COMPUTERS- chapter 4
Intel compatible
#1 microprocessor. Has the same internal design or architecture as intel processor. It's the most important and most used microprocessor.
AMD manufacturers Intel - compatible processors
#2 microprocessor
Off
0
On
1
Multicore Processor
1 or more: Dual- 2 Quad- 4 Oct- 8
Kilo
1,000
Mega
1,000,000
Giga
1,000,000,000
Tera
1,000,000,000,000
Name 3 types Removable flash memory
1- memory cards 2- usb flash drive 3- PC Cards
Name three parts of the process or valuation criteria
1- speed (system clock) 2- registers (tiny storage locations) 3- cores
DRAM variations 1. SDRAM 2. DDR SDRAM 3. DDR2 SDRAM 4. DDR3 SDRAM 5. RDRAM
1- synchronized system clock 2- double data rate 3- second generation ⬆️ 4- 3rd generation⬆️⬆️, designed for comps with multicore processors (most popular) 5- RAMBUS uses pipelining techniques and is much faster (more expensive)
What are the four steps of the machine cycle
1. Fetch- obtains an instruction from memory 2. Decode- translates instruction into complete commands 3. Execute- carried out demand 4. Store- write the result to memory
Kilobyte
1024 bytes
PROM
A blank ROM chip
System unit
A box like case that houses and protects the electrical components of the computer that are used to process data
Name three important coding schemes
ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode
L3 cache
Always external, if you have an L3, then L1 and L2 are inside of the processor
What uses continuous wave signals like human speech and radio
Analog
Name the two ways to represent data
Analog and digital
Expansion bays
Areas inside system unit to add devices physically
Unicode
Binary dictionary for far eastern dictionaries that has 16 bits
Daughterboard upgrade
By processor on expansion slot in the new processor is located on a small circuit board that plugs into motherboard
What impact the overall computing power and manages most of the operations
CPU
USB
Canex up to 127 different peripheral devices with the single connection
Name the three types of processor upgrades
Chip for chip, piggyback, daughterboard
CMOS
Chip inside your computer that contains the computer's environmental settings. High speed chip that consumes little power and is usually powered by a small battery.
SRAM
Chips are faster and more reliable than any variation of DRAM don't have to be re-energized as often but are more expensive used for special memory application such as cache
DRAM
Chipset must be re-energize constantly or they lose their contents. Various forms exist and 99% of people use this
Expansion slot/card/board etc.
Circuit boards that will add or enhance new devices or capabilities to the computer
EBCDIC
Code primarily used on mainframes and had originally seven bits
MIDI ports
Connects a musical instrument to system unit
CPU
Contains the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit of the system unit
Volatile memory
Contents are lost when erased, when the computer is turned off (RAM MEM)
Nonvolatile memory
Contents or lost when the power is turned off (ROM)
A circuit board with two sets of contacts/chips is called a...
DIMM (dual inline memory module)
What are the three basic types of RAM memory
DRAM, SRAM, MRAM
ASCII
Dictionary for binary, the most important and first coding scheme
What uses to discrete states of on and off like computers and electronics
Digital
What is a bit
Each on or off value, the smallest unit of data computer can handle
Byte
Eight bits group together, provides enough different combinations of zeros and ones to represent 256 individual characters
Bus
Electrical channel or data highways that transfers electronic bits internally within the circuitry of a computer allowing the devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other
EEPROM
Electronically erasable ROM chip, can be rewritten
Cache memory
Every computer has it, uses 80/20 rule, stores frequently used instructions and data to speed up the computer's processes
Motorola
Found in Apple Macintosh and power Macintosh systems
Name 3 MicroProcessor Comparisons
Intel compatible, Motorola, alpha
L1 cache
Internal cash, Bill directly into the processor chip.
What will a processor do when it gets too hot?
It will shut down
Peripheral devices
Located outside of the system unit
Heat sink
Metal or ceramic block that sits on top of processor. Has fans and draws heat from processor and disperses it because it is conductive
Parallel processing
Method that uses multiple processors to execute a task
Pentium
More powerful, high-performance PCs, High clock speed
L2 cache
Most of the time external cache, not part of processor chip. Slower but has a larger capacity
Intel processors
Newest line of processors (I3, i5, i7)
Memory Cards
No bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width that you can insert into a PC
Binary
Number rang system that uses just too unique digits of zero and one
Gigabyte
One billion bytes
Megabyte
One million bytes
Terabyte
One trillion bytes
Power supply fan
Original fan
Ram chips
Packaged on a small circuit board that's inserted into the motherboard
ALU
Performs the execution part of machine cycle and carries out arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations
Port
Point of connection to the computer
Usb flash drives
Portable storage that inserts into a USB port
Cores
Processor on top of another processor (how many?)
Circuitboard his chips are enclosed in aluminum casing is called a...
RIMM (Rambus inline memory module)
Firmware
ROM chip that has been in coded with permanent instructions
ROM memory
Read only memory, stores data that can only be read, cannot be modified or changed, non-volatile, BIOS ship for when turning operating system on.
Power supply
Regulates power from Alex a computer, has original system fan
Name 4 Special Purpose ports
SCSI ports, IRDA ports, MIDI ports, and Bluetooth ports.
A circuit board with the single set of contacts/chips is called a...
SIMM (single inline memory module)
Name 3 types of ports
Serial ports, parallel ports, Universal serial bus port (USB)
Flash Memory
Similar to EEPROM in that it can be erased electronically and rewritten with new instructions; used in all types of devices such a as smart phones etc.
Processor fan
Sits on top of heat sink
Piggyback upgrade
Sits on top of the old one
SCSI port
Special high-speed port used to attach peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers
Clock speed
Speed at which processor executes instructions that is measured in gigahertz. This controls the timing of all of the computer operations (how fast does engine go?)
MRAM
Stores data using magnetic charges. Greater storage capacity, consumes less power, and is much faster. Retains contents after power is removed from the computer. Not yet economical.
Chip for Chip upgrade
Take old chip out and exchange it
Pipelining
The CPU begins executing a second instruction before the first instruction has completed the machine cycle, much faster
Memory is measured by what
The number of bytes available to use
Memory stores...
The operating system, application programs, and data
Describe the machine cycle
The user gives instructions to the CPU. it comprehends and interprets information and tells the ALU to work. the ALU finds Internet in hard disk and once it happens it stores it into RAM memory
Registers
Tiny storage locations inside the processor- look at the size
What is the easiest fastest and cheapest way to speed up your computer
To increase the size of RAM memory
Parallel ports
Transfers more than one bit or bite of data at a time, printers
IrDA ports
Transmits data from a peripheral devices via infrared light waves
Serial port
Transmits only one that of data at a time, and it is usually use to connect devices that don't require fast data transmission rate such as a mouse keyboard or modem
Xeon and Itanium
Used for workstations and low end servers
Celeron
Used in a less expensive basic PCs, common applications, runs slower
Centrio
Used in laptops, holds more charge
Alpha
Used primarily in workstations and high end servers
Bluetooth Ports
Uses radio waves to transmit data between two devices but limited 33 foot distance
Liquid cooling technology
Uses water or glycol
RAM memory
Volatile memory, holds the operating system, programs, and data, opposite of storage.
Memory (RAM)
What stores data instructions and information, the basic storage unit is a byte
Heat pipe
Works like a heat sink but only for laptops
Logical operations
Works with conditions and operator such as and, or, and not
List the components of the system unit and describe them
•Motherboard- main circuit board •processor (cpu)- brains, silicon chip •memory- ram •expansion slots- to allow room to expand capabilities •ports- point of connection for external device (usb) •expansion cards- sound cards, video cards etc.
PC Cards
•adds devices to a laptop -Type I add memory -type II contain communication devices -type III houses devices