CONNECT- Anatomy Nervous System 1

True or false: If an axon in the CNS is damaged, it regenerates after a short period of time.

False

What is the function of ependymal cells?

Regulate the composition of cerebrospinal fluid.

What is the source of myelin, found around large axons of the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cell membranes tightly wound around axons.

In the peripheral nervous system, which type of neuroglial cell produces myelin?

Schwann cells

The cells that are responsible for wrapping around axons, creating myelin sheaths in the PNS, are ______.

Schwann cells

What is the function of the microglia of the CNS?

act as phagocytes

The ______ subdivision of the PNS transmits signals from receptors to the central nervous system.

afferent

As an action potential occurs in one area of the axon, an electrical current to neighboring areas of the membrane initiates ______.

another action potential

Name the star-shaped cells that are found between neurons and blood vessels. They function in structural support and form scar tissue to fill spaces following a CNS injury.

astrocytes

Where is a synaptic cleft located?

between a synaptic knob and another cell

integration

brain and spinal cord

The flow of information in the nervous system involves which three components?

brain and spinal cord, receptors, effectors (motor output)

______ matter consists of ______ axons, dendrites, and neuron cell bodies.

gray, unmyelinated

Identify three functions of neuroglial cells.

guide neurons into position during embryogenesis, produce growth factors for neurons, remove excess ions and neurotransmitters from areas surrounding neurons.

The region of a neuron where the axon originates is called the axon _____

hillock

Which three items are parts of a neuron?

cell body, axon, dendrites

The extension of a neuron that receives input is called a(n) ______.

dendrite

What type of process is typically more abundant in a neuron?

dendrite

Neurons have processes called ______ , that receive signals from other neurons.

dendrites

A cell membrane is ______ if its membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive) than the resting potential.

depolarized

motor output

effector such as muscle

Motor impulses stimulate their ______, which can be muscles or glands.

effectors

The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system with a name that means "to leave", is the ______ division that transmits signals from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles and glands.

efferent or motor

The neuroglia that lines the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain is called the _____ cells.

ependymal

Sensory receptors detect changes in _____ body conditions.

internal and external

When depolarization occurs, the resting membrane potential becomes ______ negative and ______ 0mV.

less, closer to

Each oligodendrocyte will myelinate ______ axon(s) within the CNS.

many

A charge inside of a cell, indicating that there is the possibility that charges will move across the cell membrane, is called ______.

membrane potential

Which term indicates that charges have the capability of moving across the cell membrane, creating an electric current?

membrane potential

Name the neuroglia in the central nervous system that functions as phagocytes to remove cellular debris.

microglial cells

Signals are sent from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands through _____ neurons.

motor

Name the type of neuroglia that provides insulating layers of myelin (myelin sheath) in the brain and spinal cord.

oligodendrocytes

Indicate the four types of neuroglia (glial cells) in the central nervous system.

oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes

Each Schwann cell provides myelin for ______ axon(s) within the PNS, while each oligodendrocyte provides myelin for ______ axon(s) in the CNS.

one, many

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the ______

peripheral nervous system, central nervous system

Sensory receptors transduce their information into impulses, which are then conducted along ______ nerves to the ______ nervous system.

peripheral, central

Sensory neurons carry electrical signals from the ______ to the ______.

periphery, central nervous system

Which class of neurons transmits information from the periphery to the central nervous system?

sensory neurons

In the central nervous system, severed axons degenerate ______ compared to those in the PNS and are ______ to regenerate.

slower; unlikely

The space between the synaptic knob of one neuron and the receptive surface of another is called the ______.

synaptic cleft

Bundles of axons within the central nervous system are called _____

tracts

Gray matter consists of which two structures?

unmyelinated axons, neuron cell bodies

The size and shape of neurons ______.

varies

As an action potential occurs in one area of the axon, it causes nearby ______ channels to open, initiating another action potential in the neighboring membrane.

voltage-gated

Within the brain and spinal cord, myelinated axons provide the color for _____ matter.

white

Indicate three general functions of neuroglia.

Carry out phagocytosis, Produce components of myelin, Provide structural support of neurons.

What is a function of the nervous system?

Coordinate all other body functions

Indicate three functions of astrocytes.

Help repair nervous tissue, Form the blood-brain barrier, Aid in the metabolism of substances (ie glucose).

What is the name of the gaps found between segments of myelin along an axon?

Nodes of Ranvier

The passage of proteins, organelles, and other materials in both directions along an axon occurs through a process called ______ transport.

axon

A neuron has only one _____ , but can have many _____

axon, dendrites

A neuron includes a cell body with its organelles, and cell processes called _____ and ______.

axons and dendrites

Structures called tracts are bundles of axons occurring within the ______ nervous system.

central

A patient is diagnosed with brain lesions caused by an immune system attack against myelin sheaths. What is most likely the diagnosis?

multiple sclerosis

Some neuroglial cells produce the components of the electrical insulator called ______.

myelin

What gives white matter of the central nervous system its white color?

myelin

The winding of Schwann cells around the axon results in the formation of which neuron feature?

myelin sheath

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by an autoimmune response against ______ in the central nervous system.

myelin sheaths

Oligodendrocytes form ______ in the central nervous system.

myelin sheaths

What is the term for bundles of axons within the peripheral nervous system?

nerves

Within the peripheral nervous system, bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue form structures called _____

nerves

Thinking, learning, and regulating movement are functions of which organ system?

nervous

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are types of ______ found in the ______.

neuroglia, CNS

Which type of cell is specialized to respond to stimuli and conduct impulses to other cells?

neuron

Dendrites are branches off of the ______ that function to ______.

neuron cell body, receive incoming signals

Mature ______ do not divide.

neurons

Most cells are negatively charged on the inside but have a positively charged extracellular space outside. This difference in charges is called ______.

polarity

The water molecule shows ______ because it has negatively-charged regions in the vicinity of the oxygen atom and positively-charged regions near the hydrogen atoms.

polarity

Which statements best describe the myelin sheath?

produced by Schwann cells, composed on many layers of cell membrane with no cytoplasm between them

Axonal transport is the movement of ______ up and down the ______.

proteins and organelles, axons

sensory input

receptor

Which type of structures detects changes in the internal and external environment?

receptors