Computer Organization and Architecture <Chapter 1>

What are computers used for?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to STORE, RETRIEVE and PROCESS data. E.g. Iphone, Ipad, Android phone, Tablets, LCD Projectors, Laptops, Desktops

A Six-Level Computer Model. (Level 0) <--- The lowest level

Digital Logic Level

Computer Organization

Encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems. E.g. circuit design, control signals, memory types. "How does a computer work?"

A Six-Level Computer Model. (Level 2)

Instruction set architecture level "Interpretation (microprogram) or direct execution"

A Six-Level Computer Model. Levels (0 - 5). Note: Only look at 0-5 on pic attached

Level 5 - Problem-oriented language level "Translation (compiler)" Level 4 - Assembly language level "Translation (assembler)" Level 3 - Operating system machine level "Partial interpretation (operating system) Level 2 - Instruction set architecture level "Interpretation (microprogram) or direct execution" Level 1 - Microarchitecture level "Hardware" Level 0 - Digital Logic Level

Computer Architecture

Logical aspects of system implementation as seen by the programmer E.g. instruction sets, instruction formats, data types, addressing modes "How do I design a computer?"

A Six-Level Computer Model. (Level 1)

Microarchitecture level "Hardware"

-Milestones in Computer Development ENIAC I by Eckert/Mauchley (1946)

Modern computer history starts here

-Milestones in Computer Development IAS by Von Neumann (1952)

Most current machines use this design

A Six-Level Computer Model. (Level 3)

Operating system machine level "Partial interpretation (operating system)

A Six-Level Computer Model. (Level 5) <--The Top Level

Problem-oriented language level "Translation (compiler)"

-Milestones in Computer Development IBM PC by IBM (1981)

Started the modern personal computer era

The Original Von Neumann Machine (Pic attached)

Study pic

Data Flow (lecture pic in comp arc folder)

-Data Bus - Address Bus -Control Bus The ideas present in the von Neumann architecture have been extended so that programs and data stored in a slow-to-access storage medium, such as a hard disk, can be copied to a fast- access, volatile storage medium such as RAM prior to execution. This architecture has also been streamlined into what is currently called the system bus model, shows the movement of data among activities and repositories

Why study computer organization and architecture?

1. Design better programs, including system software such as compilers, operating systems and device drivers. 2. Optimize program behavior 3. Evaluate (benchmark) computer system performance. 4. Understand time, space, and price tradeoffs

A Six-Level Computer Model. (Level 4)

Assembly language level "Translation (assembler)"

-Milestones in Computer Development SPARC by Sun (1987)

First SPARC-baed RISC workstation

-Milestones in Computer Development Analytical Engine by Babbage (1834)

First attempt to build a digital computer

-Milestones in Computer Development 8080 by Intel (1974)

First general-purpose 8 bit computer on a chip

-Milestones in Computer Development CRAY-1 by Cray (1974)

First vector supercomputer

Address Bus

The address bus holds the address of the data that the data bus is currently accessing.

Control Bus

The control bus carries the necessary control signals that specify how the information transfer is to take place.

Data Bus

The data bus moves data from main memory to the CPU registers (and vice versa).