COMPUTERS- chapter 4

Intel compatible

#1 microprocessor. Has the same internal design or architecture as intel processor. It's the most important and most used microprocessor.

AMD manufacturers Intel - compatible processors

#2 microprocessor

Off

0

On

1

Multicore Processor

1 or more: Dual- 2 Quad- 4 Oct- 8

Kilo

1,000

Mega

1,000,000

Giga

1,000,000,000

Tera

1,000,000,000,000

Name 3 types Removable flash memory

1- memory cards 2- usb flash drive 3- PC Cards

Name three parts of the process or valuation criteria

1- speed (system clock) 2- registers (tiny storage locations) 3- cores

DRAM variations 1. SDRAM 2. DDR SDRAM 3. DDR2 SDRAM 4. DDR3 SDRAM 5. RDRAM

1- synchronized system clock 2- double data rate 3- second generation ⬆️ 4- 3rd generation⬆️⬆️, designed for comps with multicore processors (most popular) 5- RAMBUS uses pipelining techniques and is much faster (more expensive)

What are the four steps of the machine cycle

1. Fetch- obtains an instruction from memory 2. Decode- translates instruction into complete commands 3. Execute- carried out demand 4. Store- write the result to memory

Kilobyte

1024 bytes

PROM

A blank ROM chip

System unit

A box like case that houses and protects the electrical components of the computer that are used to process data

Name three important coding schemes

ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode

L3 cache

Always external, if you have an L3, then L1 and L2 are inside of the processor

What uses continuous wave signals like human speech and radio

Analog

Name the two ways to represent data

Analog and digital

Expansion bays

Areas inside system unit to add devices physically

Unicode

Binary dictionary for far eastern dictionaries that has 16 bits

Daughterboard upgrade

By processor on expansion slot in the new processor is located on a small circuit board that plugs into motherboard

What impact the overall computing power and manages most of the operations

CPU

USB

Canex up to 127 different peripheral devices with the single connection

Name the three types of processor upgrades

Chip for chip, piggyback, daughterboard

CMOS

Chip inside your computer that contains the computer's environmental settings. High speed chip that consumes little power and is usually powered by a small battery.

SRAM

Chips are faster and more reliable than any variation of DRAM don't have to be re-energized as often but are more expensive used for special memory application such as cache

DRAM

Chipset must be re-energize constantly or they lose their contents. Various forms exist and 99% of people use this

Expansion slot/card/board etc.

Circuit boards that will add or enhance new devices or capabilities to the computer

EBCDIC

Code primarily used on mainframes and had originally seven bits

MIDI ports

Connects a musical instrument to system unit

CPU

Contains the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit of the system unit

Volatile memory

Contents are lost when erased, when the computer is turned off (RAM MEM)

Nonvolatile memory

Contents or lost when the power is turned off (ROM)

A circuit board with two sets of contacts/chips is called a...

DIMM (dual inline memory module)

What are the three basic types of RAM memory

DRAM, SRAM, MRAM

ASCII

Dictionary for binary, the most important and first coding scheme

What uses to discrete states of on and off like computers and electronics

Digital

What is a bit

Each on or off value, the smallest unit of data computer can handle

Byte

Eight bits group together, provides enough different combinations of zeros and ones to represent 256 individual characters

Bus

Electrical channel or data highways that transfers electronic bits internally within the circuitry of a computer allowing the devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other

EEPROM

Electronically erasable ROM chip, can be rewritten

Cache memory

Every computer has it, uses 80/20 rule, stores frequently used instructions and data to speed up the computer's processes

Motorola

Found in Apple Macintosh and power Macintosh systems

Name 3 MicroProcessor Comparisons

Intel compatible, Motorola, alpha

L1 cache

Internal cash, Bill directly into the processor chip.

What will a processor do when it gets too hot?

It will shut down

Peripheral devices

Located outside of the system unit

Heat sink

Metal or ceramic block that sits on top of processor. Has fans and draws heat from processor and disperses it because it is conductive

Parallel processing

Method that uses multiple processors to execute a task

Pentium

More powerful, high-performance PCs, High clock speed

L2 cache

Most of the time external cache, not part of processor chip. Slower but has a larger capacity

Intel processors

Newest line of processors (I3, i5, i7)

Memory Cards

No bigger than 1.5 inches in height or width that you can insert into a PC

Binary

Number rang system that uses just too unique digits of zero and one

Gigabyte

One billion bytes

Megabyte

One million bytes

Terabyte

One trillion bytes

Power supply fan

Original fan

Ram chips

Packaged on a small circuit board that's inserted into the motherboard

ALU

Performs the execution part of machine cycle and carries out arithmetic, comparison, and logical operations

Port

Point of connection to the computer

Usb flash drives

Portable storage that inserts into a USB port

Cores

Processor on top of another processor (how many?)

Circuitboard his chips are enclosed in aluminum casing is called a...

RIMM (Rambus inline memory module)

Firmware

ROM chip that has been in coded with permanent instructions

ROM memory

Read only memory, stores data that can only be read, cannot be modified or changed, non-volatile, BIOS ship for when turning operating system on.

Power supply

Regulates power from Alex a computer, has original system fan

Name 4 Special Purpose ports

SCSI ports, IRDA ports, MIDI ports, and Bluetooth ports.

A circuit board with the single set of contacts/chips is called a...

SIMM (single inline memory module)

Name 3 types of ports

Serial ports, parallel ports, Universal serial bus port (USB)

Flash Memory

Similar to EEPROM in that it can be erased electronically and rewritten with new instructions; used in all types of devices such a as smart phones etc.

Processor fan

Sits on top of heat sink

Piggyback upgrade

Sits on top of the old one

SCSI port

Special high-speed port used to attach peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers

Clock speed

Speed at which processor executes instructions that is measured in gigahertz. This controls the timing of all of the computer operations (how fast does engine go?)

MRAM

Stores data using magnetic charges. Greater storage capacity, consumes less power, and is much faster. Retains contents after power is removed from the computer. Not yet economical.

Chip for Chip upgrade

Take old chip out and exchange it

Pipelining

The CPU begins executing a second instruction before the first instruction has completed the machine cycle, much faster

Memory is measured by what

The number of bytes available to use

Memory stores...

The operating system, application programs, and data

Describe the machine cycle

The user gives instructions to the CPU. it comprehends and interprets information and tells the ALU to work. the ALU finds Internet in hard disk and once it happens it stores it into RAM memory

Registers

Tiny storage locations inside the processor- look at the size

What is the easiest fastest and cheapest way to speed up your computer

To increase the size of RAM memory

Parallel ports

Transfers more than one bit or bite of data at a time, printers

IrDA ports

Transmits data from a peripheral devices via infrared light waves

Serial port

Transmits only one that of data at a time, and it is usually use to connect devices that don't require fast data transmission rate such as a mouse keyboard or modem

Xeon and Itanium

Used for workstations and low end servers

Celeron

Used in a less expensive basic PCs, common applications, runs slower

Centrio

Used in laptops, holds more charge

Alpha

Used primarily in workstations and high end servers

Bluetooth Ports

Uses radio waves to transmit data between two devices but limited 33 foot distance

Liquid cooling technology

Uses water or glycol

RAM memory

Volatile memory, holds the operating system, programs, and data, opposite of storage.

Memory (RAM)

What stores data instructions and information, the basic storage unit is a byte

Heat pipe

Works like a heat sink but only for laptops

Logical operations

Works with conditions and operator such as and, or, and not

List the components of the system unit and describe them

•Motherboard- main circuit board •processor (cpu)- brains, silicon chip •memory- ram •expansion slots- to allow room to expand capabilities •ports- point of connection for external device (usb) •expansion cards- sound cards, video cards etc.

PC Cards

•adds devices to a laptop -Type I add memory -type II contain communication devices -type III houses devices