Connect HW- Module 5
Presbyopia
Age-related loss of the lenses' ability to change shape
T/F The middle ear has four bones
False
Hyperopia
Farsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens system is optically too weak or the eyeball is too short
Myopia
Nearsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens are too powerful or the eyeball is too long
T/F Short wavelengths, from high-pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window
True
An example __________ would be sitting in a chair and having someone spin you in a circle
angular acceleration
if the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it is called __________ innervation
antagonistic
Passage of sound waves through the ear and hearing apparatus starting outside the ear
auricle; auditory canal; tympanic membrane; ossicles; oval window; scala vestibuli; scala tympani; round window
dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from __________ division(s) of the ANS
both
since the parasympathetic division causes __________ and the sympathetic division causes __________, this is an example of antagonistic innervation
bronchoconstriction; bronchodilation
In bright-light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the __________ of the eye
center
In the emmetropic eye, the __________ muscle is relaxed and dilated
ciliary
The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are __________
cones
if the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it is called __________ innervation
cooperative
Passage of light through the eyeball
cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humor, retina, vascular tunic
In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual actuity is best in the __________ of the eye
corners
The concept of __________ can be exemplified by any acceleration or change in velocity
dynamic equilibrium
The center of the retina is a pit called the __________
fovea centralis
During hearing, the last structure to vibrate are the
hair cells of the spiral organ
autonomic nervous system
involuntary control; two lower motor neurons; innervates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the __________ of the __________ spinal nerves. From there, the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor axons to __________ the spinal cord. After this, the preganglionic sympathetic axons enter first the __________ and then the __________.
lateral horn; T1-L2; exit; anterior roots; spinal nerves
This will put tension on the suspensory ligament and flatten the __________. Oppositely in accommodation, the ciliary muscle contracts and __________the diameter of the ciliary body. This action reduces tension on the __________ ligament. This results in the lens forming a __________ shape.
lens; narrows; suspensory; convex
An example of __________ would include sitting in a wheeled chair and having someone push you from behind
linear acceleration
The __________ are stimulated during linear acceleration in the transverse plane
macula utriculi
A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from __________ rod(s)
multiple
Each cone synapses with __________ ganglion cell(s)
one
Pressure waves originate within the inner ear at the __________ and travel through the __________ in the __________. Pressure waves in this structure cause deformation of the __________. The pressure waves then displace specific regions of the __________, relating to frequency. Hair cells in the __________ of this region are distorted, initiating nerve signals in the __________ of CN VIII.
oval window; perilymph; scala vestibuli; cochlear duct; basilar membrane; spiral organ; cochlear branch
The process by which __________ become activated when the __________ within the discs of the cells are altered by light entering the eye is __________. The photoreceptor responds to __________ stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the __________ it releases.
photoreceptors; photopigments; phototransduction; light; neurotransmitter
autonomic nervous system structure
preganglionic axons are myelinated, postganglionic axons are unmyelinated; requires two neurons to reach target; unconscious regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
The __________ contains vertically arranged maculae that would provide feedback of body movement in the vertical plane
saccule
Each of the __________ is specially positioned to detect angular acceleration in one of the three planes
semicircular canals
The foot plate is part of the
stapes
When someone is standing still, the kinocilia of the macula sacculi are bending inferiorly and thus conveying information regarding one's __________
static equilibrium
cholinergic neuron
the neuron secretes acetylcholine
adrenergic neuron
the neuron secretes epinephrine
During hearing, the structure to first vibrate is the
tympanic membrane
somatic motor nervous system structure
uses only one neuron to reach target; only one synapse between the neuron and the target; conscious and unconscious regulation of skeletal muscle
somatic nervous system
voluntary control; one lower motor neuron; stimulates skeletal muscle fibers