor is attempting to accomplish since they are not slowly changing the client's behavior.

During the Strange Situation test, a counselor observes that the child becomes upset when the caregiver leavesthe room and alsoavoids eye contact with strangers. What kind of atachment style does this behavior represent? a. Anxious-resistant insecure b. Depressed c. Secure d. Anxious-avoidant insecure

C: Secure A healthy attachment will result in distress when the caregiver leaves the room; this is a normal response with a secure attachment style. Choice A is a type of attachment style in which children are wary of strangers and will become highly distressed when the caregiver is not in the room. Choice B is not a type of attachment style. Choice D will result is no distress; children with an anxious-avoidant attachment style do not seek closeness and will not show preference for caregivers over strangers.

What are the differences between substantive advice and process advice? a. Substantive is nondirective; process is directive. b. Substantive is directive; process si encouraging. c. Substantive isdirective; process is empowering. d. Substantive is fact-based; process si feeling-based.

C: Substantive isdirective; process is empowering. Substantive advice can be considered directive and may involve the counselor imposing his or her opinions onto clients. Process advice is more empowering and helps clients navigate options for solving their own issues. In some situations, it may be appropriate for the counselor to offer process advice; it is less likely that substantive advice should be given.

A 25-year-old, unemployed male who has recently returned from combat claims to experience reoccurring nightmares, angry outbursts, and feelings of depression. A counselor who wants to use a theory-based treatment method for this client would likely decide which of the following? a. The client has PTSD and should have Psychoanalysis. b. The client has major depressive disorder and should have CBT. c. The client has PTSD and should have EMDR. d. The client is faking symptoms so that he will not have tofind a job.

C: The client has PTSD and should have EMDR. The client's symptoms are all common of PTSD, and EMDR is an empirically established method of treatment for that condition. Choice A would be inappropriate because Psychoanalysis is not an empirically established treatment method. Choice B is incorrect because reoccurring nightmares are not a typical symptom of major depressive disorder. Choice D is incorrect because there is no indication that the client is faking symptoms.

Which of the followingis amajor concern when providing counseling services electronically? a. Technology limitations cannot be discussed with the client. b. Rapport with the client cannot be established. c. There are limitations to client confidentiality. d. Counselors wil need to establish asocial media account.

C: There are limitations to client confidentiality. The ACA Code of Ethics addresses technology and its limitations with maintaining confidentiality; encryption methods should be used to minimize data breaches. Choice Ashould be addressed ni the informed consent prior ot delivering services. Choice Bcan still be established virtually through verbal and nonverbal communication. Choice Dsi not a requirement; professional or personal social media accounts are optional and must be kept separate.

What is the main difference between Persistent Depressive Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder? a. Over/under eating b. Hallucinations c. Feelings of hopelessness d. The length of time that symptoms are present

D: The length of time that symptoms are present The length of time that symptoms are present is the key difference between Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD). nI PDD, the symptoms must occur on most days over at least a two-year period. For an MD diagnosis, the symptoms must be present on most days for at least two weeks. The remaining choices could al be present ni either PD or MD.

A counselor is working with a client who suffers from anxiety. The client is a Buddhist who is considering dating a Muslim. Which of the following would NOT be a helpful focus for this client? a. Having the client go through a value-sorting card set b. Discussing the similarities and differences between thereligions c. Having the client consider what the familial implications could be d. Discouraging the client from dating the person because it might escalate their anxiety

D: Discouraging the client from dating the person because it might escalate their anxiety Choice D would be inappropriate because counselors do not give advice. The remaining choices are appropriate measures the counselor could take with the client.

A type lI error _____ a _____ null hypothesis. a. Rejects; true b. Rejects; false c. Fails to reject; true d. Fails to reject; false

D: Fails to reject; false Fails to reject; false. A type lI error in statistical testing occurs when the researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is false. This type of error in a test will indicate that there is no relationship between two variables when there actually is.

When performing a mental status examination, a counselor asks their client what she would do if she found awallet with money inside. The counselor is assessing which ofthe following domains? a. Short-term memory b. Abstract reasoning c. Spatial orientation d. Judgement

D: Judgement The counselor is evaluating the client's judgment. Choice A is not being evaluated because the question does not address memory. Choice B is incorrect because the question relates to a concrete, hypothetical situation. Choice C is incorrect because spatial orientation involves identifying objects or oneself in a point of space/environment; this is not the focus of the question.

Clients who distance themselves from others to prevent feeling dependent and getting hurt have an anxious-avoidance attachment style. What kind of practice will help prevent loneliness in these clients? a. Focusing on the future b. Personalizing situations c. Initiating a relationship with a partner who also has an avoidant attachment style d. Practicing empathy

D: Practicing empathy Clients with an anxious-avoidant attachment style who practice empathy and increase their closeness with others can experience decreased feline of depression and loneliness. Choice A can cause more anxiety in the client; anxious-avoidant attachment styles are encouraged to practice mindfulness and focus on the present. Choice B will worsen the negative attachment style; taking everything personally will damage social relationships. Choice C will result in a toxic relationship; communication is important for healthy interactions.

The REACH model offers fivesteps to achieving forgiveness. Which of the following are components of that model? a. Remember, Expect, Acquiesce, Consider, Harbor b. Reflect, Examine, Acknowledge, Consider, Hold c. Recall, Excel, Accept, Count, Happiness d. Recall, Empathize, Altruistic Gift, Commit, Hold

D: Recall, Empathize, Altruistic Gift, Commit, Hold Recall, Empathize, Altruistic Gift, Commit, and Hold are the five steps of the REACH forgiveness model. Choices A, B and C are not part of the model

Which of the following statements regarding sexual dysfunction is true? a. Sexual dysfunction only occurs during the orgasm phase. b. Sexual dysfunction is a medical problem, and the client should be referred to a physician. c. Sexual dysfunction only occurs in 10 percent of the population. d. Sexual dysfunction can occur during any of the four phases of the sexual response cycle.

D: Sexual dysfunction can occur during any of the four phases of the sexual response cycle. Issues with sexual satisfaction can occur during the desire, arousal, orgasm, and resolution phases. Choice A is incorrect because sexual dysfunction can happen during any phase of the sexual cycle. Choice Bis incorrect because sexual dysfunction may be a result of psychological concerns. Choice C is incorrect; more than 40 percent of women and 30 percent of men experience some form of sexual dysfunction.

Why is depression a greater concern in older adults? a. Older adults do not have coping mechanisms to deal with depression. b. Depression does not happen in the older adult population. c. Older adults are incapable of asking for help. d. Symptoms of depression are often overlooked in older adults.

D: Symptoms of depression are often overlooked in older adults. Depression manifests itself differently in older adults, and symptoms such as fatigue, loss of interest in sex, and pain often go unnoticed. Choice A is incorrect because older adults are still capable of developing coping mechanisms to deal with depression. Choice Bis incorrect because depression occursinevery age group. Choice C may require amore in-depth assessment, but older adults are capable of seeking treatment.

The cycle of violence follows which of the following sequences? a. Honeymoon, explanation, tension building b. Tension building, honeymoon, explanation c. Explosion, honeymoon, reunification d. Tension building, explosion, honeymoon

D. Tension building, explosion, honeymoon First, the tension escalates, leading to a violent altercation, after which the abuser showers the victim with kindness, affection, and/or gifts. Choice A presents the phases in the wrong order. Choice B is incorrect because it leaves out the explanation phase. Choice C is incorrect because the honeymoon phase includes reunification.

Which of the following is NOT a central component of Carl Roger's Client-Centered Therapy? a. The counselor demonstrates unconditional positive regard. b. The therapist is congruent with the client. c. The counselor empathizes with the client. d. The counselor is a good listener.

D. The counselor is a good listener Choice D is not a central component of Carl Roger's therapy model. The remaining choices list the three main components of his method

Harry Harlow noticed that monkeys who did not receive consistent warmth or affection from a maternal figure were more likely to be which of the following? a. Less warm or affectionate to their own offspring b. Aloof and/or angry c. Socially impaired d. All of the above

D: All of the above Harlow, a theorist in mother-offspring attachment, noticed all of these qualities in monkeys who were given a wire mother substitute and were not shown warmth and affection. He theorized that newborns of many species, including humans, had and innate need to bond in way in order to develop healthy. personalities and attachment bonds.

Which of the following is a popular statistical software program? a. SPSS b. SAS c. Minitab d. All of the above

D: All of the above SPSS, SAS, and Minitab are all popular statistical software programs. These programs make it easier to analyze and run tests on large datasets. Choice A, SPSS< stands for Statistical Package for the Social Science and is one of the most popular packages that performs complex data manipulation with easy instructions. Choice B, SAS, stands, for Statistical Analysis System, and is a software developer for advanced analytics, data management, business intelligence, multivariate analyses, and predictive analytics. Choice C, Minitab, is an all-purpose statistical software created for simple interactive use.

Which of the following is NOT a factor of a mental status exam? a. Orientation to time b. Whether the client is guarded or unguarded c. Appropriate displays of emotion d. Authenticity

D: Authenticity Authenticity is difficult to determine in a mental status examination because the counselor may not be able to verify the report's truthfulness. The remaining choices contribute to the overall picture of the client's functioning and are pertinent to a mental status exam.

A counselor is working with a married couple. Often, the husband speaks to his wife in a demeaning tone, moves his body aggressively toward her, looks down at her, and speaks loudly. The counselor demonstrates for the husband a different way to speak to his wife. This is an example of which of the following? a. Negative feedback loop b. Overstepping the husband's boundaries c. Confrontation d. Building communication skills

D: Building communication skills This is an example of building communication skills. Sometimes counselors educate their clients by demonstrating appropriate behaviors. The remaining choices are incorrect.

A counselor has been using Adlerian therapy with a client for several months to help her overcome shyness but has not made significant progress. At this time, what should the counselor do? a. Refer the client to a psychiatrist for medication evaluation b. Refer the client to another counselor c. Use the empty chair technique d. Consider using another treatment method

D: Consider using another treatment method The counselor should consider using another treatment method because the Adlerian therapy method has not proven successful with this client. Choice A would not be appropriate because shyness is not treatable with medication. Choice B could possibly harm the client since she might interpret the referral as a rejection, further entrenching her fear of being with people. Choice C is incorrect because the empty chair technique would be an insufficient method to improve shyness after several months of treatment.

What are the main components of the Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) career development theory? a. Communication and Analysis b. Synthesis and Valuing c . Valuing and Executing d. Content and Process

D: Content and Process Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) asserts that content and process are the main components of the career decision-making process. The content is what an individual must know to make a decision (such as self-assessment and knowledge of careers and options). The process is what an individual needs to do to make a decision.

A counselor has been working with a client for the past nine months. The counselor first diagnosed the client with major depressive disorder after administering the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) that resulted in a high score for depression. Three months into treatment, the BDI was administered again, and the client's symptoms were unchanged. In the ninth month of treatment, the BDI was administered again, and at that time showed slight improvement in the client's symptoms. What would the counselor most likely conclude from these test results? a. The client was faking symptoms at the initial assessment. b. The BDI is an untrustworthy assessment tool because of its inconsistent results. c. The client should be referred to another counselor because he is not making adequate improvement and the counselor is concerned about suicide risk. d. The treatment may be working, but alterations to the treatment plan may be needed

D: The treatment may be working, but alterations to the treatment plan may be needed The treatment may be working, but alterations to the treatment plan may be needed because the client's progress is insufficient. Choice A is not something that a counselor could conclude based on these test results. Choice B is incorrect because the BDI has empirically established validity. Choice C is incorrect because suicide risk is not indicated by the information given. Furthermore, counselors should only refer clients to other counselors under special circumstances due to the risk of emotional abandonment and feelings of rejection.

A male counselor is working with a group. One of the male group members has berated several of the other members at various times. On one occasion, the therapist yells at the belligerent group member to give feedback. Which of the following is true? a. If the group member and the counselors were both females, this would be appropriate. b. If the counselor was a female and the member was a male,this would be appropriate. c. This would be appropriate if it demonstrated protection of the group. d. This would never be appropriate.

D: This would never be appropriate. It would never be appropriate for a counselor to yell at a counselee. It would be appropriate (and necessary) for the counselor to address the belligerent group member, but not in a hostile, demeaning way. The remaining choices are incorrect.

The Gottman Method is a type of therapy used for what kind of benefit? a. To enhance self-direction b. To incorporate a holistic view of people's environments c. To gain awareness of the present moment d. To strengthen relationships and improve interactional patterns

D: To strengthen relationships and improve interactional patterns The Gottman Method is a type of therapy that identifies and addresses the natural defenses that hinder communication and bonding; the technique enhances a sense of understanding, empathy, and interpersonal growth by practicing conflict management and positive interactions between couples. Choices A, B, and C are all characteristic of Gestalt therapy, which is designed to help clients increase mindfulness, focus on the present, and understand the different aspects of an experience, mental health issue, or conflict.

Joe's parents divorced when he was six years old, and his father moved out of the house. He is now receiving therapy and has become very angry with his male therapist, fearing the therapist will abandon him. Joe's reaction is an example of what? a. Remorse b. Fixation c. Negative reinforcement d. Transference

D: Transference Joe's reaction is an example of transference. Joe is transferring feelings toward his father onto his therapist, which may be beneficial in resolving his childhood issues. Choice A is incorrect; remorse is a feeling of deep regret or of a wrong committed, and does not make sense in this context. Choice B is incorrect; in Freudian theory, fixation occurs when a child is unable to progress from one psychosexual stage to the next. Choice C is incorrect; negative reinforcement is a learned behavior meant to avoid negative stimulus.

When does negative transference occur? a. When counselors project feelings onto clients b. When clients project feelings toward another person in the past onto the counselor c. When multiple roles exist between a therapist and a client d. When clients become angry or hostile toward counselors

D: When clients become angry or hostile toward counselors Negative transference can result in clients becoming angry and hostile toward the counselor. Although transference is an essential part of psychoanalytic counseling, negative transference can be difficult to manage and must be dealt with in order for therapy to progress. Choice A, when counselors project feelings onto clients, it is called countertransference. Choice B, when clients project feelings toward another person in the past onto the counselor, is known as transference. Choice C, when multiple roles exist between a counselor and client, it is known as a dual relationship.

When is Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) most effective? a. When it is provided to individuals b. When it is provided by trained mental health professionals c. When it is provided within seven days of the incident d. When it is provided within 24 or 72 hours

D: When it is provided within 24 or 72 hours Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) is most effective when offered within 24 to 72 hours of end event. It can be provided by any trained individual, including HR or mental health professionals, and is intended for groups of secondary trauma victims.

Apractitioner si reviewing her appointment schedule and notices that reh next client has a traditional Chinese name. The practitioner should assume_______________. a. that the office translator will need to be present for the session and should be summoned immediately in order to ensure the client's comfort. b. that the client is an only child. c. that the client is male. d. nothing.

D: nothing. Nothing. Practitioners will serve clients from all backgrounds and should not make any assumptions from intake information. Practitioners should be aware of any personal biases they may hold and make all inferences about the client's situation from information that comes directly from their sessions.

Which of the following guidelines is endorsed by the American Counseling Association Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients? a. Refer to the client by whatever gender the counselor perceives it to be. b. Use nonsexist language when communicating with the client. c. Encourage the client to accept their biological gender. d. Avoid talking about gender-role stereotyping.

Using nonsexist language and gender-sensitive skills while counseling is encouraged by the ACA. Choice A will not build trust and rapport with the client. Choice C displays counselor bias toward a specific belief. Choice D is incorrect because counselors should facilitate client knowledge about how gender-role stereotyping and sexism affect their physical and mental health.

Claudia is coming to counseling for the first time. She meets her counselor, Susan, and Susan tells her what she can expect from treatment. Claudia says that she understands the process of counseling, as well as the risks, and that she is excited to begin. Susan makes a note of their discussion and begins her assessment. Has Susan satisfied the informed consent requirement, and why or why not? a. Yes. Susan discussed the process and risks of counseling, and the client agreed. b. No. Susan didn't ask Claudia if she understood everything fully. c. No. Susan did not have Claudia sign a consent form. d. Yes. Susan made a note that Claudia agreed as part of her documentation.

d. Yes. Susan made a note that Claudia agreed as part of her documentation. No, informed consent has not been satisfied. Susan did not have a document outlining what counseling would entail including the risks and limitations. She also did not have Claudia sign such a document to become part of the chart. Documentation of informed consent protects both the client and the counselor.