Connect HW- Module 5

Presbyopia

Age-related loss of the lenses' ability to change shape

T/F The middle ear has four bones

False

Hyperopia

Farsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens system is optically too weak or the eyeball is too short

Myopia

Nearsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens are too powerful or the eyeball is too long

T/F Short wavelengths, from high-pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window

True

An example __________ would be sitting in a chair and having someone spin you in a circle

angular acceleration

if the divisions create opposite effects on the same target organ, it is called __________ innervation

antagonistic

Passage of sound waves through the ear and hearing apparatus starting outside the ear

auricle; auditory canal; tympanic membrane; ossicles; oval window; scala vestibuli; scala tympani; round window

dual innervation describes a scenario in which a target organ has innervation from __________ division(s) of the ANS

both

since the parasympathetic division causes __________ and the sympathetic division causes __________, this is an example of antagonistic innervation

bronchoconstriction; bronchodilation

In bright-light conditions, visual acuity is best when light is focused on the __________ of the eye

center

In the emmetropic eye, the __________ muscle is relaxed and dilated

ciliary

The cells that are photoreceptors (detect color) are __________

cones

if the divisions have complementary effects on the target organ or system, it is called __________ innervation

cooperative

Passage of light through the eyeball

cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humor, retina, vascular tunic

In low-light conditions, only rods are activated, and visual actuity is best in the __________ of the eye

corners

The concept of __________ can be exemplified by any acceleration or change in velocity

dynamic equilibrium

The center of the retina is a pit called the __________

fovea centralis

During hearing, the last structure to vibrate are the

hair cells of the spiral organ

autonomic nervous system

involuntary control; two lower motor neurons; innervates cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the __________ of the __________ spinal nerves. From there, the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor axons to __________ the spinal cord. After this, the preganglionic sympathetic axons enter first the __________ and then the __________.

lateral horn; T1-L2; exit; anterior roots; spinal nerves

This will put tension on the suspensory ligament and flatten the __________. Oppositely in accommodation, the ciliary muscle contracts and __________the diameter of the ciliary body. This action reduces tension on the __________ ligament. This results in the lens forming a __________ shape.

lens; narrows; suspensory; convex

An example of __________ would include sitting in a wheeled chair and having someone push you from behind

linear acceleration

The __________ are stimulated during linear acceleration in the transverse plane

macula utriculi

A single ganglion cell outside of the fovea receives input from __________ rod(s)

multiple

Each cone synapses with __________ ganglion cell(s)

one

Pressure waves originate within the inner ear at the __________ and travel through the __________ in the __________. Pressure waves in this structure cause deformation of the __________. The pressure waves then displace specific regions of the __________, relating to frequency. Hair cells in the __________ of this region are distorted, initiating nerve signals in the __________ of CN VIII.

oval window; perilymph; scala vestibuli; cochlear duct; basilar membrane; spiral organ; cochlear branch

The process by which __________ become activated when the __________ within the discs of the cells are altered by light entering the eye is __________. The photoreceptor responds to __________ stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the __________ it releases.

photoreceptors; photopigments; phototransduction; light; neurotransmitter

autonomic nervous system structure

preganglionic axons are myelinated, postganglionic axons are unmyelinated; requires two neurons to reach target; unconscious regulation of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

The __________ contains vertically arranged maculae that would provide feedback of body movement in the vertical plane

saccule

Each of the __________ is specially positioned to detect angular acceleration in one of the three planes

semicircular canals

The foot plate is part of the

stapes

When someone is standing still, the kinocilia of the macula sacculi are bending inferiorly and thus conveying information regarding one's __________

static equilibrium

cholinergic neuron

the neuron secretes acetylcholine

adrenergic neuron

the neuron secretes epinephrine

During hearing, the structure to first vibrate is the

tympanic membrane

somatic motor nervous system structure

uses only one neuron to reach target; only one synapse between the neuron and the target; conscious and unconscious regulation of skeletal muscle

somatic nervous system

voluntary control; one lower motor neuron; stimulates skeletal muscle fibers