Connect Chapter 17

Cyanobacteria are ______ because they use the sun for energy and obtain carbon from inorganic chemicals.

Photoautotrophs

Some bacterial cells have short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface. These projections are called

Pili

The tart flavors in sauerkraut, pickles, and vinegar are the result of

bacterial metabolism.

An endospore is a thick-walled structure that surrounds DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm and allows a bacterium to

become dormant and survive harsh conditions.

The use of microorganisms to metabolize and detoxify pollution is called

bioremediation

By decomposing organic matter and providing food for other organisms, microbes play an important role in the global

carbon cycle

The rigid barrier that surrounds the cells of most bacteria and archaea is called the

cell wall.

Disease-causing bacteria that use organic molecules from their hosts as sources of both carbon and energy are called

chemoheterotrophs

Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms to

detoxify various types of pollutants.

A healthy human body has numerous microorganisms living in and on it. The benefit of this to humans is that

disease-causing bacteria are crowded out.

What structure can allow bacteria to withstand boiling, drying, ultraviolet radiation, and disinfectants?

endospore

What could allow a bacterium to become dormant and be revived years later?

endospore formation

Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis are very dangerous to humans because their dormant structures called ______ can withstand harsh conditions and still be toxic.

endospores

Chemicals produced by bacteria such as Staphylococcous and Clostridium that harm a host's circulatory, digestive, or nervous system are called

exotoxins

In prokaryotic cells, what is taxis?

movement toward or away from a stimulus

In a process called ______, some prokaryotes convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into a form that is usable by organisms.

nitrogen fixation

What takes place in the root nodules of plants in the legume family?

nitrogen fixation

In roots of legume plants, Rhizobium bacteria induce the formation of ______, in which nitrogen fixation takes place.

nodules

What type of prokaryote can only live in habitats that lack oxygen and can only generate ATP using fermentation or anaerobic respiration?

obligate anaerobe

A human immune response that includes fever and inflammation can be caused by the ______ that is part of the cell wall in some bacteria.

outer membrane

The antibiotic penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by targeting the production of ______ that is a component of bacterial cell walls.

peptidoglycan

Members of the phylum Cyanobacteria are

photosynthetic

__ are short, hairlike projections made of proteins that are found on the surface of some bacterial cells and are used for attachment.

pili

How does Salmonella cause food-poisoning in humans?

producing toxins

DNA sequence differences, metabolism, and cell structures viewed under the microscope are ways that scientists identify and classify ______ organisms.

prokaryotic

Microbes that produce ammonium are critical in the cycling of nitrogen, an important component of ______ molecules in living organisms.

protein and DNA

Forming a protective biofilm is one way that bacteria can

resist attack by the human immune system.

Some antibiotics target the ______ in bacteria, which are different than those in eukaryotes.

ribosomes

The deadly diseases anthrax and botulism are caused by

spore-forming bacteria.

Some prokaryotes can move toward or away from an external stimulus, a response called

taxis

Molecular data analyses have revealed enough information that microbiologists now classify the prokaryotes into

the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

After taking antibiotics to fight a bacterial infection, humans can experience diarrhea or yeast infections due to ______ being disrupted by the antibiotics.

the normal microbial community

Due to mutation and variation among bacteria, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Every time an antibiotic is used,

the susceptible strains are killed and the resistant strains are not.

When microbiologists analyzed the DNA sequences that code for rRNA, they realigned all organisms into

three domains

Sex pili on the surface of bacterial cells aid in __

transfer of DNA between cells.

Medically important human proteins, such as insulin and blood-clotting factors, can be produced using

transgenic bacteria.

Once a bacterial infection occurs, the degree to which the bacteria harm their host is termed

virulence

Match the method of horizontal gene transfer on the left with its definition on the right. - Transformation - Transduction - Conjgation

- prokaryotic cell absorbs stray DNA - virus transfers DNA into a cell - prokaryotic cell receives DNA directly from another prokaryotic cell through a sex pilus

Match each type of horizontal gene transfer with its correct process description. - transformation - transduction - conjugation

- source cell dies and releases DNA which can be taken up by another cell - virus infects a cell and packages some DNA into new virus to infect other cells - plasmid is transferred to a recipient cell when two cells make contact

Cocci are ______ prokaryotic cells, while bacilli are ______ prokaryotic cells.

- spherical - rod-shaped

Select all of the following that are signs of an immune reaction to a bacterial infection. - heart arrhythmia - swollen lymph nodes - fever - muscle cramps - nausea - body pains

- swollen lymph nodes - fever - nausea - body pains

Some prokaryotes are phototrophs that derive their energy from ______, while other prokaryotes are chemotrophs that derive their energy from ______.

- the sun - inorganic or organic chemicals

Select all the places in a healthy human body where microbes live. - brain - upper respiratory tract - pericardial membrane - muscles - large intestine - mouth - skin

- upper respiratory tract - large intestine - mouth - skin

In ______, prokaryotes transmit DNA from generation to generation as they reproduce, whereas in ______, prokaryotes obtain DNA from a cell that is not its ancestor.

- vertical gene transfer - horizontal gene transfer

elect all the foods or food products that are the result of bacterial metabolism. - yogurt - sourdough bread - cheese - ice cream - vinegar - wine and beer

- yogurt - sourdough bread - cheese - vinegar

Many members of Domain ______ that live in extreme environments are often referred to as extremophiles.

Archaea

What archaean superphylum contains the prokaryotes that may be most closely related to eukaryotes?

Asgard

Peptidoglycan is a complex polysaccharide that occurs in the ______ of bacteria but not archaea.

Cell walls

Bacteria in phylum ______ lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and are obligate parasites because they cannot generate ATP on their own.

Chlamydiae

What procedure distinguishes between bacteria that have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall and bacteria that have a thin layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall?

Gram staining

Select all the functions of different types of pili in bacteria. - Adhere to objects - Transfer DNA between cells - Initiate binary fission - Form an endospore

- Adhere to objects - Transfer DNA between cells

Select pathways that help obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes generate ATP in the absence of oxygen. - Anaerobic respiration - Calvin cycle - Fermentation - Aerobic respiration

- Anaerobic respiration - Fermentation

Select all the functions of the glycocalyx of a prokaryotic cell. - Attachment to a surface - Protection from immune system cells - Resistance to drying conditions - Recycling of macromolecules - Formation of biofilms - Exchange of DNA between cells

- Attachment to a surface - Protection from immune system cells - Resistance to drying conditions - Formation of biofilms

Organisms called ___ acquire their carbon from inorganic sources such as carbon dioxide, whereas organisms called ___ acquire their carbon by consuming organic compounds produced by other organisms.

- Autotrophs - Heterotrophs

Some prokaryotes acquire their carbon from inorganic molecules and are called ______, while other prokaryotes acquire their carbon by consuming organic molecules and are called ______.

- Autotrophs - Heterotrophs

Select all the examples of bacteria that can release toxins and cause gastrointestinal illness, and possibly life-threatening conditions, in humans. - Helicobacter - Bacillus cereus - E. coli - Chlamydia - Salmonella - Staphylococcus

- Bacillus cereus - E. coli - Salmonella - Staphylococcus

Medical technicians stain bacterial cultures to see if they are gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, because the differences in their ______ affect what ______ are effective against them.

- Cell walls - Antibiotics

Select all of the ways that bacteria cells may be resistant to antibiotics. - Cells use a different genetic code than the one targeted by the antibiotic. - Cells produce cells walls or enzymes that are no longer affected by antibiotics. - Cells have novel pathways that bypass the enzymes targeted by the antibiotics. - Cells begin to produce their own organic molecules using photosynthesis. - Cells inactivate or destroy the antibiotics.

- Cells produce cells walls or enzymes that are no longer affected by antibiotics. - Cells have novel pathways that bypass the enzymes targeted by the antibiotics. - Cells inactivate or destroy the antibiotics.

Select all the mechanisms of action of different antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections. - Disrupting cell membranes - Activating destructive enzymes - Inhibiting cell wall synthesis - Inhibiting protein synthesis - Inhibiting metabolic enzymes - Disrupting nuclear membranes

- Disrupting cell membranes - Inhibiting cell wall synthesis - Inhibiting protein synthesis - Inhibiting metabolic enzymes

Select all the examples of bacteria in Phylum Proteobacteria. - cyanobacteria - E. coli - Chlamydia - Vibrio cholerae - Helicobacter - purple sulfur bacteria

- E. coli - Vibrio cholerae - Helicobacter - purple sulfur bacteria

The ______ layer outside the cell wall of many prokaryotic cells is composed of ______.

- Glycocalyx - Proteins or polysaccharides

Match the bacterial phylum with the genera it contains. - Proteobacteria - Cyanobacteria - Spirochaetes - Firmicutes - Actinobacteria - Chlamydiae

- Helicobacter, Salmonella - Nostoc, Anabaena - Borrelia, Treponema - Bacillus, Clostridium - Streptomyces - Chlamydia

Match the bacterial phylum name with a characteristic or example of that group on the right. - Proteobacteria - Cyanobacteria - Spirochaetes

- Includes enteric bacteria and vibrios, involved with nitrogen and sulfur cycling. - Autotrophs that were first to produce O2 in photosynthesis, gave rise to chloroplasts in plants. - Members of this group causes Lyme disease.

Select the reasons why archaea are important in ecosystems. - only domain of life not present in the ocean - involved in the carbon cycle - involved in the nitrogen cycle - many are human disease-causing agents - exist in very large numbers on the ocean - involved in the sulfur cycle

- involved in the carbon cycle - involved in the nitrogen cycle - exist in very large numbers on the ocean - involved in the sulfur cycle

The sticky layer of proteins or polysaccharides located outside the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell is called the

Glycocalyx

Select all of the following that are members of the archaean superphylum Euryarchaeota. - thermophiles that thrive in hydrothermal vents - methane-generating prokaryotes - acidophiles - halophiles

- methane-generating prokaryotes - halophiles

Select all the characteristics of archaea. -They are known to participate in symbiotic relationships with fungi. - Many live in ocean waters and sediments. - They cause many diseases in humans. - They live in many hard-to-explore habitats. - They can be found in extremely hot, salty, acidic, or anaerobic environments.

- Many live in ocean waters and sediments. - They live in many hard-to-explore habitats. - They can be found in extremely hot, salty, acidic, or anaerobic environments.

Select all the methods used by microbiologists to identify and classify prokaryotes. - Molecular studies - Characteristics of metabolism - Cell structures observed using microscopes - Characteristics of the cilia

- Molecular studies - Characteristics of metabolism - Cell structures observed using microscopes

Select all of the following that are true about gram-negative bacteria. - No cell wall present - Thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall - Outer membrane of lipid, polysaccharide, and protein - Thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

- Outer membrane of liquid, polysaccharide, and protein - Thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

Gram- bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls and stain purple in the Gram stain reaction, and Gram- bacteria have thinner cell walls and stain pink.

- Positive - Negative

Match each type of prokaryote on the left with its oxygen requirement on the right. Instructions - Obligate aerobe - Obligate anaerobe - Facultative anaerobe

- Requires oxygen in its environment for ATP generation - Oxygen is toxic, so it lives in environments with no oxygen - Can live in environments with or without oxygen

Match each term with its correct description of prokaryotic cell shape. Instructions - Coccus - Bacillus - Spirillum - Strepto - Staphylo

- Spherical shaped - Rod shaped - Spiral shaped - Cells arranged in a chain - Cells arranged in clusters

Bacteria that stain gram-positive have a ______ in their cell wall, and gram-negative bacteria have a ______ in their cell wall.

- Thick layer of peptidoglycan - Thinner layer of peptidoglycan

___ gene transfer occurs when prokaryotes undergo binary fission and transmit DNA directly to daughter cells from generation to generation. ___ gene transfer (conjugation, transduction, and transformation) involves a cell receiving DNA from a cell that is not its ancestor.

- Vertical - Horizontal

Select all the habitats of different archaean species in the superphylum TACK. - acidic hot springs - hydrothermal vents - soil with moderate temperature - methane-rich environments - salt flats

- acidic hot springs - hydrothermal vents - soil with moderate temperature

Select all the ways that disease-causing bacteria can enter the human body. - transformation - transduction - animal bites - sexual activity - ingestion - inhalation of contaminated droplets

- animal bites - sexual activity - ingestion - inhalation of contaminated droplets

Match the genera of bacteria on the left with the disease or infection they can cause in humans. - Bacillus - Clostridium - Helicobacter - Borrelia

- anthrax - tetanus - ulcers - Lyme disease

Match each type of archaean with the environment in which it lives. - thermophiles - halophiles - acidophiles

- boiling hot springs - salty habitats - low pH environments

Microbes are involved in the global ______ cycle in two ways. They decompose organic matter in soil and water and release carbon dioxide. Second, many types of microbes absorb ______ from the atmosphere in photosynthesis.

- carbon - CO2

Select the two methods of horizontal gene transfer that can lead to the transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes between bacteria and growing problems with antibiotic use. - conjugation - mitosis - transduction - endospore formation

- conjugation -transduction

Whereas ___ are toxic proteins that diffuse out of the bacterial cell, ___ are toxic proteins that are part of the outer membrane of the bacterial cell wall and are released only when the bacterial cell dies.

- exotoxins - endotoxins

Select all the characteristics of Phylum Cyanobacteria. - form base of aquatic food chains - largest group of gram-negative bacteria - some members can participate in symbiotic relationships with fungi - can undergo population explosions and release toxic chemicals - some members are photosynthetic - includes the medically important enteric bacteria and vibrios

- form base of aquatic food chains - some members can participate in symbiotic relationships with fungi - can undergo population explosions and release toxic chemicals - some members are photosynthetic

Match each type of bacterium with the disease or illness it causes. - Salmonella - Treponema pallidum - Chlamydia

- gastrointestinal disease - syphilis - sexual transmitted disease that affects genital tract lining

Select all of the characteristics of actinobacteria. - gram-positive - source of streptomycin - gram-negative - nitrogen-fixing - lack peptidoglycan in cell walls - filamentous

- gram-positive - source of streptomycin - filamentous

Select all of the following that can be industrially produced using bacteria. - human insulin - ethanol - blood-clotting factors - acetone - cosmetics - certain paints - vitamin B12

- human insulin - ethanol - blood-clotting factors - acetone - vitamin B12

Select all the ways that pathogenic bacteria can exit the human body. - ear wax - in blood-feeding animals - respiratory droplets - vaginal discharge - feces - diffusion across the skin - exocytosis

- in blood-feeding animals - respiratory droplets - vaginal - discharge - feces

Select all the characteristics of Phylum Firmicutes. - includes Staphylococcus and Streptococcus - genes have introns - gram-positive bacteria - genetic signature of low G + C in DNA - includes Treponema and Salmonella - some form endospores

- includes Staphylococcus and Streptococcus - gram-positive bacteria - genetic signature of low G + C in DNA - some form endospores

Organisms called ______ derive energy from the sun, and organisms called ______ derive energy from oxidizing inorganic or organic chemicals.

- phototrophs - chemotrophs

Select all of the following that are true about plasmids. - May contain genes that cause disease - Main component of bacterial cell membranes - Can attach cells to a substrate or each other - Can be copied and transferred to another cell - Can be used to transfer genes between cells in DNA technology composed of protein

-may contain genes that cause disease - can be copied and transferred to another cell - can be used to transfer genes between cells in DNA technology

Filamentous bacteria that are the source of antibiotics such as streptomycin and tetracycline are members of what bacterial phylum?

Actinobacteria

Dormant, thick-walled structures that are produced by some bacteria and that can withstand extremely harsh conditions are called

Endospores

Archaea that live in the anaerobic intestines of many animals and release methane gas are members of what superphylum?

Euryarchaeota

Production of biofilms and protection from immune system cells are two functions of a layer called the ______, which is found outside the cell wall on many bacterial cells.

Glycocalyx

What phylum of bacteria contains gram-negative bacteria and includes the purple sulfur bacteria that carry out photosynthesis using H2S?

Proteobacteria

What phylum of bacteria includes members that conduct photosynthesis, such as Chromatium vinosum, and that cause gastrointestinal disease, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella?

Proteobacteria

What phylum of bacteria contains spiral-shaped organisms, including bacterial species that cause Lyme disease and syphilis?

Spirochaetes

Select the correct statement about ribosomes found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic organisms. - The ribosomes found in bacteria and archaea are almost identical, but they are different from those found in eukaryotes. - The ribosomes found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic organisms are all structurally the same. - The ribosomes found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic organisms are all structurally different. - The ribosomes found in eukaryotes and archaea are almost identical, but they are different from those found in bacteria.

The ribosomes found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic organisms are all structurally different.

What is the effect of immune reactions, such as fever and swollen lymph nodes, to bacterial infections?

They help defeat the bacterial infection

Nitrogen fixation is carried out by a few species of archaea and bacteria. This process involves taking nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere and converting it into ______, a form of nitrogen that can be absorbed by plants and other organisms.

ammonium

A few species of ______ are the only organisms on Earth that can use atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) directly and convert it into ammonium (NH4+), a form that is usable by other organisms.

archaea and bacteria

Binary fission is a type of ______ seen in prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria.

asexual reproduction

E. coli and Salmonella can live either with or without oxygen, and so they are called

facultative anaerobes.

In some bacterial cells, a whiplike extension called a ______ is used for movement.

flagellum

Transduction, conjugation, and transformation are all types of ______ gene transfer in which DNA is incorporated into a bacterial cell.

horizontal

Methods of ______, such as transduction and conjugation, are able to move antibiotic-resistant genes among strains of bacteria and can also be used in genetic engineering techniques.

horizontal gene transfer

The numerous microbes that live on and in ______ provide benefits by crowding out diseasing-causing bacteria.

humans