Concept 3: States of Matter

Heat of vaporization

The amount of energy needed to turn a liquid into a gas at its boiling point.

Heat of fusion

The amount of energy needed to turn a solid into a liquid at its melting point. - When heat is added to a solid, it has more kinetic energy so the particles vibrate faster and start moving farther apart as they transition to the liquid state.

Plasma

Matter composed of positively and negatively charged particles with extremely high kinetic energy. - Most common form of matter in the universe.

Temperature

Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in an object. - The higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic energy, the greater the motion of the particles.

List a real-world example of where plasma can be found and what Bose-Einstein condensates are used for.

- Plasma makes up stars, neon lights, auroras, etc. - Bose-Einstein condensates are used to simulate conditions in a black hole.

List the three principles of the kinetic molecular theory.

1.) All matter is made of small particles (atoms, ions, molecules, etc.). 2.) Those particles are in constant random motion. 3.) This motion causes the particles to collide with each other and the container that they are in.

Bose-Einstein condensates

Atoms that are super-cooled to such a low temperature (almost absolute zero) that they form a "super atom". - Created by scientists in 1995. - All particles in the super atom are at the same energetic state. - Will even slow down light that passes through. - Used to simulate conditions in a black hole.

Boiling

Caused by a temperature change, occurs throughout the liquid.

Evaporation

Caused by pressure change, occurs only at the surface of a liquid.

Explain the difference between solids, liquids, and gases. Include volume, shape, and particle motion in your description.

Solid: - Fixed volume and fixed shape. - Particles are held tightly together in a rigid structure. - Particles have low kinetic energy. - Because of this, particle motion is limited to vibration. Liquid: - Fixed volume but shape changes based on container it is in. - Particles have more kinetic energy than solids. - Particles can flow or slide past each other. Gas - No fixed volume or shape. - If confined, gas particles will spread out to fill the container. This is called diffusion. - Particles have high kinetic energy. - Energy is high enough to overcome any forces that hold the particles together. - Particles can freely move.

Is state change physical or chemical? Explain how you know.

State change is physical because the identity of the matter is still the same. - Ex. When ice melts it is still water (H2O).

Vaporization

The phase/state transition from liquid to gas. - Occurs two different ways...